Dehydration Treatment Research Articles

Formation of Structure and Properties of 30HGSN2A Steel at Technological Stages of Manufacture of Heavy-Loaded Parts

The cases of premature failure of the barrel of liquid damper, made of complex alloyed high-strength 30HGSN2A steel, are analyzed. The options failure and the causes of their occurrence are established. Fatigue failure of the barrels during an operation is due to the failure of the chrome coating of the rod and the appearance of scorings on the surface of the barrel. Cases of failure of the barrels during official tests are associated with the reduced hardenability and an increased tendency to decarburize steel in the bottom of the barrel, due to the increased nitrogen content here (due to segregation). The influence treatment conditions on the structure and properties of steel are investigated. Modes of dehydration and final heat treatment of the products to eliminate their premature failures are recommended. The proposed conditions, in particular, include increasing the dehydration temperature to 200-230 oС, reducing the exposure time at the hardening temperature and reducing the tempering temperature, using vacuum heating.

Stability influence factors and mechanism of produced emulsion from CO2 flooding

CO2 flooding has been widely applied for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in recent years, while the difficulty in demulsification of the produced fluid has become an urgent problem due to the specific physical and chemical properties of CO2 flooding process. In this study, the crude oil from Block Hei-59 by CO2 flooding was used to prepare simulated produced emulsions and the influence of CO2 pressure, temperature, salinity, pH and solid particles on the stability of emulsions are investigated. The results indicated that the stability of simulated emulsions gradually increased with CO2 pressure but decreased with the increase of temperature, while the change of NaCl concentration and pH had little effects on the stability of emulsions. Moreover, the solid particles had great influences on the stability of the emulsion, and the emulsion prepared by the particles initially dispersed in the oil phase was more stable than in water. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the future dehydration and demulsification treatment of produced fluids from the formation developed by CO2 flooding.

Germination of West African Ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst) Seeds: Effects of Dehydration and Different Pre-sowing Treatments

Diospyros mespiliformis is a highly valued and threatened tree species within the Sahelo-Sudanian zone of Africa, but its seed germination requirements under cultivation are not well researched. In a first experiment which aimed at determining germination response of seeds to dehydration, fresh seeds were dried at room temperature for 26 days during which their moisture content, their germinability, and their viability were monitored at two-day intervals. In the second experiment, 14 pre-germination treatments were tested for their effect on the germination of dried seeds. Results showed that fresh seeds had 52.7% moisture and achieved 97.7% germination. As seeds were dried, percentage germination gradually decreased with decreasing moisture content and reached 0% when moisture content had dropped to 18%. Meanwhile, seed viability remained at 100% over drying duration. Seeds that were not germinated after air dry also recorded 100% viability. The most effective treatment for inducing germination of dried seeds was scarification using 98% sulfuric acid for 30 min which resulted in 96.6% germination. This study reports for the first time in D. mespiliformis seeds a desiccation-induced dormancy which can be efficiently alleviated by acid scarification. This study provides useful information that will contribute to efficient management of D. mespiliformis seed resources for propagation.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Saturn peach subjected to ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration

This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration on reducing foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella Typhi and Shigella sonnei), as well as its impact on moisture content and antioxidant properties of Saturn peach. Peach samples were inoculated and underwent ultrasonic waves (50 and 75% amplitudes). Afterwards, the osmotic dehydration was performed by immersing the samples in 70% sucrose solution (for 4, 8 and 12 h). Results indicated that ultrasound pre-treatment markedly diminished the microbial count and the reduction levels of pathogens enhanced with the increase of ultrasound amplitude. The greatest reduction in pathogens was observed at 75% amplitude after 12 h storage in osmotic solution, in which the mean number of E. coli, E. faecalis, S. Typhi and S. sonnei was reduced to 0.1, 4.2, 3.7 and 0.1 log CFU/g, respectively. Additionally, osmotic dehydration treatment significantly reduced the amount of moisture content, total phenolics and DPPH antiradical activity of samples. It should be added that increasing the ultrasound amplitude led to a further decrease in the mentioned parameters.

