Delay In Evacuation Research Articles

Agent-based evacuation simulation from subway train and platform

With many people using subways at the same time, subway stations must be appropriately designed to allow people to move smoothly and safely during daily operation and emergency evacuation. The present study carries out an agent-based modeling (ABM) of people from trains and platforms in a typical subway station in normal and evacuation scenarios. Developed based on the NetLogo platform, the proposed model enables defining normal and emergency scenarios with realistic considerations of some critical parameters, including number of trains; number of passengers, stairs, ticket gates, exits; passenger destination choices; and possible delaying of exiting the train and station. Comparative studies of normal and emergency situations are conducted on a prototype subway station. Parametric investigations show different impacts of some key parameters on evacuation time and delay and provide some valuable insights for understanding the potential causes of delay of evacuations and possible improvements of the subway station design in terms of emergency response. By adopting site- and event-specific parameters of the station and emergency event, future customized analyses can be conducted based on the proposed model to help design and implement more optimized and tailored emergency response plans and srategies.

MATERNAL MORTALITY IN A MATERNITY WARD AT A REGIONAL HOSPITAL CENTER IN SOUTHERN SENEGAL

Objectives: -to determine the maternal mortality ratio at the Kolda Regional Hospital; -to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of the deceased patients; -to clarify the causes of maternal mortality and to identify the associated risk factors. Materials and method: This was a prospective, descriptive and analytical study conducted between January 1st, 2012 and December 31st, 2016 at the Kolda Regional Hospital Center. We collected data from maternity records, resuscitation records, anesthesia records and the operating protocol register. Results: During this study period, we recorded 120 maternal deaths out of 4116 living births, a maternal mortality ratio of 2915.4 per 100,000 living births. The average age of our patients was 27 years old. The average parity was 4 deliveries and multiparas accounted for half of the patients. In our series, 84% of patients were evacuated; high blood pressure (35.8%) and obstructed labor (18.8%) were the most common reasons for evacuation. More than half of the deaths (52.5%) occurred in the postpartum and 32.5% in the 3rd quarter. More than half of the deaths occurred within the first 24 hours after of admission (52%). Just over a third of patients (39%) had delivered by caesarean section and we had 58.8% of perinatal deaths. The conclusions of the audit were a delay in consultation (57%) followed by a delay in evacuation (28%) and a delay in the management of patients (25%). Conclusion: The multiple factors influencing the high maternal mortality rate in this region of Senegal can be attributed to the community, the medical team, and / or the health system. Strategic interventions to reduce this mortality rate should be based on community education on safe motherhood, on the improvement of the level of education, on communication systems and better transportation, on access to quality reproductive health services and availability of emergency obstetric care.

Performance-based Evaluation on Evacuation Safety of Studio Residential Buildings according to Installation of Smoke Exhaust System

Most studio residential buildings of the type frequently constructed in big cities suffer from a paucity of smoke exhaustion facilities and fire-fighting equipment. This poses a significant safety risk and may cause many casualties when fires or fire-related accidents occur. In this study, fire and evacuation simulations were conducted at a studio residential building, and the level of evacuation safety was evaluated according to the location of fire ignition, installation of smoke exhaustion equipment, and evacuation delay time. The simulation results showed that the most effective methods to minimize casualties caused by fire are to install smoke exhaustion equipment and to significantly reduce the evacuation delay time by all possible means. Keywords: Fire Simulation, Evacuation Simulation, Evacuation Safety, Smoke Exhaustion Facilities, Evacuation Delay Time

Immediate behavioral response to the June 17, 2013 flash floods in Uttarakhand, North India

The 2013 Uttarakhand flash flood was such a surprise for those at risk that the predominant source of information for their risk was environmental cues and, secondarily, peer warnings rather than official warnings. Of those who received warnings, few received information other than the identity of the flood threat. A survey of 316 survivors found that most people's first response was to immediately evacuate but some stayed to receive additional information, confirm their warnings, or engage in evacuation preparations. Unfortunately, engaging in these milling behaviors necessarily delayed their final evacuations. Mediation analysis revealed that psychological reactions mediated the relationship between information sources and behavioral responses. Further analyses revealed that immediate evacuation and evacuation delay were both predicted best by information search and positive affect, but correlation analyses indicated that a number of other models were also plausible. Final evacuation was best predicted by immediate evacuation and, to a significantly lesser extent, household together. Overall, results suggest that the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) should be considered a useful framework for examining household responses to flash floods in developing countries like India. It supports the conclusion that a household's first warning source is a function of two distinct detection and dissemination systems within a community—an official system and an informal system. However, it fails to capture what pre-impact emergency preparedness entails for rapid onset events in a developing country context. Further research is needed to determine the relative importance of situational and cultural characteristics in producing these observed differences.

