Delay Factors Research Articles

Memory-dependent and fractional order analysis of the initially stressed piezo-thermoelastic medium

In the context of the triple-phase lag model, comparison studies are conducted between the memory-dependent derivative and fractional order derivative on the propagation of plane waves in a half-space of initially stressed transversely isotropic piezothermoelastic material. The coupled governing equations of the considered model involving relaxation time, time delay, fractional order parameter, and kernel function are selected according to specific problems and solved using the normal mode analysis technique and obtaining the analytical expression. The non-dimensional temperature, displacement, electrical displacements, and stresses at different values of the fractional order parameter and time delay factor are obtained graphically.

Critical Factors and MitigatingMeasures of Construction Delays of Pakistani Building Construction Projects

The construction industry is a significant contributor to a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, construction projects often face many issues especially delay. It is a key contributor to project failure, leading to cost overruns and a decline in quality standards. This study aims to identify the critical factors of delay in building construction projects in Pakistan, and its controlling measures of the critical delay factors. A literature review identified 48common factors of delay in the construction industry worldwide. Based on a structured questionnaire and the average index method, 11 critical factors of delays in building construction projects in Pakistan were identified. Furthermore, a semi-structured questionnaire was used to determine 44 possible mitigation measureswhich were extracted from literature review with the 11 critical delay factors. The results of this study will be useful for stakeholders in building construction projects in Pakistan. By incorporating the recommended mitigation measures, they can identify and control the most critical factors that can cause delays in building construction projects. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing a better understanding of the factors causing delays in building construction projects in Pakistan and proposing effective measures to mitigate these factors.

FAKTOR RISIKO KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA BALITA USIA 24-36 BULAN DI PUSKESMAS DELI TUA KECAMATAN DELI TUA KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG

Stunting is a linear growth disorder characterized by a high z-score for age <10 years. It showed -2 ​​SD. Deritua's prevalence health center is 2.71% of him. This study addressed risk factors for stunting in infants aged 24 to 36 months in relation to family economic factors, nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, immunization status, and infectious disease status. increase. The aim of this study was to analyze risk factors for developmental delay in infants aged 24-36 months. This research method was descriptive in cross-sectional design. Sampling is done by simple random sampling with a sample size of 40 people. Stunting is measured based on age-specific z-scores and nutritional status as weight divided by height. Analysis using Sofwere World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro 2005. Data on economic status, immunization status, and infectious disease status were measured using questionnaires and maternal and child health handbooks. Infant height was measured with a microtooth and infant weight was measured with a scale. Data analysis with chi-square. The outcome of this study was a prevalence of growth retardation of up to 32.5%. The bivariate outcome was that risk factors for stunting in infants aged 24–36 months were family economic status < UMR p=0.00 (p<0.05), normal nutritional status p=0.00 (p<0.05). 0.05), indicating exclusive breastfeeding. Breast milk alone p=0.00 (p<0.05), full vaccination status p=0.05 (p<0.05). Infections have not been proven to be a risk factor for growth retardation in infants. The results of this study are that economic status, nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, and immunization status are risk factors for growth retardation in infants aged 24-36 months.

An Axially Compressed Moving Nanobeam Based on the Nonlocal Couple Stress Theory and the Thermoelastic DPL Model

This article introduces a new model that can be used to describe elastic thermal vibrations caused by changes in temperature in elastic nanobeams in response to transverse external excitations. Using the idea of nonlocal elasticity and the dual-phase lagging thermoelastic model (DPL), the coupled equations of motion and heat transfer were derived to explain small-scale effects. Additionally, modified couple stress theory (MCST) and Euler–Bernoulli (EB) beam assumptions were considered. The proposed theory was verified by considering the thermodynamic response of nanobeams moving horizontally at a constant speed while one end is subjected to a periodic thermal load. The system of governing equations has been solved numerically with the help of Laplace transforms and one of the tested evolutionary algorithms. The effects of changing the nonlocal modulus, the magnitude of the external force, and the length scale parameter on the system fields were investigated. It is also shown how the behavior of the thermal nanobeam changes depending on the phase delay factors in addition to the horizontal velocity of the beam. To determine this model’s accuracy, its results were compared with the results of the classical continuity model and thermoelastic concepts. The numerical results show that when the nanobeam moves, the length scale can change the studied thermal and mechanical vibration wave patterns and physical fields. Additionally, during thermally stimulated vibrations, thermodynamic effects that have implications for the dynamic design and performance improvement of nanostructures must be considered.

