Delaware Grapes Research Articles

On the biological activities of TH-656, NAA and TH-564, as especially compared with their retardation effects on the maturing of the gibberellin-induced parthenocarpic fruits in Delaware grapes

Because it has been known that azolides have generally higher chemical reactivity, the present authors synthesized TH-656[1-(α-naphthaleneacetyl) -3, 5-dimethylpyrazole] in expectation of new activity as a plant growth regulator, and compared biological activity of TH-656, NAA(α-naphthaleneacetic acid) and TH-564(3, 5-dimethylpyrazole).The results obtained were summarized as follows:1. TH-656 showed higher biological activity (both promotion and inhibition) on the growth of Avena coleoptile sections, the 2nd leaf sheath and coleoptile of intact rice seedlings thanNAAat the same molar concentration. At the existence of externally applied gibberellin, TH-656 showed more remarkable inhibition of the growth of the 2nd leaf sheath of rice seedlings than NAA. On the other hand, the growth inhibition of the 2nd leaf sheath of rice seedlings caused withNAAwas restored with gibberellin but the inhibition with TH-656 was not. TH-564scarcely showed a biological activity on the growth of Avena coleoptile sections and intact rice seedlings even at the high concentrations without any relation to the existence of externally applied gibberellin.2. Then, the effcets of TH-656, NAAand TH-564on the gibberellin-induced parthenocarpic fruits of Delaware grapes were compared at the concentrations of 1/2n mM (n=0-4) on 20, 30 and 44 days after the full bloom. As a result, TH-656 and NAA retarded maturity of the grape fruits, but NAA did not retard uniformly the maturity among the fruit clusters on a tree and the berries on a cluster at the all concentrations used in the present experiment and TH-656 also fell to retard uniformly at the treatments after 20 and 44 days from full bloom, but at the treatment after 30 days from full bloom the maturity was remarkably retarded by spraying of solutions at the higher concentrations than 1/8mM, that is, desirably at 1/2 or 1mM. TH-564did not affect the maturity of the fruits at all concentrations used in the present experiment.

Soil Treatments with Insecticides to Control the Root Form of the Grape Phylloxera12

In 1963 and 1964 root galls caused by Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch) on bearing Agawam and Delaware grapevines in well-drained clay loam soil in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario were reduced significantly by Baygon® ( o -isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate) applied at 10, 27, and 30 pounds of actual toxicant in drenches of 400–500 Imperial gallons of water per acre and sealed with an additional application of at least 3 times as much water. Zinophos® (O, O -diethyl O -2-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate), similarly applied at 10 and 30 lb actual per acre, was less effective, and hexachlorocyclopentadiene was not effective. In 1965 and 1966 Baygon at 10, 15, and 20 pounds on a poorly drained clay loam soil did not reduce injury significantly on Catawba and Elvira vines. In small-scale applications on single-vine plots disulfoton, endosulfan, and Niagara 10242 (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) also were ineffective. A significant reduction in number of root galls did not increase yield, sugar content, or wood weight of Delaware grapes.

Favorable day and night temperature combination for the fruit growths of Delaware grapes and Satsuma oranges

Favorable day and night temperature combination for the fruit growths of Delaware grapes and Satsuma oranges

Studies on the thermal conditions of grapes. VI

1. The effects of day and night temperatures on the berry growth, yield and quality of Delaware grapes were observed in each of the growth stages, berry enlargement and maturity. As a result, when expressed on the basis of berry temperature itself, the suitable day and night temperatures were approximately the same, being always about 22°C. However, for the promotion of berry maturity, a higher temperature than 22°C was favorable, although never allowed to exceed 30°C.2. In mid-summer, the air temperature at daytime readily reached more than 30°C, and berries had a temperature higher than the air by 5° to 6°C, receiving intensive sunlight. Therefore, the optimum berry temperature for the berry growth and quality was usually found at night. Judged from this fact, a difference of temperature between day and night or a low night temperature seems to be necessary in the stages of berry enlargement and maturity in increasing yield and berry quality of Delaware grapes.