Performance modeling of an intelligent emergency evacuation system in buildings on accidental fire occurrence

Construction of multi-floor buildings have increased multifold in the urban areas due to scarcity of space for the growing population. There is a need for safe evacuation of people in such multi floor buildings during emergency situations such as fire occurrence. In this paper, we present an analytical model of the evacuation scenario on accidental fire using stochastic petri nets. The proposed evacuation model takes into account human behavior parameters such as panic among occupants, and realistic situations namely stampede in the stairwell, and distance of each occupant to the floor exits. The performance of the system is evaluated in terms of evacuation time, pre evacuation delay and average system throughput and compared with those of the evacuation model without human behavior and realistic constraints. The analytical results are validated using the real time evacuation drill measurements in a 10 storey building.

Priority-Oriented Route Network Planning for Evacuation in Constrained Space Scenarios

Evacuation planning in three-dimensional (3D) constrained space scenarios is an important kind of emergency management problems. In this paper, we investigate a path planning problem in constrained space evacuation for 3D scenarios, named the Priority-based Route Network Constructing Problem, which has two objectives of maximizing the evacuation exits’ utilization efficiency and minimizing the whole evacuation delay. We propose a 3-phase heuristic to construct a route network based on the Minimum Weighted Set Cover. In the experimental evaluation, we compare the proposed algorithm with the existing algorithms and implement our algorithm in underground mine evacuation, which is a typical kind of constrained space scenarios. Both types of results indicate our strategy can enhance the utilization efficiency of the escaping exits and guarantee a tolerable range of the global escaping time-consumption with a low running time.

Dynamic Route Network Planning Problem for Emergency Evacuation in Restricted-Space Scenarios

We investigate a dynamic route planning problem in restricted-space evacuation, namely, the Multiobjective Dynamic Route Network Planning (MODRNP) problem. It models the multisource to multidestination evacuation in restricted-space scenarios, with the objectives of minimizing the whole evacuation delay and maximizing the evacuation efficiency. We study the problem in 3D scenarios, which can provide intuition vision for the geographic space and contribute to the evacuation plan and implementation. Based on the auxiliary graph transformation, we propose a heuristic algorithm referred to the classical problem, Minimum Weighted Set Cover. We finally conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm and give an application instance on a typical kind of restricted-space scenarios. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing alternatives in terms of the utilization as well as timeliness.

Exploring Determinants of Pre-movement Delays in a Virtual Crowd Evacuation Experiment

Understanding evacuations of high-occupancy buildings presents a major challenge in fire safety science. The total time individuals require to exit a building includes the time it takes them to respond to an alarm and decide to evacuate (pre-movement) and the time it takes them to walk along their chosen exit route (movement). Previous work has shown that variation in pre-movement times is responsible for substantial evacuation delays, but few controlled experiments on this have been conducted. Here, we present a virtual experiment that investigates the level of risk individuals take by collecting virtual objects before evacuating. We determine how over 1200 participants, who were recruited from visitors to the London Science Museum, respond to three factors: a reduction in their knowledge of a building, a change in the behaviour of other simulated evacuees and a change in how they are attached to the objects they can collect (potential gain versus loss). We confirm that collecting more objects is risky, as it affects evacuation success. In our experiment, 44.6% of participants choose extreme strategies by collecting either all or none of the available objects before evacuating. While the adoption of extreme strategies is affected by all three factors we investigate, the only factor that significantly increases the average number of objects participants collect, regardless of extreme strategies, is loss aversion. Our work shows the potential of virtual experiments to safely, quickly and cheaply scope processes causing pre-movement time delays in crowd evacuations. This provides a starting point for further research.