Trends of a decade in risk factors of patient delay among pulmonary tuberculosis patients during fast aging and urbanization - analysis of surveillance data from 2008 to 2017 in Wuhan, China

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, delay in health care seeking has remained unacceptably high. The aim of this study was to clarify the trend of patient delay and its associated risk factors during rapid aging and urbanization in Wuhan, China from 2008 to 2017.MethodsA total of 63,720 TB patients registered at Wuhan TB Information Management System from January 2008 to December 2017 were included. Long patient delay (LPD) was defined as patient delay longer than 14 days. Independent associations of area and household identity with LPD, as well their interaction effect, were tested by logistic regression models.ResultsAmong 63,720 pulmonary TB patients, 71.3% were males, the mean age was 45.5 ± 18.8 years. The median patient delay was 10 days (IQR, 3–28). A total of 26,360 (41.3%) patients delayed for more than 14 days. The proportion of LPD decreased from 44.8% in 2008 to 38.3% in 2017. Similar trends were observed in all the subgroups by gender, age and household, except for living area. The proportion of LPD decreased from 46.3 to 32.8% in patients living near downtown and increased from 43.2 to 45.2% in patients living far from downtown. Further interaction effect analysis showed that among patients living far from downtown, the risk of LPD for local patients increased with age, while decreased with age for migrant patients.ConclusionAlthough the overall LPD among pulmonary TB patients declined in the past decade, the extent of reduction varied in different subgroups. The elderly local and young migrant patients living far from downtown are the most vulnerable groups to LPD in Wuhan, China.

Black Race and Racism Affect Likelihood of Undergoing Surgery After Referral to a Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgeon [ID: 1377814

INTRODUCTION: Significant racial and ethnic disparities persist in access and outcomes for patients with benign gynecologic disorders. The role of sociodemographic factors in surgical delays after referral to a minimally invasive gynecologic surgery (MIGS) specialist is unknown. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of patients who completed a MIGS consultation at a single, large academic hospital between March 2015 and July 2016 (n=1,110) was performed. Logistic regression was used to assess effect of age, self-reported race and ethnicity, primary language, and insurance type on likelihood of surgical intervention within 12 months of consultation. RESULTS: Of patients undergoing surgery, the average wait time after consultation was 86 days (SD 69). Black patients had 2.6 times the odds of having surgery within 12 months of consultation (odds ratio [OR] 2.6, 95% CI 1.96–3.47) compared to White patients. Patients with Medicare had lower odds of completing surgery (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.21–0.72) compared to those with other insurance or no insurance. Age, ethnicity, and primary language were not found to be correlated with surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: Race was found to be independently associated with likelihood of surgical intervention. Black patients in our study had more than twice the odds of having surgery compared to White patients, irrespective of age, ethnicity, primary language, or insurance. This may be due to more advanced disease at time of presentation secondary to care delays as well as surgeon bias in more readily pursuing surgery for Black patients, both of which stem from racism.

Adaptive Underwater Acoustic OFDM Modulation Method Based on Improved Deep Reinforcement Learning

High environmental noise, narrow bandwidth, low carrier frequency, large transmission delay and other factors restrict the data transmission rate in underwater acoustic communication. To this end, improving communication quality and efficiency through adaptive adjustment is necessary for underwater acoustic communication system because of the restrict factor. The proposed method uses Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to select the optimal transportation parameters and maximize the transmission efficiency with. The adaptive communication parameter setting is mapped into a Markov decision process with an unknown state transition probability. The system returns channel information including Channel State Information (CSI) and Signal Noise Ratio (SNR). We validate our estimation and adaptation techniques using the well-known simulator SWellEx_96 in varying underwater environments. Our results show that, for many practical cases, a dynamic adjustment of the prefix length, number of sub-carriers, filter length, and over-sampling factor may enable the utilization of OFDM modulations in underwater communications.