Growth and nutient absorption of Delaware grapes as affected by soil oxygen concentrations. IV.

1. This experiment was carried out to study the growth and nutrient absorption of Delaware grapes as affected by soil oxygen concentrations in relation to 4 kinds of soil properties such as clay loam, loam, sandy loam and sand.2. Shoot length and total fresh weight of vines were increased with increasing clay contents in the soil. In all soil properties, the P, K and Mg contents of leaves were decreased with decreasing oxygen concentrations, though the trend was rather slight with P and Mg. In the same oxygen level, the K content of leaves was decreased with decreasing clay contents in the soil.3. When the root respiration was inhibited by NaF treatment, shoot length, total fresh weight and nutrient absorption of Delaware grape cuttings in sand culture were all decreased with increasing NaF concentrations. The trend was most marked with K and next with P.4. Respiration and K absorption of excised roots were determined with Warburg′s manometer by soaking them in 100ppm K solution. When the oxygen concentration in the respiratory chamber was gradually from 20 to 0 per cent, the fermentation CO2 was evolved markedly and K effluxed greatly from root to outward solution at the oxygen concentration less than 5per cent.

Studies on the mechanism of gibberellin-induced seedlessness of Delaware grapes. I

To study the mechanisms of gibberellin-induced seedlessenss of Delaware grapes, effects of pre-bloom gibberellin treatment on pollen germination were investigated from the standpoint of morphology and physiology.Pre-bloom treatment of gibberellin did not affect the development of pollens and their contents of amino acids, sugars and starch. However, the respiration rate and oxidative enzyme activities of pollens were much enhanced just after the treatment and then reduced markedly toward the blooming time, resulting the failure of pollen germination.

Studies on the thermal conditions of grapes. III.

1. With 3-year-old fruiting Delaware grapes, the effect of night temperature during the ripening process on the maturity and quality of berries was observed. Plants grown in pots were kept in the respective controlled temperature chambers of 15°, 22°, 28° and 35°C at night (6p.m. to 8a.m.), and placed outdoors in the daytime from August 6 to Sept. 10 in 1962.2. The time of maturity when the berries got full varietal specific color was as follows; August 27 at 28°C, Sept. 3 at 22°C, and Sept. 10 at 15°C, and berries never colored well at 35°C. The pigment content of the skin on Sept. 10 was in the order of 28°≥22°>15°>35°C.3. The soluble solids content of the juice(refractometer method) increased as the berries matured. The order of the content among the different temperature treatments was 28°>22°>15°>35°C on August 27, 28°=22°>15°>35°C on Sept. 3, and 22°>15° >28°>35°C on Sept. 10. The main kinds of sugars (paper chromatographic method) were glucose and fructose. They were of nearly equal amount at the time of maturity, though glucose was surpassed by fructose with a further advance of maturity.4. The free organic acid content of the juice (titration method) decreased rapidly with the progress of maturity, the trend being more marked in the treatments of the higher temperature. However, the content became nearly the same in all the treatments when the berries overripened. The main kinds of the free organic acids were tartaric acid and malic acid. The malic acid content decreased more rapidly than the tartaric acid with an advanced maturity and with an increased temperature of treatment.5. Fully matured berries of Delaware grapes sent from the chief producing districts of Japan were compared concerning their quality in relation to the average air temperature of nearly one month before harvest. As a result, the lower the temperature within a range of 22° and 28°C, the more delayed the maturity, while the more increased the pigment content of the skin, and the more abundant both the soluble solids and the free organic acids in the juice. Furthermore, berries produced in the region of the lower temperature such as Nagano contained less glucose than fructose, and berries which matured in Kagawa under the highest temperature had the least malic acid.