Study on Stagnation Factors Analysis and Improvement Methods through an Evacuation Experiment

초고층건축물에서 재난 및 화재발생 시 가장 절실히 요구되는 것은 재실자가 안전하게 피난할 수 있는 체계를 구축하는 것이라 하겠다. 이는 물리적으로 피난 동선이 길어졌고, 동시에 상대적으로 많아진 재실자로 인해 피난자들이 느끼는 심리적 불안감을 해소시켜 피난에 대한 자신감을 심어줄 수 있는 구체적 방안이 필요하기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 과제를 해결하기 위해서 3회에 걸쳐 대규모 인원이 참여한 피난실험을 하였으며, 실험 중 나타난 현상과 문제점을 파악하고, 피난시간에 지연을 초래할 수 있는 요인을 발굴하고 이의 개선 방안을 제안하였다. 이 논문의 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 최근 발생한 초고층주상복합건축물 화재에서 방재시스템 운영미숙으로 많은 인명피해가 발생하였다. 이와 같은 사태를 사전에 예방하기 위하여 피난실험을 실시하여 적응력을 확보하였다. 둘째, 피난시뮬레이션 통계와 피난실험에서 수집된 Data 수치를 비교 분석 검증하였다. 셋째, 피난실험 과정에서 실험에 참여가 불가한 다수의 인원들이 있었으며, 이러한 참여 불가사유를 분석하고, 그 내용이 실제 피난시간에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 검증하였다. 넷째, 피난시간 지연 초래 요인에 대한 최적의 대응 방안을 수립하기 위하여 피난장비를 구입하고, 실험 전후 비교분석을 통하여 피난시간 지연을 최소화하기 위한 개선점을 도출, 피난자의 안전을 확보하는데 필요한 기준을 구체화하였다. 마지막으로 이 연구결과를 초고층건축물 소방안전관리에 활용될 수 있도록 하여 피난의 효율성을 확보할 수 있도록 하였다.The most urgent requirement in the event of disaster and fire in a skyscraper is to establish a system that enables people inside to evacuate safely. Hence, a practical direction needs to give evacuees confidence in the evacuation by reducing the psychological anxiety caused by the relatively large number of people inside and at the same time, the physically prolonged evacuation travel line. Evacuation tests with large numbers of people were conducted three times to solve these challenges and identify phenomena and issues that occurred during the experiment. The results revealed the factors that could cause a delay in evacuation and suggested improvements. The study results of this paper are as follows. First, a recent fire at a multipurpose high-rise resulted in a number of casualties due to a lack of experience with the disaster prevention system. To prevent such cases from occurring in advance, adaptability was achieved by conducting evacuation tests. Second, the data collected in the evacuation simulation statistics and the actual escape drills were compared and analyzed. Third, in the evacuation experiment, a large number of people could not participate in the experiment. The reasons for not participating were analyzed and their impact on the actual evacuation time was confirmed. Fourth, equipment aids were purchased to establish the optimal response measure to the causes of a delay in escape time and the standards for ensuring the safety of the evacuee were specified by developing improvements to minimize the evacuation delay time through comparative before and after analysis of the experiment. These results can be used for fire safety control of skyscrapers to improve the efficiency of evacuation.

Digital replantation in forward surgical units: a cases study.

Introduction: Noncombat-related hand injuries are common in current theatres of operations. Crushing is one of the most frequent mechanisms that may cause traumatic amputations of digits. In the military setting, management of these digital amputations is challenging regarding limitation in microsurgical means in medical treatment facilities and aeromedical evacuation delays out of the combat zone.Methods: Two cases of digital replantation performed in French forward surgical units are described. The first case was a complete distal amputation of the medius which was successfully replanted in the operating theatre of an aircraft carrier. No complication was observed after evacuation. Functional and aesthetic results were excellent. The second case was a ring finger avulsion revascularized in a role 2 facility in Central African Republic. Unfortunately, revascularization failed due to arterial thrombosis during evacuation.Results: Digital, hand or more proximal upper extremity replantation may be considered for isolated amputations due to work-related accidents within the combat zone. For a surgeon trained to microsurgery, a microsurgical set and magnification loupes enable to attempt such procedures in austere conditions.Discussion: The authors propose an algorithm of management in the field according to the type and level of amputation.