Analysis Of Work Delay In Slum Quality Improvement Project Puday-Lapulu

A construction project is an activity that aims to build facilities and infrastructure within the planned timeframe. The project can be defined as an organized effort or activity that uses the available budget and resources that must be achieved to achieve important goals, objectives, and expectations using the existing budget and resources, which must be completed within the planned timeframe so that the project does not experience delays. The purpose of this study was to determine how much work delays, the factors that cause work delays and how much influence the delay factors have on work delays in the Puday- Lapulu Slums Quality Improvement Project.
 The results of this study indicate the value of SV is Rp. (- 8.25 %) While the value of SPI < 1 is 0.896 < 1, based on the criteria for the value of SV and SPI, it can be said that the work is late and has poor performance. Factors that influence delays are aspects of labor and materials. While the large influence of delay factors on work delays that is 10,9 %.

Diagnosis of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: How to Stay out of Trouble?

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is the most common hip disorder affecting children and adolescents aged between 9 and 16 years, affecting approximately 10 per 100,000 children per year. The diagnosis of SCFE is often delayed, leading to an increased risk of complications. This study aims to provide the latest evidence concerning the causes of diagnostic delay and risk factors for SCFE and to educate general practitioners and paediatricians to help reduce delays in diagnosis and provide earlier therapeutic intervention. A literature search was conducted in the ScienceDirect and PubMed databases according to the PRISMA statement. Suitable studies for this systematic review included 22 articles discussing the aetiology of SCFE, risk factors, and causes of late diagnosis. Causes of delayed diagnosis include underestimation by patients, initial diagnostic approach by a non-orthopaedic professional, inadequate imaging, failure to recognize morphological changes, and variation in symptomatic presentation. The underlying risk factors for SCFE are likely part of a multifactorial process which involves anatomical variations and the metabolism of leptin, growth hormone, insulin, and other metabolic parameters. This review highlights the importance of early recognition and diagnosis of SCFE and proposes an algorithm for physicians to approach children who may have this condition.

Delay in seeking treatment and associated factors among women with pelvic organ prolapse in Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia: Hospital based mixed method study

BackgroundDespite increasing efforts to improve access to diagnosis and treatment services, women with pelvic organ prolapse tend to stay at home for years before getting treatment. A large number of women, particularly in rural areas do not get early diagnosis and treatment, and they come with an advanced stage; but the reason for this appears unclear. Thus, this study aimed to determine the proportion and associated factors of delay in seeking treatment among women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in the Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia.MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study mixed with qualitative method was conducted in the Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia, from September to October 2021. A total of 422 women with pelvic organ prolapse were selected by systematic random sampling for quantitative data. The women recruited for in-depth interviews were purposefully selected until data saturation reaches via phenomenological study design. The quantitative data were collected by interviewer-administered questionnaire and reviewing clients’ medical records via an open data kit and then exported to and analyzed with a statistical package for social science version 25. The associated variables were determined by conducting a logistic regression model and are presented with the crude odds ratio (COR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). All statistical tests were conducted at a 5% level of significance. The interview was first transcribed, coded, and categories and themes were generated by applying thematic analysis.ResultsThe study showed that 82.0% (95% CI: [74.8-89.3%]) of women with POP delayed seeking treatment. The delay to seek treatment was associated with a lack of support (AOR = 4.9; 95% CI [1.8–13.2]), low-income (AOR = 6.4; 95% CI [2.2–19.2]), fear of disclosure (AOR = 5.0; 95% CI [1.3–19.2]) and fear of social stigma (AOR = 4.6; 95% CI [1.5–14.2]). The reasons for the delay were feeling shameful to disclose, fear of stigma and cultural and spiritual beliefs.ConclusionsMore than three-fourths of women with POP delayed seeking treatment, and improving support, improving the economy, raising awareness, and involving influential people in interventions are all necessary to avert it.