Growth and nutrient absorption of Delaware grapes as affected by soil oxygen concentrations and nitrogen sources

1. Vine growth, nutrient absorption and respiratory activity of fibrous roots as affected by both different nitrogen sources and controlled soil atmosphere were observed with two-year-old, non bearing Delaware grapes. Oxygen concentration in the soil atmosphere was controlled at six levels of 20 (air alone), 15, 10, 5, 2 and 0 (nitrogen gas alone) per cent respectively by mixing air with nitrogen gas. Sodium nitrate (NO3-N) and ammonium sulfate (NH4-N) were employed as nitrogen source and their effects on growth were compared in relation to the soil oxygen level.2. Regardless of the soil oxygen concentration, average shoot length and total fresh weight of vines were always superior in the NH4-N than in the NO3-N treatment. The growth rate, however, was more depressed in the former than in the latter as the soil oxygen level decreased.3. The total N concentration of leaves in the NO3-N treatment was nearly the same throughout the different soil oxygen levels, while that in the NH4-N treatment was lowered markedly as the soil oxygen level decreased less than 2 per cent. The P, K and Mg concentrations of leaves were depressed in the both treatments with decreasing soil oxygen level, though the trend with P and K was rather slight.4. Respiratory activity of fibrous roots was measured with a Warburg′s manometer by soaking them in 0.1M solution of either sodium nitrate or ammonium sulfate. In general, the respiration rate was higher in the NO3-N than in the NH4-N treatment. When the oxygen concentration in the respiration chamber was changed from 20 to 0 per cent, the oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide evolution declined noticeably in both treatments. Particularly, the tendency was more marked in the NH4-N treatment, showing the higher R.Q. value than in the NO3-N treatment.

Manurial experiments with grape vines in soils derived from granite. III.

In the district of Seto Inland Sea, most of virgin soils derived from granite are deficient in phosphorus. This experiment was conducted with grape vines to observe the effects of phosphorus application on these soils.1. Rooted cuttings of Campbell Early, Muscat Bailey A, Neo-Muscat and Delaware planted in pots with these soils, did not grow well without phosphorus application. The similar trend was also found with rooted cuttings of rootstocks such as Teleki 8B, 3306, 3309, 420-A and Hybrid Franc, though it was not so marked in Hybrid Franc as in other rootstocks.2. When one-year-old potted Delaware grapes grafted on various kinds of rootstocks were not applied with phosphorus fertilizer, their growth decreased greatly with decreased phosphorus content of a vine based on unit dry matter. However, the former was not necessarily coincided with the latter in the order. A decrease in growth was most remarkable on Teleki 8B and the least on Hybrid Franc.

A Morphological Study of Delaware Grape Berries

1. The morphology of berry growth of Delaware grapes from pre-bloom to maturity was studied.2. Three distinct growth periods (I, II and III) were identified, after berry set. During period I, rapid berry enlargement occurred for 33 days. During period II, a striking decrease in growth rate occurred, and the duration of period II was very short, only about three days. During period III, the berry growth again tended to accelerate, especially in the fresh weight of berries, for 40 days.3. The increase of the inner wall tissue in the pericarp was more rapid than that of the other tissues, and was closely related to berry development.4. Inner wall tissue is constituted by cells of nearly uniform size and shape, which enlarged similarly during the growth of the berry. Outer wall tissue consists of various shapes and sizes of cells. Approximately seven layers in the external portion of the outer wall tissue become sclerenchymatous cells. Placental tissue also consists of cells of irregular shapes and sizes. The development of the placental tissue depends on the number of seeds which iarls contained in each berry.5. The last cell division in the placenta and inner wall occurred 10 days after bloom. The mean transverse berry diameter at the time of the last cell division was 3.3mm. Cell division radially in the outer wall ceased two days after the last division of the inner wall. However, the cell division in a single row in midcircumference of the outer wall continued for 19 days after full bloom. Likewise, cell division in the peripheral layer of the outer wall, the hypodermis, continued for 33 days after bloom. This means that cell division in the outer wall during the latter half of the cell division period continued only in the tangential direction and ceased earlier in the inner than outer layers.The cell division in the epidermal layer continued for 33 days after full bloom; this was as long as in the hypodermal layer. At that time the transverse diameter of the berry was 12.2mm. This was the day of period I in the berry growth curve.