Simulating earthquake evacuation using human behavior models

SummaryIn classical earthquake risk assessment, the human behavior is actually not taken into account in risk assessment. Agent‐based modeling is a simulation technique that has been applied recently in several fields, such as emergency evacuation. The paper is proposing a methodology that includes in agent‐based models the human behavior, considering the anxiety effects generated by the crowd and their influence on the evacuation delays. The proposed model is able to take into account the interdependency between the earthquake evacuation process, and the corresponding damage of structural and non‐structural components that is expressed in term of fragility curves. The software REPAST HPC has been used to implement the model, and as a case study, the earthquake evacuation by a mall located in Oakland has been used. The human behavior model has been calibrated through a survey using a miscellaneous sample from different countries. The model can be used to test future scenarios and help local authorities in situations where the human behavior plays a key role. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Companion animals and disasters: The role of Human Services Organisations

INTRODUCTION: Companion animals have often been treated as an afterthought, or ignored, by those involved in planning for and responding to disasters. This omission in planning for the needs of companion animals has been predicated upon a failure to recognise the emotional bond between many people and their companion animals. This has resulted in significant costs for humans and animals in many disasters. This article serves to raise issues regarding the responsibilities of human service organisations (HSOs) for animal-inclusive disaster risk reduction (DRR).METHOD: This article develops a conceptual base for the consideration of the inclusion of animals in disaster planning and response within human services organisations. By first establishing the legitimacy of the human–animal bond and the requirement for human services organisations to develop their disaster planning, an exploration of the literature explores the rationale for the inclusion of companion animals within DRR.FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS: A clearly demonstrated relationship between DRR and the presence of companion animals is evidenced within the literature. Delays in evacuation due to the lack of facilities for companion animals, the loss and grief experienced by those forced to abandon their animals, and the particular vulnerabilities of those living in isolation or in homeless situations attest to the importance of animal-inclusive planning. Those living with animals may be more inclined to commit to DRR if the needs of their animals are included in planning. A mandate for organisational and professional responsibility for the inclusion of companion animals is established.CONCLUSION: For effective DRR, human services organisations have a professional and ethical imperative to include companion animals in their disaster planning and response.

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in the Management of Combat Wounds: A Critical Review

Significance: Wounds sustained in a combat trauma often result in a composite tissue loss. Combat injuries, due to high energy transfer to tissues, lead to trauma at multiple anatomical sites. An early wound cover is associated with lower rate of infections and a faster wound healing. The concept of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the management of combat-related wounds has evolved from the civilian trauma and the wounds from nontraumatic etiologies. Recent Advances: Encouraged by the results of NPWT in noncombat-related wounds, the military surgeons during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom used this novel method in a large percentage of combat wounds, with gratifying results. The mechanism of NPWT in wound healing is multifactorial and often complex reconstructive procedure can be avoided in a combat trauma setting. Critical Issues: Wounds sustained in military trauma are heavily contaminated with dirt, patient clothing, and frequently associated with extensive soft tissue loss and osseous destruction. Delay in evacuation during an ongoing conflict carries the risk of systemic infection. Early debridement is indicated followed by delayed closure of wounds. NPWT helps to provide temporary wound cover during the interim period of debridement and wound closure. Future Directions: Future area of research in combat wounds is related to abdominal trauma with loss of abdominal wall. The concept of negative pressure incisional management system in patients with a high risk of wound breakdown following surgery is under review, and may be of relevance in combat wounds.

DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF BARIUM ENEMA FINDINGS IN HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE.