THE PRACTICE OF MOTORCYCLE SELLING WITH INDEN SYSTEM

The Yamaha Surya Inti Putra Pekalongan dealer is one of the dealers in Pekalongan who sells motorcycles with a pivot system. The pivot system is a purchase order system with a pre-determined price for the specifications in question and usually carried out within a certain period of time. Indent system if in Islamic law can be equated with buying and selling greetings. However, in the motorcycle pivot system that occurs at the Yamaha Surya Inti Putra Pekalongan dealer, the motorcycle is often not in accordance with the agreement promised by the dealer because in general the motorcycle arrives more than the agreed time, when the goods ordered do not match the agreed time. So based on the Ba'i As-Salam theory, it is contrary to one of the legal conditions in buying and selling, where the goods ordered must have clarity when it arrives. Based on these problems, the authors are interested in knowing why there is a delay in the delivery of motorbikes and how to analyze the Ba'i As-Salam theory on the practice of buying and selling motorbikes with a pivot system at the Yamaha Surya Inti Putra dealer in Pekalongan. Based on the results of the author's research, this study found two conclusions, namely the first regarding the factor of delay in motorbike delivery, it was caused by production capacity, unit allocation, and certain specifications. While the second concerns the terms of salam that have not been fulfilled by dealers in the practice of buying and selling salam, namely the promised time for delivery of goods because the pivot system does not provide certainty. The reason for the time delay experienced by the Yamaha Surya Inti Pura Pekalongan dealer is included in the category of reasons allowed by sharia because there was no deliberate factor on the part of the dealer.

Statistical Analysis of Delay-Causing Factors in Indian Highway Construction Projects under Hybrid Annuity Model

National highways are major transportation projects that greatly contribute to the economic and overall development of India. For speedy construction of national highways, in 2016, the Indian government rejuvenated the public–private partnership (PPP) model and approved the hybrid annuity model (HAM). In the HAM, government and contractor share 40% and 60% of total project cost, respectively, which reduces the financial burden on both. But in the present scenario, more than 200 HAM highway projects are facing delay for various reasons. To investigate the causes of delay in HAM highway projects, this paper provides a questionnaire-based, detailed statistical study of 35 identified delay-causing factors. The severity of each delay factor is elicited from 384 HAM highway construction experts including 123 government/client, 159 concessionaire/contractor and 102 consultant employees. Besides, 14 delay factors are identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Based on PCA and various other statistical analysis methods, such as ranking of delay-causing factors, correlation analysis, and hypothesis testing, results of the study indicate that delay because of land acquisition; delay in issuing various approvals/clearances; change in government laws and regulations; and inefficient planning, scheduling and controlling of projects are four major delay-causing factors of HAM highway construction projects. Moreover, this paper also provides some important suggestions to prevent delay in HAM highway construction projects.

KONSELING KELOMPOK DENGAN TEKNIK COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING UNTUK MEREDUKSI KETERLAMBATAN PESERTA DIDIK

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors of student delays, follow-up by homeroom teachers, guidance counselors and students as well as the school's efforts to renew school rules regarding sanctions for late students arriving at school. The type of research used is qualitative research using the case study method. In this case study research the data collection techniques used were observation and interviews. The data analysis used was triangulation, both source triangulation and technique triangulation. Data on tardiness was collected through anecdotal notes for each counseling teacher. The research subjects were 9 students who had the highest intensity of lateness at school. To reduce student delays through counseling guidance services, group counseling with cognitive restructuring techniques is considered effective in overcoming these problems. The results of the study showed that 7 students showed very good changes seen through a decrease in the level of lateness to school and tended not to repeat the same behavior. Meanwhile, 2 students need to be assisted with individual counseling and home visits

A comprehensive framework to estimate the frequency, duration, and risk factors for diagnostic delays using bootstrapping-based simulation methods