Pollen germination and berry set, growth and quality of Delaware grapes as affected by soil oxygen concentration

With 4-year-old fruiting Delaware grapes planted in Wagner's pots, the effects of the soil oxygen concentration on the yield, and berry growth and quality were observed from the standpoint of macro-nutrient absorption.1. With lowering soil oxygen concentration from May 1 (20 days before the blooming) to August 3 (harvest time), pollen germination and berry set as well as N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents of leaves were all inferior. Particularly, at the oxygen concentration of less than 5%, none of berries set. The percentage of germinated pollens correlated most significantly with P and K contents of leaves.2. As the soil oxygen concentration was reduced from June 5 (15 days after berry set) to August 3, vine growth, yield, and berry growth and quality decreased greatly accompanied by a marked decrease in P, K and Mg contents of leaves and fruits at the harvest time, though each vine was uniform in both the tree vigor and fruit load in the beginning.3. Respiration rate of excised roots decreased greatly as the oxygen concentration of the air in the manometer vessel was lowered. Particularly, the CO2 amount evolved exceeded the O2 amount uptaken by roots at the oxygen concentration of less than 5%.

Effects of soil moisture on the growth and nutrient absorption of grapes

1. Vine growth and nutrient absorption of Delaware grapes were observed in soils of different moistures as“High”83-72% of water holding capacity, “Medium”65-55%, “Low”55-50% and“Very low”48-35%. As a result, apparent assimilation, shoot elongation, weight growth of a plant, blooming rate of flowerlets per cluster and berry development were all inferior with decreasing soil moisture.2. When temperatures rose rapidly after the end of the rainy season, several leaves at the base of the shoots were discolored and shed early. Except for the“Very low” plot where the leaves dropped least, the lower the soil moisture, the more severe was the defoliation. Particularly, the damage was greatest in the“High-Very low”plot where the soil moisture was changed from“High”to“Very low”in early July.3. Leaf content of Mg was markedly influenced as compared with those of N, P, K, and Ca when the soil moisture was reduced. It decreased so much as to reach a level of deficiency with fruiting vines both in the plots of“High-Very low”and“Very low”Therefore, most severe defoliation in the“High-Very low”plot might have been induced by the rapid change of water condition as well as Mg deficiency due to drought.4. In the measurement of the daily change of berry size, the berries shrunk during the day and enlarged again at night in summer. The difference of berry size between day and night became greater with decreased soil moisture.

Growth and nutrient absorption of grapes as affected by soil aeration. I

Growth of Delaware grapes based on shoot length, and top and root weights decreased greatly with lowering soil oxygen concentration. In this case, the lower the soil oxygen concentration, the less was the content of K, P and Mg in leaves. Particularly, K content reached a deficient level when the oxygen concentration was depressed less than. 5% of the soil air.

葡萄の花芽分化並に花芽の發育に就いて

(1) Studies of flower bud differentiation and development of Koshu and Delaware grape varieties had been conducted at Osaka and Gitu 1927 to 1931.(2) The growing points of both varieties were recognized in the shape of crotch or Sympodium in mid-June. The symptom in this stage is like that of egg plants and tomatoes.(3) Time of flower clusters differentiation of these varieties was mid-June in the buds of the young shoots and formation of secondary clusters in the differentiated clusters was late June.(4) Second dusters formation of Delaware in the buds was observed in June 20 to July 10, third clusters July 8 to August 7, the forth August 29 to September 19 and their subdivision of the differentiated clusters, that is development of secondary, tertiary and quaternary clusters, observed from November 16 to December 28.(5) Second flower clusters in the buds of Koshu began to differentiate on July 10, and the differentiation of third flower cluster was rare. Time of the third flower cluster differentiation was from July 30 to October 19.(6) Calyx formation of Delaware was observed at first April 11 in the next year when individual flower bud was to differentiate. Flower buds were observed with the unaided eye on May 9 and pollen grains and ovules appeared on May 16.(7) Flower buds of grape vines are much like to those of persimmons and chestnuts, showing delayed development of flower organs during winter. Calyx or petals are formed from March to April and make rapid development until flowering and fruiting.