Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Reactions Research Articles

Isolation and Preparation Three Types of Antigens From S.pseudintermedius

This study aimed to prepare and evaluate the immunogenic activity of three distinct antigens derived from S. pseudintermedius, a prominent isolate identified from otitis externa samples of dogs and human infections. The isolation and identification of Staphylococcus species were conducted using rigorous cultural, morphological, and biochemical methods, with confirmation via VITEK technique. A total of 100 samples, comprising 50 from humans and 50 from dogs, were collected. Following successful antigen preparation, twenty rabbits were immunized and divided into four groups, including a control group. Cellular immunity was assessed through a delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test, revealing positive skin reactions among the immunized groups. Subsequent challenge dosing resulted in clinical observation, with marked signs of illness and severe infection in the control group. Histopathological examination further confirmed this infection and bacterial isolation. Remarkably, the prepared antigens exhibited substantial protein concentrations and induced a robust immune response in immunized rabbits against experimental L. monocytogenes infection. These findings underscore the potential of S. pseudintermedius antigens for developing protective strategies against bacterial infections in both veterinary and human medicine, offering significant implications for global health practitioners and researchers in the field.
 Highlights :
 
 Rigorous identification: S. pseudintermedius derived antigens evaluated after precise Staphylococcus species identification using cultural, morphological, and biochemical methods, confirmed via VITEK technique.
 Robust immune response: Immunization with prepared antigens induced positive delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions and protected against severe L. monocytogenes infection, demonstrating potential for cross-species bacterial infection prevention.
 Clinical and histopathological insights: Control group exhibited illness and Listeriosis upon challenge, validated through histopathological examination, highlighting antigen-induced protection against bacterial invasion.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: literature review

Egle Janusonyte1 1Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania Abstract Background and aim. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are rare life-threatening conditions caused by a delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction manifesting through large body surface area epidermal detachment. This condition can occur at any stage of life. In up to 80 % of cases, it develops due to medication such as antibiotics and antiepileptic drugs use, however, it can also be induced by infections. It is crucial to urgently provide supportive care to the patient and to consider possible immunomodulatory therapy measures currently debated on in clinical communities, as well as to transfer the patient to burns treatment unit, if possible. The aim of this literature review is to provide an overview of most recent data in terms of treatment and care as well as possible complications and prognosis in patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Materials and methods. The literature review was conducted through the PubMed search system with combination of the terms ‘Stevens-Johnson syndrome’, ‘toxic epidermal necrolysis’, ‘supportive treatment’, and ‘immunomodulatory therapy’. In total, 38 publications were overviewed, the majority of the publications analysed were published over past 10 years with additionally reviewed first historical descriptions of these conditions as well as international classification that is still used. Results. Following extensive literature review, the aetiology, diagnostics, supportive and immunomodulatory treatment recommendations are introduced, most common complications and prognosis are described. Keywords. Stevens-Johnson syndrome; toxic epidermal necrolysis; supportive treatment; immunomodulatory therapy. https://doi.org/10.53453/ms.2021.06.15

Delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to hydroxychloroquine: Successful short desensitization

Delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to hydroxychloroquine: Successful short desensitization

Síndroma de Stevens-Johnson: a importância do reconhecimento pelo médico de família

Introduction: Children are often affected by infectious diseases, not only because their most vulnerable epidemiological context, but also from their immaturity immune system. The rash illnesses are common at this stage of life, imposing to the family physician a high diagnostic difficulty to skin diseases. The purpose of this report is relates the importance of the family physician recognize skin diseases more severe, to behave as dermatologic emergencies. Case description: Female child, five years old without a history of relief. In August 2015, she appealed to general practice by fever, malaise and with two erythematous and ulcerated lower lip injuries. This was seen as chickenpox. Two days later it was complicated by similar lesions on the vaginal mucosa, palpebral edema and bilateral ocular mucopurulent exudates. Because total food refusal, she turned to a private emergency service, where she was hospitalized. Given the lack of improvement, she was transferred to the hospital of her home area three days later, prostrate with multiple aphthous lesions on the oral and vaginal mucosa, dispersed subconjunctival hemorrhages and keratitis. She was admitted to the pediatric service. Given the clinical picture of ulcerative stomatitis, purulent conjunctivitis and vulvoganite, the clinical diagnosis of Stevens-Johnson syndrome was assumed. Comments: Stevens-Johnson syndrome is characterized by a delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction, which affects the skin and mucous membranes. It constitutes a dermatological emergency with high potential for morbidity and mortality, difficult to diagnose in clinical practice of the family physician. Family physician need to pay special attention to the skin lesions or mucous membranes which are associated with drugs, viral infections, cancer or just injuries that concern some degree of suspicion should not be delayed urgent hospital referral.