ABSTRACTBackground: Hirschsprung's disease is the most common cause of pediatric intestinal obstruction. Contrast enema is used for evaluation of the patients with its diagnosis. Aim: To evaluate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of radiologic findings for diagnosis of Hirschsprung in patients underwent barium enema. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in Imam Khomeini Hospital for one year starting from 2012, April. Sixty patients were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were: neonates with failure to pass meconium, abdominal distention, and refractory constipation who failed to respond with medical treatment. Transitional zone, delay in barium evacuation after 24 h, rectosigmoid index (maximum with of the rectum divided by maximum with of the sigmoid; abnormal if <1), and irregularity of mucosa (jejunization) were evaluated in barium enema. Biopsy was obtained at three locations apart above dentate line. PPV, NPV, specificity , and sensitivity was calculated for each finding. Results: Mean age of the cases with Hirschsprung's disease and without was 17.90±18.29 months and 17.8±18.34 months respectively (p=0.983). It was confirmed in 30 (M=20, F=10) of cases. Failure to pass meconium was found in 21(70%) cases. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 90%, 80%, 81.8% and 88.8% respectively for transitional zone in barium enema. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 76.7%, 83.3%, 78.1% and 82.1% respectively for rectosigmoid index .Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 46.7%, 100%, 100% and 65.2% respectively for irregular contraction detected in barium enema. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 23.3%, 100%, 100% and 56.6% respectively for mucosal irregularity in barium enema. Conclusion: The most sensitive finding was transitional zone. The most specific findings were irregular contraction, mucosal irregularity, and followed by cobblestone appearance.

Diagnostics of chronic small intestinal obstruction in patient with ectopic pancreas in the Meckel's diverticulum (case report)

Aim of the case report presentation. To draw attention of general practitioners to the rare case of intestinal obstruction - intussusception of Meckel's diverticulum in small intestinal lumen. Key points. The present case is characterized by development of chronic small-intestinal obstruction due to repeating intussusception of Meckel's diverticulum in the small intestinal lumen. Episodes of intussusception manifested clinically by attacks of severe right iliac pain that made patient to take «embryonic posture». Deep palpation revealed «spastic bowel» sign in the area of intussusception. A specific type of intussusception was detected by transabdominal ultrasound: thickening and «lamination of intestinal wall» due to «diverticulum interposition» into the lumen of ileum and «overlaying» of wall layers. The evacuation delay at the small intestine was followed by dilation of overlying loops of the small intestine containing bulky liquid content; pendular movement of liquid observed at ultrasonography with visible «air-fluid levels» at plain radiograph. The patient at the same time had frequent liquid stool that indicated presence of incomplete obstruction. Surgical intervention for intussusception and resection of diverticulum-containing portion of the small intestine resulted in improvement of the patient state, relief of pain attacks and signs of intestinal obstruction. Histological examination of resected specimen revealed the presence of ectopic pancreatic tissue in the Meckel's diverticulum wall. Conclusion. Carrying out differential diagnosis in colicky abdominal pain should encompass existence of Meckel's diverticulum with recurrent small intestinal intussusception that can result in chronic intestinal obstruction. In diverticulum wall ectopic pancreas can be detected. Key words: ileus, Meckel's diverticulum, ectopic pancreas.

Beat-the-wave evacuation mapping for tsunami hazards in Seaside, Oregon, USA

Previous pedestrian evacuation modeling for tsunamis has not considered variable wave arrival times or critical junctures (e.g., bridges), and did not effectively communicate multiple evacuee travel speeds. We summarize an approach that identifies evacuation corridors, recognizes variable wave arrival times, and produces a map of minimum pedestrian travel speeds to reach safety, termed a “beat-the-wave” (BTW) evacuation analysis. We demonstrate the improved approach by evaluating difficulty of pedestrian evacuation of Seaside, Oregon, for a local tsunami generated by a Cascadia subduction zone earthquake. We establish evacuation paths by calculating the least-cost distance (LCD) to safety for every grid cell in a tsunami hazard zone using geospatial, anisotropic path distance algorithms. Minimum BTW speed to safety on LCD paths is calculated for every grid cell by dividing surface distance from that cell to safety by the tsunami arrival time at safety. We evaluated three scenarios of evacuation difficulty: (1) all bridges are intact with a 5-min evacuation delay from the start of earthquake, (2) only retrofitted bridges are considered intact with a 5-min delay, and (3) only retrofitted bridges are considered intact with a 10-min delay. BTW maps also take into account critical evacuation points along complex shorelines (e.g., peninsulas, bridges over shore-parallel estuaries) where evacuees could be caught by tsunami waves. The BTW map is able to communicate multiple pedestrian travel speeds, which are typically visualized by multiple maps with current LCD-based mapping practices. Results demonstrate that evacuation of Seaside is problematic seaward of the shore-parallel waterways for those with any limitations on mobility. Tsunami vertical evacuation refuges or additional pedestrian bridges may be effective ways of reducing loss of life seaward of these waterways.