Performance Enhancement and Bending Restoration for Flexible Amorphous Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide Thin-Film Transistors by Low-Temperature Supercritical Dehydration Treatment.

For high-performance and high-lifetime flexible and wearable electronic applications, a low-temperature posttreatment method is highly expected to enhance the device performance and repair the defects induced by the low-temperature fabrication process intrinsically. Particularly, if the method can repair the traces induced by the multiple cycles of bending or deforming, it would overcome current fatal obstacles and provide a vital solution to the rapid development of flexible electronics. In this work, we propose a method to apply low-temperature supercritical CO2 fluid with a dehydration function to improve or even restore the performance of flexible amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). After the treatment, the a-IGZO TFT exhibits 3 times improvement drivability up to 0.24 μA/μm, a smaller subthreshold swing of 0.18 V dec-1, a smaller Vth of 0.25 V, and a larger Ion/Ioff ratio of 3.8 × 107. Additionally, the posttreated a-IGZO TFTs possess relatively good uniformity and reproducibility with an on-current standard deviation of 0.047 μA/μm, and the performance of the a-IGZO TFT after the treatment remains almost unchanged even after bending 2500 times at a bending radius of 5 mm. These characteristics are attributed to the improved quality of the channel and gate dielectric. It is worth noting that when this is applied to a flexible TFT-driven organic light-emitting diode lighting system, this treatment method can restore the performance of not only the TFT but also the lighting system, even after the system has been bent more than 600 times and has failed. To date, this is the first time that the bending-track erasing function of the supercritical fluid for flexible systems has been reported, which has the potential to prolong the lifetime of flexible electronics.

Research and Development of Management and Control System for Lake Sediment Improvement and Dehydration Treatment

Relying on the water environment improvement project of Wuhan East Lake, an intelligent management and control system for river and lake sediment dredging and solidification treatment is developed based on the integrated treatment technology of sediment dredging and solidification. The system is mainly composed of dredging vessel positioning and digging depth monitoring subsystem, dehydration and drying integrated optimization control subsystem, safety monitoring subsystem, earthwork automatic measurement subsystem and comprehensive management subsystem. Through real-time monitoring, collection and analysis of data, from the real-time adjustment of dredger construction parameters to the matching of quality and process parameters of plate and frame machine pressure filtration, and then to the whole life cycle of earthwork automatic measurement and comprehensive efficiency, cost analysis, personnel situation, project progress and production safety, comprehensive intelligent operation and control is realized. The system has been successfully applied to the water environment improvement project of Wuhan East Lake and achieved remarkable results. It not only ensures the quality of sediment dredging and drying treatment, but also greatly improves the production efficiency and ensures the production safety. Through real-time monitoring, collection and analysis of data, from the real-time adjustment of dredger construction parameters to the matching of quality and process parameters of plate and frame machine pressure filtration, and then to the whole life cycle of earthwork automatic measurement and comprehensive efficiency, cost analysis, personnel situation, project progress and production safety, comprehensive intelligent operation and control is realized. The system has been successfully applied to the water environment improvement project of Wuhan East Lake and achieved remarkable results. It not only ensures the quality of sediment dredging and drying treatment, but also greatly improves the production efficiency and ensures the production safety.

Terrestrial Green Algae Show Higher Tolerance to Dehydration than Do Their Aquatic Sister-Species

Diverse algae possess the ability to recover from extreme desiccation without forming specialized resting structures. Green algal genera such as Tetradesmus (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae) contain temperate terrestrial, desert, and aquatic species, providing an opportunity to compare physiological traits associated with the transition to land in closely related taxa. We subjected six species from distinct habitats to three dehydration treatments varying in relative humidity (RH 5%, 65%, 80%) followed by short- and long-term rehydration. We tested the capacity of the algae to recover from dehydration using the effective quantum yield of photosystem II as a proxy for physiological activity. The degree of recovery was dependent both on the habitat of origin and the dehydration scenario, with terrestrial, but not aquatic, species recovering from dehydration. Distinct strains of each species responded similarly to dehydration and rehydration, with the exception of one aquatic strain that recovered from the mildest dehydration treatment. Cell ultrastructure was uniformly maintained in both aquatic and desert species during dehydration and rehydration, but staining with an amphiphilic styryl dye indicated damage to the plasma membrane from osmotically induced water loss in the aquatic species. These analyses demonstrate that terrestrial Tetradesmus possess a vegetative desiccation tolerance phenotype, making these species ideal for comparative omics studies.

