Delay Time Td Research Articles

Rapid and quantitative CEST-MRI sequence using water presaturation.

Despite the significant potential for in vivo metabolic imaging in preclinical and clinical applications, CEST MRI suffers from long scan time and inaccurate quantification. This study aims to suppress the contaminations among signals under different frequencies, which could shorten the TR and thereby facilitate CEST imaging acceleration and quantification. A novel sequence is proposed by applying a water-presaturation (WPS) module at the beginning of each TR. WPS CEST quickly knocks down the residual signal from previous TRs so that the magnetization of all TRs recovers from zero, which aligns well with the formula of quasi-steady-state theorem and enables accurate quantification within shorter TR. WPS CEST was assessed by simulations, creatine phantom, and healthy human brain scans at 3 T. In simulation and phantom experiment, WPS CEST allows accurate estimation of exchange rate (ksw) using omega plot and using shorter delay time (Td) and saturation time (Ts) (e.g., 1 s/1 s) compared with the conventional CEST. Simulations further showed that WPS CEST could obtain consistent spin-lock relaxation (R1ρ) values over varied Tds and Tss. Six human scans indicated that R1ρ collected from conventional sequences showed significant differences between two groups with Td and Ts of (1 s/1 s) and (2 s/2 s) (amide: 1.721 ± 0.051 s-1 vs. 1.622 ± 0.050 s-1, p = 0.001; nuclear Overhauser enhancement: 1.792 ± 0.046 s-1 vs. 1.687 ± 0.053 s-1, p = 0.004), whereas WPS CEST scans using these 2 Td/Ts values obtained the same mean R1ρ (amide: 1.616 ± 0.053 s-1 vs. 1.616 ± 0.048 s-1, p = 0.862; nuclear Overhauser enhancement: 1.688 ± 0.064 s-1 vs. 1.684 ± 0.054 s-1, p = 0.544). WPS CEST demonstrated accurate quantitation within shorter TR compared with conventional sequences, and thereby may allow rapid quantitative CEST scans in various situations.

Characteristic Times for Gap Relaxation and Heat Escape in Nanothin NbTi Superconducting Filaments: Thickness Dependence and Effect of Substrate.

We measured the temporal voltage response of NbTi superconducting filaments with varied nanoscale thicknesses to step current pulses that induce non-equilibrium superconducting states governed by a hot spot mechanism. Such detected voltage emerges after a delay time td, which is intimately connected to the gap relaxation and heat escape times. By employing time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory to link the delay time to the applied current, we determined that the gap relaxation time depends linearly on film thickness, aligning with the acoustic mismatch theory for phonon transmission at the superconductor-substrate interface. We thereby find a gap relaxation time of 104 ps per nm of thickness for NbTi films on polished sapphire. We further show that interfacial interaction with the substrate significantly impacts the gap relaxation time, with observed values of 9 ns on SiOx, 6.8 ns on fused silica, and 5.2 ns on sapphire for a 50 nm thick NbTi strip at T=5.75 K. These insights are valuable for optimizing superconducting sensing technologies, particularly the single-photon detectors that operate in the transient regime of nanothin superconducting bridges and filaments.

Meander Structure Analysis Techniques Using Artificial Neural Networks

Typically, analyses of meander structures (MSs) for transfer characteristics are conducted using specialized commercial software based on numerical methods. However, these methods can be time-consuming, particularly when a researcher is seeking to perform a preliminary study of the designed structures. This study aims to explore the application of neural networks in the design and analysis of meander structures. Three different feedforward neural network (FFNN), time delay neural network (TDNN), and convolutional neural network (CNN) techniques were investigated for the analysis and design of the meander structures in this article. The geometric dimensions or top-view images of 369 different meander structures were used for training an FFNN, TDNN, and CNN. The investigated networks were designed to predict such electrodynamic parameters as the delay time (td), reflection coefficient (S11), and transmission coefficient (S21) in the 0–10 GHz frequency band. A sufficiently low mean absolute error (MAE) was achieved with all three methods for the analysis of MSs. Using an FFNN, the characteristic td was predicted with a 3.3 ps average MAE. The characteristic S21 was predicted with a 0.64 dB average MAE, and S11 was predicted with a 2.47 dB average MAE. The TDNN allowed the average MAEs to be reduced to 0.9 ps, 0.11 dB, and 1.63 dB, respectively. Using a CNN, the average MAEs were 27.5 ps, 0.44 dB, and 1.36 dB, respectively. The use of neural networks has allowed accelerating the analysis procedure from approximately 120 min on average to less than 5 min.