BackgroundThe incidence of diagnostic delays is unknown for many diseases and specific healthcare settings. Many existing methods to identify diagnostic delays are resource intensive or difficult to apply to different diseases or settings. Administrative and other real-world data sources may offer the ability to better identify and study diagnostic delays for a range of diseases.MethodsWe propose a comprehensive framework to estimate the frequency of missed diagnostic opportunities for a given disease using real-world longitudinal data sources. We provide a conceptual model of the disease-diagnostic, data-generating process. We then propose a bootstrapping method to estimate measures of the frequency of missed diagnostic opportunities and duration of delays. This approach identifies diagnostic opportunities based on signs and symptoms occurring prior to an initial diagnosis, while accounting for expected patterns of healthcare that may appear as coincidental symptoms. Three different bootstrapping algorithms are described along with estimation procedures to implement the resampling. Finally, we apply our approach to the diseases of tuberculosis, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke to estimate the frequency and duration of diagnostic delays for these diseases.ResultsUsing the IBM MarketScan Research databases from 2001 to 2017, we identified 2,073 cases of tuberculosis, 359,625 cases of AMI, and 367,768 cases of stroke. Depending on the simulation approach that was used, we estimated that 6.9–8.3% of patients with stroke, 16.0-21.3% of patients with AMI and 63.9–82.3% of patients with tuberculosis experienced a missed diagnostic opportunity. Similarly, we estimated that, on average, diagnostic delays lasted 6.7–7.6 days for stroke, 6.7–8.2 days for AMI, and 34.3–44.5 days for tuberculosis. Estimates for each of these measures was consistent with prior literature; however, specific estimates varied across the different simulation algorithms considered.ConclusionsOur approach can be easily applied to study diagnostic delays using longitudinal administrative data sources. Moreover, this general approach can be customized to fit a range of diseases to account for specific clinical characteristics of a given disease. We summarize how the choice of simulation algorithm may impact the resulting estimates and provide guidance on the statistical considerations for applying our approach to future studies.

Delays of construction projects in Makkah from the point of view of the consultant

The study investigates the causes of delays in construction projects in the Makkah region of Saudi Arabia. The objective is to determine the most significant factors from the consultant designer and supervisor’s perspectives. This study is part of a series designed to explore the causes of delays from the perspective of different stakeholders in the construction industry. A comprehensive survey of 69 questions has explored various possible delay factors. All factors are grouped into eight categories based on their relevance and orientation. The factors were recorded and ranked by their relative importance index concerning their impact and frequency. The top three factors in their impacts are found to be (1) difficulties in financing the project, (2) poor management of the site and lack of distribution of tasks (3) low productivity of labor. The first two are delay factors related to the contractor group, and the third is related to the labor group. The highest in frequency relative importance index is (1) delays related to sub-contractor’s work, (2) lack of experience of the owner in the approval of the supervision team and (3) inadequate estimate of task duration and scheduling, inadequate training, and adopting new techniques. In the overall average of the impact index of all groups, the highest was the delays due to the contractor group, followed by delays due to the designer group, and finally, delays related to the labor group. The overall average of the frequency index of the whole group seems relatively low. The study’s novelty lies in the large number of delay factors that have been investigated, by collecting and analyzing actual data, focusing separately on the opinions of all stakeholders, and then comparing them to find objective results related to delays in construction projects in the Makkah region.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE ON PROJECT DURATION THROUGH MULTIPLE DECISION-MAKING STEPS

The purpose of this study was to identify the management knowledge areas that significantly contribute to the delay of road construction projects and compare between countries. In this paper one of a probability sampling called simple random sampling technique was used to select sample from client, consultants, and contractors organizations directly involved in roads construction in Addis Ababa City. Four statistical tests: normality, reliability, spearman’s rank correlation, and Mann Whitney U test were conducted to identify and rank the roads delay factors accepted by all the stakeholders. Moreover, Road construction delay factors identified from previous studies conducted in Himachal Pradesh State and Ghana. A criterion to assign the identified delay factors into the ten management knowledge areas was defined and a modified equation called the relative aggregate importance index was developed to compute the impact of the management knowledge areas on project duration. As a result, the management knowledge areas namely: Integration, schedule, and stakeholders in the case of Addis Ababa City road projects, schedule and scope in the case of Himachal Pradesh State road projects, and integration, scope and quality management knowledge areas in the case of Ghana road projects have been identified as significant contributor to the extension road construction duration.