Enhancing vigilance for cerebral air embolism after pneumonectomy: a case report

BackgroundVascular air embolism (VAE) is a rare but important complication that has not been paid enough attention to in the medical process such as surgery and anesthesia.Case presentationWe report for the first time that a 54-year-old male patient with central lung cancer developed severe complications of CAE after right pneumonectomy. After targeted first-aid measures such as assisted breathing, mannitol dehydration and antibiotic treatment, the patient gradually improved. The patient became conscious at discharge after 25 days of treatment but left limb was left with nerve injury symptoms.ConclusionWe analyzed the possible causes of CAE in this case, and the findings from this report would be highly useful as a reference to clinicians.

Experimental Study on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Gypsum Rock During High-Temperature Dehydration–Hydration Expansion

In order to study the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum rock samples in three states (natural, high-temperature dehydration and hydration time), natural gypsum rock was put into high-temperature condition of 220°C for dehydration treatment, and then the high-temperature dehydrated gypsum rock was treated with different hydration time, and the gypsum rock samples in three states were subjected to ultrasonic test, density test and uniaxial compression test. The results show that the main components of natural gypsum minerals were gypsum dihydrate (71%), dolomite (27%) and potassium chloride (2%). The hydration of high-temperature dehydration samples was an extremely complex physical and chemical process. Hydration had a significant strengthening effect on gypsum rock, and the weak surface of the structure had a significant weakening effect on it during the hydration process. As hydration time increased, the apparent density increased gradually and the longitudinal wave velocity increased. The peak strength of the sample decreased first and then increased, and it generally had a logarithmic relationship with hydration time. The peak strain decreased first and then increased, then decreased and fluctuated, and the elastic modulus first increased and then decreased and then increased again. The expansion rate and limited expansion force of the sample increased with increase in hydration time. After a certain hydration time, the expansion rate of the sample tended to be stable, while the limited expansion force began to decrease slowly after reaching the maximum value.

Comparative proteomic analysis of parasitic loranthus seeds exposed to dehydration stress

Parasitic loranthus [Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser] is an important medicinal plant that produces recalcitrant seeds that are sensitive to dehydration. Desiccation tolerance is critical for the survival of recalcitrant seeds in low-moisture environments. Clarifying how these seeds respond to desiccation is important for long-term conservation. Thus, the viability, germination, microstructure, and antioxidant enzyme activities of dehydrated parasitic loranthus seeds were investigated. Diverse organelles were degraded or deformed during dehydration treatments. Additionally, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities gradually decreased in response to desiccation stress. A proteomic analysis involving TMT-labeling and LC–MS/MS were performed. A total of 1479 proteins were identified, of which 141 were differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) at 16 and 36 h after initiating the dehydration treatments. A functional annotation based on gene ontology revealed that the DEPs were mainly localized in chloroplasts and were related to energy metabolism, responses to stimuli, and the regulation of biological processes. A KEGG pathway enrichment analysis determined that several of the identified proteins were associated with signal transductions, photosynthesis, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. The results suggest that the efficient removal of excessive ROS amounts may be crucial for promoting parasitic loranthus seed germination under dehydration stress conditions. A series of candidate dehydration stress-related proteins were identified and may be relevant for enhancing the dehydration tolerance of the recalcitrant seeds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the sensitivity of recalcitrant parasitic loranthus seeds to dehydration via a proteomic analysis involving TMT-labeling.