Impact of a 5-min massage session on the gastrocnemius contractile and passive mechanical properties in young adults - A randomized controlled trial

The analysis of the impact of a 5-min massage session on the gastrocnemius contractile and passive mechanical properties in young adults - a randomized controlled trial. BackgroundThe effect of massage therapy on the muscle properties is unclear. New technologies make investigation more in-depth and reliable. ObjectivesThis study examined the effects of a 5-min massage session on the muscle stiffness and tone reduction in healthy young adults. Materials and methodsParticipants aged between 19 and 24 were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG) (n = 40) or a control group (CG) (n = 40). The IG participated in a 5-min massage session of the lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscle (LGCM and MGCM respectively). The muscle contractile properties were assessed by tensiomyography (TMG). It measured maximal displacement (Dm), delay time (Td) and contraction time (Tc). Oscillation frequency (F) and stiffness (S) were used to assess muscle passive mechanical properties. These measurements were collected by MytonPro. ResultsThere were no differences between the groups in the pre-test measurements. The results of mixed-model ANOVA showed significant (p < 0.05) time × group interactions, with greater alteration in the IG compared to the CG in the LGCM for Dm (%diff = 22.5, ƞp2 = 0.41), Td (%diff = 3.63, ƞp2 = 0.02), Tc (%diff = 13.38, ƞp2 = 0.1), F (%diff = 5.55, ƞp2 = 0.07) and in the MGCM for Dm (%diff = −14.34, ƞp2 = 0.06), F (%diff = −7.53, ƞp2 = 0.12). No difference (p > 0.05) was noticed in other variables. ConclusionsA 5-min massage session impacts the contractile and passive mechanical properties of the LGCM and MGCM. The size and direction of changes may depend on the muscle type, its geometry as well as other factors.

Integrating superregenerative principles in a compact, power-efficient NMR/NQR spectrometer: A novel approach with pulsed excitation

We present a new approach to Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR)/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the Damp-Enhanced Superregenerative Nuclear Spin Analyser (DESSA). This system integrates Superregenerative principles with pulsed sample excitation and detection, offering significant advancements over traditional Super-Regenerative Receivers (SRRs). Our approach overcomes certain limitations associated with traditional Super-Regenerative Receivers (SRRs) by integrating direct digital processing of the oscillator response delay time (Td) and an electronic damp unit to regulate the excitation pulse decay time (Te). The essence is combining pulsed excitation with a reception inspired by, but distinct from, conventional SRRs. The damp unit allows a rapid termination of the oscillation pulse and the initiation of detection within microseconds, and direct digital processing avoids the need for a second lower frequency which is used for quenching in a traditional SRRs, thereby avoiding the formation of sidebands. We demonstrate the effectiveness of DESSA on a NaClO3 sample containing the isotope Chlorine-35 where it accurately detects the NQR signal with sub-kHz resolution.

Muscle contraction time after caffeine intake is faster after 30 minutes than after 60 minutes.

This study aimed to determine the optimal time point, either 30 or 60 minutes, at which muscle reactivity to caffeine administration is highest. Unlike previous studies that focused on the nervous system response, we employed tensiomyography (TMG) to directly assess the effects of caffeine on muscle fibers. TMG measurements were performed on the gastrocnemius medialis muscle of 42 male athletes who regularly consumed caffeine. Participants received a dose of 6 mg/kg body weight and TMG measurements were taken prior to caffeine intake, as well as 30 and 60 minutes afterward. Analysis of TMG parameters including time to contraction (Tc), time delay (Td), and maximal displacement (Dm) revealed that muscles exhibited faster contractions and greater stiffness at the 30-minute mark compared to both pre-caffeine intake and the 60-minute time point. Time exerted a significant main effect on Tc (F(2, 246) = 12.09, p < .001, ή2p = 0.09), Td (F(2, 246) = 3.39, p = .035, ή2p = 0.03), and Dm (F(2, 246) = 6.83, p = .001, ή2p = 0.05), while no significant effect of body side was observed. The findings indicate that muscle contraction time (Tc) and delay time (Td) are influenced by the time elapsed since caffeine ingestion, with the fastest responses occurring after 30 minutes. Additionally, a systemic effect of caffeine was observed, as there were no discernible differences in measurements between the two sides of the body. TMG proves to be an effective noninvasive method for assessing muscle responses following caffeine administration.