Immunopathology of Experimental Models of Syphilis, Influenza, and Asthma.

The introduction of immunopathologic reaction classification in the 1960s led to a major advance in understanding immune effector mechanisms and how lesions of immunopathologic diseases developed. In this article, immunopathologic mechanisms are presented for experimental models of syphilis, influenza, and asthma. The chancre of syphilis is a delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction that is initiated by sensitized T cells that activate macrophages to phagocytose and kill the infecting organism, Treponema pallidum, in interstitial tissues. The primary immune effector mechanism in experimental influenza is T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity that kills infected epithelial cells, bronchial lining cells, and Type-II pneumocytes, in a manner similar to viral exanthema. The bronchial lesions of the experimental model of asthma in mice are preceded by an immune complex vasculitis and not an immunoglobulin E-mediated mast cell mechanism.

The Virgin River

Joel T Levis, MD, PhD, FACEP, FAAEM Fall 2011 - Volume 15 Number 4 Erythema multiforme (EM) is a type of delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction triggered by infection or certain drugs.1 It consists of a polymorphous eruption of macules, papules, and

Effect of Salvia mirzayanii on the immune system and induction of apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes

In this study, the immunomodulatory effects of Salvia mirzayanii were investigated. Study of the effect of this plant on activated human peripheral blood lymphocytes showed stimulatory effects at lower concentrations and inhibitory effects at higher ones (p < 0.01). In flow cytometry analysis, accumulation of apoptotic cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle of the mitogen-treated lymphocytes exposed to the inhibitory doses of the extract was observed. DNA fragmentation analysis of these cells showed a typical DNA laddering. Immunisation of extract-treated mice with the antigen decreased delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction as well as the antibody titre at higher concentrations (p < 0.007). These results indicated the presence of immunomodulatory compounds in the extract of S. mirzayanii and suggest that the induction of apoptosis in lymphocytes might be the mechanism responsible for the inhibitory effect of the extract that was observed at higher concentrations.

The Cys-Asn-Ser carboxyl-terminal end group is the pharmacophore of the amebic anti-inflammatory monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF)

The monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) is an anti-inflammatory oligopeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica. Among its different effects, it inhibits locomotion of human monocytes, hence its original name. Previous experimental studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory properties of MLIF (Met-Gln-Cys-Asn-Ser) remained when aminoacid glutamine was substituted by a proline in the second position (pMLIF: Met-Pro-Cys-Asn-Ser). By changing the order of MLIF amino acids, the resulting scrambled oligopeptide (sMLIF: Gln-Cys-Met-Ser-Asn) has failed activity. By means of ab initio study at the Hartree–Fock and Density Functional Theory levels, it was found that MLIF and pMLIF peptides maintain a great structural similarity among the last three amino acids (…Cys-Asn-Ser) predicting a pharmacophore. The objective of this work was to experimentally verify in vivo and in vitro the existence of the pharmacophore group in MLIF. We assayed three tripeptides by respiratory burst and delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions. The tripeptide Cys-Asn-Ser carboxyl-terminal end group maintained 100% of its biological properties, as well as the anti-inflammatory activity of MLIF, while the other tripeptides tested did not do that.

Could the homologous sequence of anti-inflammatory pentapeptide (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica in the N protein of rabies virus affect the inflammatory process?

Amebiasis and rabies are public health problems, and they have in common a poor inflammatory effect in the target organs that they affect. In the GenBank, it was found that the anti-inflammatory peptide monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica homologates 80%, with a fragment of the N protein of the rabies virus. We speculated if the N protein could contribute to the scant inflammatory reaction produced by rabies virus in central nervous system. The N protein was obtained and studied in vitro and in vivo. The N protein, as MLIF, inhibited the respiratory burst in human mononuclear phagocytes (43%, p<0.05), but in contrast to MLIF, it increased chemotaxis and it did not significantly inhibit delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to 1-chloro-2-4-dinitrobenzene in guinea pigs. Therefore, the full peptide sequence has to be present or it has to be cleaved-free from the large recombinant N protein molecule (55 kDa) to become active.

Diagnosis of granulomatous starch peritonitis by delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions.

Intradermal skin tests were performed on 6 patients with histologically proved granulomatous starch peritonitis and on 15 control subjects. All patients with starch peritonitis developed an erythematous reaction at least 5 mm wide between 3 and 8 days after inoculation. Such a skin reaction was not seen at that time in any of the control subjects. The microscopic changes seen in the positive reactions were dense mononuclear perivascular exudates with organized giant cell or epitheloid cell granulomas in 4 patients and loose histiocytic aggregations in a fifth patient. This evidence of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity suggests that an immunological response underlies granulomatous starch peritonitis and that intradermal skin tests are of value in its diagnosis.