Comparison of Three Cryotechniques for Conservation of Banana (Musa AAA, Cavendish Subgroup) Genotypes

The aim of this study was to compare three cryotechniques, namely, droplet vitrification (DV), vitrification-cryo-plate (VCP) and dehydration-cryo-plate (DCP) on proliferating meristems of two Musa (AAA, Cavendish Subgroup) genotypes. The experiment was set up as factorial completely randomized design for the two Musa accessions (IC 250462 cv ‘Borjahaji’ and EC 493718 cv ‘Williams’) in five different dehydration duration (30 -150 min). Regrowth after cryopreservation in all treatments was predominantly of two types - shoot regeneration and callusing. In both the cultivars, shoot regrowth of non-frozen and LN treated meristems were not impacted significantly by duration of dehydration exposure, however, callus growth was significantly different with increasing time of exposure. The mean shoot regrowth for all dehydration treatments in Borjahaji was not significantly different. However, the VCP method in Williams, with mean shoot regrowth of 75.5 ± 2.8% was found to be significantly (P<0.05) better than that obtained from DV (63.1 ± 2.5%) and DCP (64.8 ± 1.9%). Quantitatively, highest shoot regrowth was obtained after 120 min PVS2 exposure in both cultivars, but using VCP method in Williams (86.7 ± 7.7%) and DV method in Borjahaji (73.1 ± 2.7%). Taking into consideration practical aspects for each technique, any of the three cryopreservation approaches can be used for cryobanking of proliferation meristems of Musa, as DV offers cost-effectiveness, while VCP and DCP have ease of explant handling, and DCP avoids chemical toxicity of PVS2.

Research progress of aging oil dehydration treatment process

Research progress of aging oil dehydration treatment process

Experimental study on biological dehydration pretreatment of kitchen waste

Aerobic fermentation treatment technology is one of the effective means of kitchen waste resource treatment at present. Due to the high moisture content of kitchen waste, dehydration pretreatment is needed before aerobic composting.At present, China usually adopts mechanical methods such as forced extrusion for dehydration treatment, which not only has high energy consumption, but also has high content of solid suspended solids (SS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in sewage. Sewage is difficult to meet discharge standards.In this paper, biological dehydration technology is proposed to pretreat kitchen waste. Experiments show that biological dehydration pretreatment can dehydrate kitchen waste, effectively reduce the SS and COD values in sewage, which is of great significance to the resource treatment of kitchen waste.

Effects of extrinsic abiotic factors on induction of gametogenesis and efficacy of a device for the segregation of non-fused gametes and zygotes in the green alga Ulva lactuca

ABSTRACT Seaweed aquaculture is one of the fastest growing marine sectors with 31.2 million tonnes year–1 of harvest worth over 11.7 billion USD. Commercial operations still rely on traditional techniques but innovative strategies are essential for future expansion. The present paper reports on a simple device that could effectively segregate non-fused haploid gametes from diploid zygotes in the green alga Ulva lactuca. The differential phototactic behaviour of gametes and zygotes was used for their separation. Approximately 56.2% non-fused haploid gametes and 5.3% diploid zygotes were separated after 5 min and after 1 hr and 2 hr, the composition of gametes was 26.6 and 8.8%, respectively while that of zygotes 32.7 and 57.4%, respectively. The effects of extrinsic abiotic factors, including light, temperature, salinity, photoperiod, dehydration and thallus fragmentation, on the induction of gametogenesis was found to be limited at 35°C (13.33 ± 5.77%) and a short day 9:15 h light:dark photoperiod (20 ± 4.08%), while dehydration treatments enhanced spore induction. This study demonstrated the efficient and cost-effective utilisation of locally available materials in producing a simple, small, precise, durable and easy to use system, which also saved on energy. The effective segregation of non-fused gametes from zygotes aids in cytological preparation, bio-chemical characterisation investigations as well as breeding and hybridisation all of which have direct implications on the future farming of Ulva and other species of seaweeds with similar life phases.