Observation of Superfluorescence of ZnO Nanosheets

ZnO nanostructures are attractive candidates as source media for realizing optoelectronic devices. Based on the comparison of cathodoluminescence images and scanning electron microscope morphology images, the mixing color images of ZnO nanosheets indicate that the emission of the ZnO nanosheet is emitted from its flat surface. In time‐resolved photoluminescence, a sharp emission pulse is observed after the delay time τD of 56 ps relative to zero time at the threshold excitation power, the pulse peak intensity exhibits a superlinear increase proportional to P2.7 (P is the excitation power density), the reduction of τD is proportional to , oscillation is demonstrated in the decay trace at high excitation power, and the time interval of two oscillation emissions is 36 ps. Experimental results indicate that superfluorescence (SF) is demonstrated at room temperature and it is assigned to coherent dipole states in the population version localized to approximately 3 nm thick ZnO nanosheet. SF of coherent dipole states is characterized by the delay time τD—the unique feature of SF and the Burnham–Chiao ringing behavior. Experimental observation of SF of ZnO nanosheets may have potential value for the investigation of room temperature many‐body quantum phenomena, coherent control, and applications for high‐performance optoelectronic devices.

Correlation between contractile properties of quadriceps muscle and functional performance in runners with patellofemoral pain syndrome

Background: Long distance runners commonly complain from patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) that limits their performance and return to sport. Abnormal neuromuscular control of the quadriceps has been demonstrated to cause patellar mal-tracking and hence PFPS. Changes in muscle morphology and neural activity have a role in neuromuscular changes, a key contributor to either primary or secondary injuries. Poor landing mechanics, impaired postural control, as well as changed peripheral muscle activation are all clinical manifestations of neuromuscular control deficiencies caused by central nervous system defects that have a deleterious effect on the contractile characteristics of skeletal muscle. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between contractile properties of quadriceps muscle and functional performance in long distance runners with PFPS. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Thirty runners were recruited form multiple Egyptian clubs. Tensiomyography (TMG) Parameters were assessed regarding Contraction time (Tc), Maximal displacement (Dm), Sustain time (Ts), Relaxion time (Tr) and Delay time (Td) in Rectus femoris (RF), Vastus medialis (VM) and Vastus lateralis (VL) separately and correlated with functional performance; number of repetitions in 30 seconds for anteromedial lunge test, balance and reach test and step-down test. Outcome measures: Functional performance was measured using functional performance tests; anteromedial lunge test, balance and reach test and step-down test. Results: It was found that VM Tc, VL Dm, were moderately positively correlated with anteromedial lunge (r = 0.583, 0.404, p&lt;0.05) respectively. In contrast, RF Tr was negatively correlated with anteromedial lunge (-0.364, p&lt;0.05); VM Ts,Tr,Dm; VL Td were moderately negatively correlated with balance and reach (r = --0.577, -0.388, 0.655 and -0.385, respectively, p&lt;0.05). In contrast, VL Tc was moderately positively correlated with step-down (r = 0.424, p = 0.019). Conclusion: All contractile properties of quadriceps muscle are significantly correlated with functional performance in long distance runners with PFPS. Future studies should address these properties, using proper rehabilitation strategies, to improve performance of runners with PFPS.

Ignition Delay Time Modeling in Wire-EDM

This study presents a comprehensive investigation and modeling of the ignition delay time (td) in wire-EDM (WEDM). The research focuses on the influence of gap distance, discharge energy, and piece height on the stochastic distributions of td, providing important insights into the complex properties of these distributions. Observations indicate that these parameters exert significant yet intricate influences on td, with a particular emphasis on the gap distance. A critical value was identified, around 8μm to 10μm, that divides the stochastic behavior. To capture the binomial nature of td, a mixture probability model consisting of two Weibull distribution curves was developed and validated through extensive experimentation and a data analysis. The model demonstrated strong agreement with observed cumulative probability curves, indicating its accuracy and reliability in predicting td. Further, a sensitivity analysis revealed regions of fast change, emphasizing the challenges and importance of careful parameter selection in control of WEDM processes. The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of WEDM processes and provide a modeling approach for predicting td. Future research directions include refining the model by incorporating additional input parameters, investigating the influence of other process variables on td.