Les réactions cutanées d’hypersensibilité retardée aux héparines et héparinoïdes. Aspects cliniques, intérêts et modalités des tests, évolutivité

Delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to heparins, which had for a long time been mistaken for skin necrosis at the injection site, are now well recognized. We report a 9-case series in which the patients presented cutaneous manifestations during the course of treatment with heparin. The allergy workup of these patients confirmed the diagnosis and also the existence of cross-reactions between different heparins as well as with heparinoids. This study shows the importance and the limits of skin testing with these substances. When done correctly, skin tests enable one to propose therapeutic options in case anticoagulant therapy is to be continued or is planned, especially since this type of hypersensitivity seems to persist.

Study of the Patch Test Reactions to Myocoptes musculinus (Kekuidani) of NC/F Mice (Atopic Model Mice)

Background: Atopic dermatitis is considered to be developed by the IgE-mediated immediate allergy and by the delayed hypersensitivity to causative allergens. We have previously reported that IgE-mediated type I allergy to mites contributed to the development of skin eruptions on atopic model mice (NC mice). Objective: This time, we studied the delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to mites in NC/F mice. Methods: We conducted 48-hour closed patch testing with Myocoptes musculinus (kekuidani) that is a parasite in NC/F mice and BALB/C mice. Results: At both the 48- and 72-hour readings, 7 (87.5%) out of 8 NC/F mice tested showed positive reactions to M. musculinus. All BALB/C mice showed negative reactions to M. musculinus. All animals showed negative reactions to white petrolatum. Conclusion: Our previous data and results of this study give positive proof that both IgE-mediated immediate allergy and cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity to a mite antigen contribute to the development of skin eruptions on NC/F mice resembling human atopic dermatitis.

A novel anti-inflammatory oligopeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica

The monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF), a heat-stable oligopeptide found in the supernatant fluid of Entamoeba histolytica axenic cultures was isolated by ultra-filtration, gel-sieve chromatography and high powered liquid chromatography (HPLC), and its primary structure (Met-Gln-Cys-Asn-Ser) established by Edman sequencing and mass-spectrometry (MS). A synthetic peptide had the same selective anti-inflammatory features as the native material in comparable concentrations: in vitro inhibition of the locomotion in human peripheral blood monocytes, and of the respiratory burst in the same cells and in human neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes; and in vivo depression of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to dinitrochlorobenzene in guinea pigs. This oligopeptide is apparently synthesized by the ameba as suggested by [ 35S]-Cys and Met incorporation, probably as part of a larger molecule, from which it is cleaved by proteolysis. The full sequence was not found in the 431 available E. histolytica protein sequences. The factor may contribute to the unexpected paucity of the late inflammatory reaction found in advanced invasive amebiasis and, perhaps in consequence, to the regeneration without scarring (restitutio ad integrum) of the affected organs that is observed following successful treatment of this disease

Isolation and Structural Studies of the Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF) Produced by Entamoeba histolytica

The supernatant fluid of axenically grown E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS (and virgin axenic medium as control) was obtained by centrifugation and ultrafiltration, and applied to gel-sieve (Sephadex G15) chromatography (1). The 478– 735-Da chromatographic fraction was subjected to reverse phase HPLC-C18. Only the second of five closely emerging peaks revealed MLIF activity (absent from the virgin axenic medium) and was, in turn, subjected to mass-spectrometry: MALDI-MS (2) and tandem MS/MS (TSQ-LC-MS) (3), and Edman sequencing (4). Once the primary chemical structure was known (5), a 96% pure custom MLIF (American Peptide Corp., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was tested in vitro (human monocyte locomotion in Boyden chambers, as well as monocyte and neutrophil respiratory burst by chemiluminescence) and in vivo (delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to 1-chloro-2-4 dinitrobenzene in guinea pigs) alongside the native MLIF.

Immune Responses in Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis-Lesioned Rats Exposed to Chronic Isolation Stress

The present study was designed to establish the influence of chronic social isolation stress on humoral and cellular immunity in nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM)-lesioned rats. Therefore. ten days after bilateral electrolytic lesions of NBM, adult male Wistar rats were immunized with bovine serum albumin in complete Freund' adjuvant (BSA-CFA) and placed individually or in groups of five rats during 21 days. On days 10 and 21 after immunization, the Arthus and delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to BSA as well as anti-BSA antibody production were determined. On day 10, the diameter and intensity of delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to BSA were significantly higher in social-isolated rats in comparison with the group-reared ones. On day 21, the diameter and intensity of the Arthus skin reaction were significantly higher in social-isolated rats compared to group-reared rats. Between days 10 and 21, the diameter and intensity of the Arthus skin reaction significantly increased in social-isolated rats, while the diameter of delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction significantly decreased. In contrast to social-isolated rats, there were no significant differences in Arthus and delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions in group-reared rats, between days 10 and 21. Also there were no significant differences in the production of anti-BSA antibody between social-isolated and group-reared rats. The relative spleen weight was significantly lower in social-isolated rats. These data suggest that chronic isolation stress modify humoral and cellular immunity in NBM-lesioned rats.