Experimental Study of an Airplane Accident Evacuation/Rescue Simulation Using Three-Dimensional Kinematic Digital Human Models

The 3D mass evacuation simulation of an airplane accident is experimentally verified. Evacuee motion has been experimentally investigated by building a test field that emulates the interior of an actual regional airliner with a capacity of approximately 100 passengers. The experiment results indicate that the evacuation time tends to be affected by the number of passengers and the evacuee guidance at the emergency exit. The results also indicate that any evacuation delay in exiting by individual passengers only slightly affects the total evacuation time because of evacuee congestion in the aisles. Moreover, the importance of evacuation guidance notification was investigated based on the evacuation-order variance. Finally, the experimental results were compared to the corresponding simulation results. Simulations using appropriate evacuee walking speeds can provide valid evacuation times, which are the most important factor in designing evacuation drills. Consequently, these results should be applied to existing 3D simulations using precise kinematic digital human (KDH) models for more accurate mass evacuation/rescue simulations.

Modeling emergency evacuation with time and resource constraints: A case study from Gujarat

This study develops an off-site emergency response plan for a nuclear power plant in Gujarat, India subject to time constraints with resource limitations and risk of radiation exposure to victims. We formulate an optimization model to capture the effect of delay in evacuation, limited resource availability, and costs associated with resource allocation. A single chain closed queuing network model with class switching is used to model traffic congestion during evacuation. The throughput measures from the queuing network are used as inputs in the optimization model. Further, two resource allocation strategies are suggested and genetic algorithm is used for optimizing resource utilization and evacuation risk. The results indicate that pooling resources among a cluster of affected areas is most suitable for evacuation. Numerical experiments are conducted to analyze the time trade-offs and the effect of service time variability on the expected evacuation time. The proposed model can serve as an important resource planning and allocation tool for emergency evacuation.

Effects of waves on coastal water dispersion in a small estuarine bay

A three‐dimensional wave‐current model is used to investigate wave‐induced circulations in a small estuarine bay and its impact on freshwater exchanges with the inner shelf, related to stratified river plume dispersion. Modeled salinity fields exhibit a lower salinity surface layer due to river outflows, with typical depth of 1 m inside the bay. The asymmetric wave forcing on the bay circulation, related to the local bathymetry, significantly impacts the river plumes. It is found that the transport initiated in the surf zone by the longshore current can oppose and thus reduce the primary outflow of freshwater through the bay inlets. Using the model to examine a high river runoff event occurring during a high‐energy wave episode, waves are found to induce a 24 h delay in freshwater evacuation. At the end of the runoff event, waves have reduced the freshwater flux to the ocean by a factor 5, and the total freshwater volume inside the bay is increased by 40%. According to the model, and for this event, the effect of the surf zone current on the bay flushing is larger than that of the wind. The freshwater balance is sensitive to incident wave conditions. Maximum freshwater retention is found for intermediate offshore wave heights 1 m &lt; Hs &lt; 2 m. For higher‐energy waves, the increase in the longshore current reduces the retention, which is two times lower for Hs = 4 m than for Hs = 2 m.

Path Optimization Study for Vehicles Evacuation based on Dijkstra Algorithm

Emergency events, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, chemical accidents, nuclear accidents, terror attacks and other events may led to injured or endanger the life and the health of human beings, and the large scale crowds have to evacuate from a danger area to a safe area by vehicles. In this paper, through observing real-time road network and analyzing three different emergency evacuation cases and the nodes, intersections delay and velocity of vehicles evacuation in the morning peak, common and evening peak. A dynamic road network model is built for vehicles evacuation based on Dijkstra algorithm. The optimal evacuation path is proposed in three different cases. The obtained outcomes provide well predictive method and theoretical basis for optimal emergency evacuation path selection and emergency rescue decision in public places, especially for those with high population density. So it seems very meaningful for us to cope with emergency situation or to prevent and mitigate disasters from the crisis events.