Analysis of Properties of the Multilayer Meander Structures for Wireless Communications

Multilayer meander structures for wireless communications are presented in this paper. The miniaturization of meander structures is solved by positioning the meander conductor in multiple layers. The influence of the increasing number of layers and connecting vias on the operational parameters of the meander structures is investigated. Three-dimensional models of the meander structures are designed and analyzed in the CST Microwave Studio© software package. The general mathematical model of the meander structure is presented. The computer-based simulation is verified by a physical experiment and analytical calculations. The investigation shows that it is possible to miniaturize the meander structure by placing it into different layers and connecting the meander conductors with vias. The overall length of the meander structure is decreased by 48% from 16.24 mm to 8.4 mm, while the delay time td is changed only by less than 3.2% and increased till 1.145 ns, which is 35 ps. The overall dimensions of the miniaturized meander structure are 8.4 × 17.35 × 0.76 mm. The designed structure is suitable for operation at a 2.4–2.5 GHz ISM frequency band.

Sensor location affects skeletal muscle contractility parameters measured by tensiomyography.

Tensiomyography (TMG) is a non-invasive method for measuring contractile properties of skeletal muscle that is increasingly being used in research and practice. However, the lack of standardization in measurement protocols mitigates the systematic use in sports medical settings. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of lower leg fixation and sensor location on TMG-derived parameters. Twenty-two male participants underwent TMG measurements on the m. biceps femoris (BF) in randomized order with and without lower leg fixation (fixed vs. non-fixed). Measurements were conducted at 50% of the muscle's length (BF-mid) and 10 cm distal to this (BF-distal). The sensor location affected the contractile properties significantly, both with and without fixation. Delay time (Td) was greater at BF-mid compared to BF-distal (fixed: 23.2 ± 3.2 ms vs. 21.2 ± 2.7 ms, p = 0.002; non-fixed: 24.03 ± 4.2 ms vs. 21.8 ± 2.7 ms, p = 0.008), as were maximum displacement (Dm) (fixed: 5.3 ± 2.7 mm vs. 3.5 ± 1.7 mm, p = 0.005; non-fixed: 5.4 ± 2.5 mm vs. 4.0 ± 2.0 mm, p = 0.03), and contraction velocity (Vc) (fixed: 76.7 ± 25.1 mm/s vs. 57.2 ± 24.3 mm/s, p = 0.02). No significant differences were revealed for lower leg fixation (all p > 0.05). In summary, sensor location affects the TMG-derived parameters on the BF. Our findings help researchers to create tailored measurement procedures in compliance with the individual goals of the TMG measurements and allow adequate interpretation of TMG parameters.

Muscle Contractile Properties Measured by the Tensiomyography (TMG) Method in Top-Level Football Players of Different Playing Positions: The Case of Serbian Super League.

The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in muscle contractile properties measured by the TMG method between top-level football players of different playing positions. The sample consisted of 57 football players from the Serbian Super League, divided into three groups: defenders-DF, midfielders-MF, and forwards-FW. Muscles included in the study were the Rectus Femoris (RF), Vastus Medialis (VM), Vastus Lateralis (VL), Biceps Femoris (BF), and Semitendinosus (ST) of the right (R) and left (L) leg. The TMG parameters used in this study were contraction time (Tc), delay time (Td), relaxation time (Tr), maximal displacement (Dm), and sustain time (Ts). The ANOVA results showed that differences in TMG parameters between top-level football players of different playing positions are small and exist only in the Tr of RF (F = 4.658, p = 0.014), BF (F = 4.433, p = 0.016), and ST muscle (F = 3.808, p = 0.028), and the Tc (F = 3.214, p = 0.048) and Td (F = 3.705, p = 0.031) of the VM muscle. All differences were detected between DF and FW players, and all differences were in the left (non-dominant) leg. The results obtained in this study indicate that the training and selection process in football, from the aspect of functional and mechanical muscle properties, should be similar for all players, regardless of playing position. It has been shown that TMG has relatively low sensitive strength for detecting differences between football players of different playing positions.

Muscle contractile properties of professional soccer players according to playing position and limb dominance