Effect of unilateral and bilateral lesions of caudate-putamen on immune response in the rat

In the present study we investigated the effect of selectivity destroyed dopaminergic neurons of the caudate-putamen (CP) on immune reactivity in the rat. Unilateral and bilateral lesioning of CP was performed by one direct stereotaxic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine solution. Sham-lesioned and intact rats served as controls. Two weeks after the operation, the animals were immunized with sheep red blood cells or bovine serum albumin for determination of plaque forming cell-response and Arthus and delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions, respectively. Unilateral and bilateral lesions of CP considerably suppressed PFC-response and Arthus and delayed the hypersensitivity reactions in comparison to control rats, while no differences were observed between unilaterally and bilaterally lesioned animals.

Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Following Lesions of the Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis in the Rat

The present study was undertaken to elucidate whether electrolytic lesions of nucleus basalis magno-cellularis–NBM (an animal model of Alzheimer's disease-AD) may influence humoral and cellular immune responses in adult male Wistar rats. For this purpose intact control (IC), sham-operated (SO) and NBM-lesioned rats were divided into two main groups: (1) rats immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) for plaque-forming cell (PFC) response and anti-SRBC agglutinins, and (2) rats immunized with bovine serum albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant (BSA-CFA) for anti-BSA antibody production, Arthus and delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to BSA. PFC responses and anti-SRBC agglutinins as well as diameter and expression of edema/induration of Arthus/delayed skin reaction and titer of anti-BSA antibody were significantly lower in NBM lesioned rats (compared to IC and SO). The results showed that in NBM-lesioned rats both the humoral and cellular immune responses were suppressed.

Delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to enoxaparin

Delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to enoxaparin

Isolation of perchloric acid soluble, heat stable, ethanol extractable protein fromMycobacterium tuberculosis

The perchloric acid soluble, heat stable, and ethanol insoluble antigen of M. tuberculosis (TB-PBE) was prepared, and antigenicity of this antigen was studied in vivo and in vitro. TB-PBE showed a single band of 60 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Sera from the patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis did not react with this antigen by ELISA. A delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction was induced with this antigen and was correlated with the reaction with PPD. Skin biopsy was performed in this skin lesion induced by TB-PBE and stained by H-E and immunohistochemical methods. TB-PBE induced an inflammatory lesion similar to a lesion induced by PPD. Blastogenic activity of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by TB-PBE increased, and showed a peak reaction at 7 days after stimulation. The blastogenic activity changed in a dose-dependent manner. After stimulation with TB-PBE, mononuclear cells were analyzed by FACS. DR+ T cells and CD4/CD8 ratio increased after stimulation by TB-PBE. These cells secreted IL-2, not IL-4 after stimulation with TB-PBE. In the immunofluorescence test, mouse antiserum against TB-PBE showed a positive reaction with M. tuberculosis and showed cross-reactivity with M. bovis and other atypical mycobacteria, but not with S. aureus. With these results, it is evident that TB-PBE is an antigen which can induce cell mediated immunity in vivo and in vitro.

999 Newcastle disease virus infected intact autologous tumor cell vaccine for adjuvant active specific immunotherapy of resected colorectal carcinoma

An active specific immunization (ASI) procedure with two types of autologous tumor cell vaccines (ATV) is tested for adjuvant immunotherapy of resected colorectal carcinoma to provide preliminary information on local immunological skin responses, side effects and two year survival rates. For vaccine preparation, the tumor derived freshly isolated and cryopreserved cells were thawed, purified by PercolI density centrifugation and depleted of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes by immunomagnetic-beads. Atter inactivation by 200 Gy, the cells of this ATV were either infected by Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) or they were admixed with Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) organisms. Vaccination was performed in the arm beginning 6–8 weeks after operation, 3 times at two week intervals. Of 57 patients that received ASI, 48 were treated by virus infected autologous tumor cell vaccine (ATV-NDV) and 9 with the BCG admixed vaccine (ATV/BCG). The mean value of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions (DTH) from ATV-NDV treated patients was 18 mm for the first vaccination and 26 and 29 mm for the following ones. While application of ATV-NDV was associated with only mild side effects, the ATV/BCG vaccine lead to long lasting ulcers and to more serious side-effects. The 2 year survival rates obtained with ATV-NDV was 97.9% while the survival rate with ATV/BCG was 66.7% (P Thus, the type and quality of the tumor vaccine for ASI-treatment appears to be important. The findings with ATV-NDV necessitate corroboration in a prospective randomised controlled study