A bi-layer model for berth allocation problem based on proactive-reactive strategy

To reduce the impact of equipment failure, vessel arrival time delay and other unexpected factors, container terminal managers need to develop a more robust berth scheduling plan while considering the recovery costs. To deal with the berth allocation problem (BAP) with uncertain arrival time, a proactive-reactive hybrid strategy to deal with the impact of uncertainty is proposed. According to the characteristics of BAP and proactive-reactive strategy, a bi-layer programming model is constructed. A robust baseline plan with buffer time is generated in the first layer, and a recovered scheduling plan is generated in the second layer according to the actual arrival time. The decisions between the two layers of models affect each other. In addition, an Adaptive cross-entropy algorithm (ACEA) is designed to solve the first layer model. Different from the traditional cross-entropy algorithm (CEA), an adaptive search strategy is added to further search and optimize the neighborhood of the elite solutions. Furthermore, heuristic adjustment strategies (HAS) are designed to deal with the second layer. The computational results demonstrate that the bi-layer model proposed in this paper can better balance the baseline schedule cost and the recovered schedule cost. Numerical experiments are carried out to assess the effectiveness of the proposed model and the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.

Dynamical system of a time-delayed of rigid rocking rod: analytical approximate solution

The stability analysis of a rocking rigid rod is investigated in this paper using a time-delayed square position and velocity. The time delay is an additional safety against the nonlinearly vibrating system under consideration. Because time-delayed technologies have lately been the core of several investigations, the subject of this inquiry is extremely relevant. The Homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is modified to produce a more precise approximate outcome. Therefore, the novelty of the exciting paper arises from the coupling of the time delay and its correlation with the modified HPM. A comparison with the fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK4) technique is employed to evaluate the precision between the analytical as well as the numerical solutions. The study allows for a comprehensive examination of the recognition of the outcome of the realistic approximation analytical methodology. For different amounts of the physical frequency and time delay factors, the time histories of the found solutions are depicted in various plots. These graphs are discussed in the context of the shown curves according to the relevant parameter values. The organized nonlinear prototype approach is examined by the multiple-time scale method up to the first approximation. The obtained results have periodic behavior and a stable manner. The current study makes it possible to carefully examine the findings arrived at by employing the analytical technique of practicable estimation. Additionally, the time delay performs as extra protection as opposed to the system potential for nonlinear oscillation.

A New Generation of Fast and Low-Memory Smart Digital/Geometrical Beamforming MIMO Antenna

Smart multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas with advanced signal processing algorithms are necessary in future wireless networks, such as 6G and beyond, for accurate space division multiplexing and beamforming. Such a MIMO antenna will yield better network coverage and tracking. This paper presents a smart MIMO antenna configuration with a highly innovative beamforming technique using several nonlinear configurations of dipole arrays. Phase delay factors are optimized at the transmitter to form a single beam and then to steer the beam towards a particular direction. A number of phase shifters are added in order to obtain maximum directional gain. This configuration also significantly increases the power gain of the MIMO antenna at a low cost and with operational simplicity. The paper also demonstrates how the beam width and beamsteering can be effectively controlled. Wolfram Mathematica software was used to generate the three-dimensional radiated beam patterns of the transmitter antenna. There are two approaches to configure the receiver antenna. In the first approach, the received signal magnitude is maximized by aligning the contribution of all elements of the receiver antenna to the same phase. With this approach, the field gain of the proposed system is 25.52 (14.07 dBi). The signal processing gain at the receiver is 64 (18.06 dBi). Therefore, the overall power gain for this proposed new digital/geometrical smart MIMO system is 32.13 dBi. In the second approach, the receiver beam is directed towards the transmitter by optimizing the phase delay coefficients of the receiver. Here, the overall gain of the system is found to be 134.56 (21.28 dBi). Even though the system gain in the second approach is lower, it has the advantage of low interference at the receiver side.

Delay factors in the construction of irrigation and hydropower projects in Vietnam

Delay factors in the construction of irrigation and hydropower projects in Vietnam