This study aimed to characterise selected lower-limb muscle contractile properties in a sample of male professional soccer players, and to investigate if muscle contractile properties differed according to playing position or limb dominance. One hundred and ninety-three male professional soccer players (mean ± SD: age=21.6yrs±4.4; height=181.1cm±10.0; body mass=77.4kg±8.5) had bilateral measurements of muscle contractile properties taken during the pre-season period (June-July) of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 seasons using Tensiomyography. The following muscles were measured: Adductor Magnus (AM), Bicep Femoris (BF), Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL), Gastrocnemius Medialis (GM), Gluteus Maximus (GT) and Rectus Femoris (RF). Participants were sub-categorised by playing position and limb dominance. Data were analysed using Kruskal Wallis H tests or Mann-Whitney U tests. The left GM muscle produced the shortest delay time (Td) (19.5 ms ± 1.9) and contraction time (Tc) (21.3 ms±14.3) whilst the right BF had the longest sustain time (Ts) (196.9ms±83.9). Relaxation time (Tr) was shortest in the right GL (39.3ms±22.7) and the right GT the largest maximal displacement (Dm) value (10.2mm±3.6). Small differences were present between the left AM Td in Forwards (p=0.005, η2=0.05) and Midfielders and in the left GM Ts between Forwards and Goalkeepers (p=0.04, η2=0.02). The right RF Tc measurement was lower in the right dominant participants (p=0.04, η2=0.35). No other differences were detected between playing positions or limb dominance (p&gt;0.05). The findings from this study provide a profile of lower limb muscle contractile properties in a sample of male professional soccer players. The lack of consistent differences reported between sub-categories suggest that soccer players are homogeneous, regardless of playing position or limb dominance. The data generated from this study may be used to monitor soccer players following periods of inactivity, fixture congestion, long-term injury or acute changes in professional status.

Stress-independent delay time in yielding of dilute colloidal gels.

We investigate the yielding under shear for dilute poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-fumaric acid) (PNIPAM-FAc) colloidal gels obtained above the volume phase transition temperature. In this temperature range, the microgel suspensions form colloidal gels due to hydrophobic interparticle interactions under appropriate pH and ionic strength conditions. Step-strain tests revealed that yielding occurs when the applied strain exceeds a specific threshold, requiring a finite, stress-independent delay time (tD). This is distinct from previous findings on delayed yielding in other colloidal gels, where tD decreases with increasing stress. In the start-up shear tests, yield strain (γy) at a higher strain rate () increases with escalating , while γy at lower  remains constant. This characteristic γy- relationship is successfully explained by a simple model using the stress-independent tD value without an adjustable fitting parameter. The distinctive yielding behavior, underscored by a stress-independent tD, is expected to originate from strain-induced macroscopic phase separation into a dense colloidal gel and water, observable separately from rheological measurements.

Influence of ambient pressure on spatial–temporal evolution of local thermodynamic equilibrium for laser-induced plasma

Laser-induced plasma deviates from LTE faster with the increase of radius r and slower with the increase of delay time Td in a higher-pressure environment.

Assessing critical temperature dose areas in the kidney by magnetic resonance imaging thermometry in an ex vivo Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy model

PurposeWe aimed to assess critical temperature areas in the kidney parenchyma using magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT) in an ex vivo Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy model.MethodsThermal effects of Ho:YAG laser irradiation of 14 W and 30 W were investigated in the calyx and renal pelvis of an ex vivo kidney with different laser application times (tL) followed by a delay time (tD) of tL/tD = 5/5 s, 5/10 s, 10/5 s, 10/10 s, and 20/0 s, with irrigation rates of 10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 ml/min. Using MRT, the size of the area was determined in which the thermal dose as measured by the Cumulative Equivalent Minutes (CEM43) method exceeded a value of 120 min.ResultsIn the calyx, CEM43 never exceeded 120 min for flow rates ≥ 70 ml/min at 14 W, and longer tL (10 s vs. 5 s) lead to exponentially lower thermal affection of tissue (3.6 vs. 21.9 mm2). Similarly at 30 W and ≥ 70 ml/min CEM43 was below 120 min. Interestingly, at irrigation rates of 10 ml/min, tL = 10 s and tD = 10 s CEM43 were observed > 120 min in an area of 84.4 mm2 and 49.1 mm2 at tD = 5 s. Here, tL = 5 s revealed relevant thermal affection of 29.1 mm2 at 10 ml/min.ConclusionWe demonstrate that critical temperature dose areas in the kidney parenchyma were associated with high laser power and application times, a low irrigation rate, and anatomical volume of the targeted calyx.

Monitoring of the flexor-extensor musculature of the knee in high-performance female volleyball players

&#x0D; The aim of this study was to describe, through TMG, the changes produced in the mechanical characteristics of the musculature responsible for the flexo-extension of the knee joint: before and after a training period, in highly competitive female volleyball players. The sample studied was included 16 female volleyball players (age 20,3 ± 1,7 years; weight: 67,75 ± 9,13 kg.; height: 178,2 ± 7,1 cm.; BMI: 21,41 ± 1,75 kg/m2) from two Spanish Super-league teams. The results show clear differences in the pre-post values of all parameters: Jump Height, Normalized response speed (Vrn), Maximum radial displacement of the muscle belly (Dm), Delay Time (Td), Sustain Time (Ts), and Relaxation Time (Tr). The Vrn values of VL (p=&lt;0.001; ES=1.11) were statistically significant, and a statistical trend can bewas also seen in the Vm values of RF (p=0.117; ES=0.69). We can conclude that TMG is sensitive enough to detect changes in the knee musculature of high-performance female volleyball players after a season training period.Keywords: Tensiomyography, Volleyball, Muscle response, Jump&#x0D;

Muscle Contraction Adaptations in Top-Level Karate Athletes Assessed by Tensiomyography.

Background: This paper aimed to compare the involuntary stimulated neuromuscular response of thigh muscles in top-level karate athletes and recreational groups. Methods: The study included 13 male karate athletes (KAs) and 14 non-athlete male individuals (NAs). Tensiomyographic (TMG) measurements were obtained from the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST). Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between KAs and NAs in knee extensor/flexor delay time (Td), contraction time (Tc), total contraction time (Tct), maximal radial displacement of the muscle belly (Dm) and rate of muscle tension development (RMTD). On a group level, KA dominant-leg extensors and flexors and also non-dominant-leg knee flexors had significant differences when compared to NA. Tct is a TMG parameter in which the KAs and NAs differ the most in the case of the knee extensors, while flexor muscles differ the most in the RMTD parameter. Conclusions: The lower Tct values indicate an improved ability of top-level karateka to make fast contractions of the agonist muscles. KAs’ higher RMTD values suggest on strength characteristics needed in breaking actions of the antagonist muscles. Existence of contraction-relaxation-contraction neuromuscular pattern in the RF muscle suggests on implementation of training strategies that involves both rapid muscle contractions and relaxations.

An investigation into the between-day reliability of muscle contractile properties measured using Tensiomyography.

Background and Purpose Tensiomyography (TMG) is reported to measure muscle contractile properties of superficial skeletal muscle. Between day reliability has not been reported for all of the major lower limb muscles in a mixed gender sample of healthy adults. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the between-day reliability of muscle contractile properties associated with involuntary contractions of the rectus femoris (RF) and bicep femoris (BF), as measured by TMG. Study Design Within-subject repeated measures study (3 consecutive days) Methods Twenty-four healthy participants (twelve male; twelve females) were recruited to take part in the study over 3 consecutive days. Measurements of muscle contractile properties were obtained on the bicep femoris (BF) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles in the dominant limb. All data were checked for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Pooled intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variance (CV) and standard error of measurement (SEM) values were generated for the BF and RF for delay time (Td), sustain time (Ts), relaxation time (Tr), contraction time (Tc) maximal displacement (Dm). Additionally, a Bland-Altman analysis was performed for paired data points (day 1 vs 2, 2 vs 3 and 3 vs 1). Identical analyses were then performed on gender sub-groups. Results Good to excellent ICC values (0.68-0.93) were reported for delay time (Td), contraction time (Tc), and maximal displacement (Dm) in BF and RF muscles. Conversely, relaxation time (Tr) and sustain time (Ts) reported low ICC values (-0.10-0.56). Levels of agreement were not significantly different in most pairs of data points across the whole sample and also across males and females (p=&gt;0.05). However, significant differences were detected in the whole sample: day 3 vs day 1 in the Td (p=0.03) and Dm RF (p=0.009); males: BF Td day 1 vs 2 (p=0.04); females: BF day 2 vs 2 (p=0.01), RF Td day 1 vs 2 (p=0.03), RF Ts day 3 vs 1 (p=0.04). Conclusion The Td, Tc, and Dm variables obtained during TMG measurements demonstrate acceptable reliability across 3 consecutive days. The Tr and Ts variables cannot be measured reliably between days using TMG.

Autoionization of Ultracold Cesium Rydberg Atom in 37D5/2 State

We present the observation of an autoionization of cesium 37D5/2 Rydberg atoms in ultracold gases and analyze the autoionization mechanism. The autoionization process is investigated by varying the delay time tD and Rydberg atomic density. The dependence of ionization signals on Rydberg density shows that the Rydberg density has an effect on not only the initial ion signals but also the evolution of the Rydberg atoms. The results reveal that the initial ionization of 37D5/2 Rydberg atoms is mostly attributed to the blackbody radiation (BBR)-induced photoionization, and the BBR-induced transitions to the nearby Rydberg states that lead to further ionization. Our work plays a significant role in investigating the collision between Rydberg atoms and many-body physics.