Dehydration rates impact physiological, biochemical and molecular responses in desert moss Bryum argenteum

Dehydration rates significantly impact the amount of damage and rate of recovery of desiccation-tolerant mosses and thus play a role in the ability of these plants to occupy desert ecosystems. The desiccation-tolerant moss Bryum argenteum Hedw. is a component of biological soil crusts in northwestern China and has been extensively studied, but the effects of dehydration rates on its physiological and molecular responses to desiccation and rehydration are still unclear. We evaluated the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of B. argenteum during and upon recovery from rapid dehydration, ambient air dehydration, and slow dehydration rates. Our results demonstrated that (1) photosynthesis decreased significantly in response to all dehydration rates and recovered to the control level following rehydration; however, recovery from slow dehydration was more rapid. Ultrastructural investigations revealed that chloroplasts did not degrade and remained intact during desiccation regardless of the dehydration rates. (2) The activities of antioxidant enzymes increased under all drying regimes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were the main scavenging enzymes that responded during the dehydration and rehydration processes. The transcripts encoding these enzymes also increased in abundance during desiccation and rehydration. (3) The extent of the increase of the abundance of stress-related transcripts was correlated with the dehydration rates, and all the transcripts displayed decreased abundance throughout rehydration. The majority of the transcripts showed similar accumulation patterns under the rapid and air dehydration treatments; however, slow dehydration resulted in a greater increase in transcript abundance. Our work provides insights into how desiccation and rehydration play roles in the ability of B. argentum to endure harsh environments.

Response of Anatolian mountain frogs (Rana macrocnemis and Rana holtzi) to freezing, anoxia, and dehydration: Glucose as a cryoprotectant

Cryoprotectants play an essential role in the survival of some amphibians in response to different stress conditions such as freezing, anoxia, and dehydration. Glucose is one of the cryoprotectants important for freeze-tolerant frogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the survival strategies of Anatolian mountain frogs (Rana macrocnemis and Rana holtzi), which are terrestrial hibernators, by examining the changes in glucose and water content in some tissues at subzero temperatures. In the current study, animals were exposed to freezing (−2.5 °C), anoxia, and dehydration treatments. During these treatments, all frogs survived. The glucose levels in the plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle and the water content of the tissues were measured during the freezing, anoxia, and dehydration. Changes in body weight were also recorded in both species. During the freezing, a 3.3-fold increase was seen in the blood glucose level of R. macrocnemis (1.35 ± 0.25 to 4.45 ± 0.51 μmol mL−1), whereas the blood glucose level of R. holtzi exhibited a 4.5-fold increase (1.90 ± 0.25 to 8.67 ± 2.22 μmol mL−1). In the liver, a 6.7-fold increase was seen in the glucose level of R. macrocnemis (5.66 ± 0.15 to 38.27 ± 8.53 μmol g−1) and the increase in R. holtzi was approximately 6.0-fold (2.25 ± 0.46 to 13.36 ± 1.32 μmol g−1) during freezing. The liver glucose levels of both species also increased significantly in response to the anoxia and dehydration. In both species, the glucose levels of the skeletal muscle were found to be higher in dehydration than with freezing and anoxia. In conclusion, our results suggest that glucose may be identified as an important cryoprotectant that plays an important role in the survival of Anatolian mountain frogs during extreme conditions.

Osmo- and cryotherapy of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) shoot-tips infected with sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV).

In this work, we investigated the effect of different osmoprotective treatments and of cryopreservation using a droplet-vitrification (D-V) protocol to eliminate sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) of shoot-tips excised from in vitro propagated infected plantlets. Shoot-tips of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) were precultured on semisolid MS medium supplemented with 0.3M sucrose for 1day, loaded in solution with 0.4M sucrose and 2M glycerol for 30min and exposed to plant vitrification solution 2 for 15min at room temperature prior to ultra-rapid cooling in liquid nitrogen. Virus indexing was performed by the DAS-ELISA immunoenzymatic test. The presence of SCMV was confirmed in the donor-plantlets derived of infected field material. No virus was detected in the regenerated plantlets from shoot-tips subjected to cryopreservation protocol. The progressive decrease in absorbances occurred from the first preculture treatment and no significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found with respect to following steps of D-V protocol. These results indicate that the osmotic dehydration treatments (osmotherapy) and cryopreservation (cryotherapy) may be potentially effective strategies to remove the SCMV from infected plants.

GmLCLs negatively regulate ABA perception and signalling genes in soybean leaf dehydration response.

The circadian clock allows plants to actively adapt to daily environmental changes through temporal regulation of physiological traits. In response to drought stress, circadian oscillators gate ABA signalling, but the molecular mechanisms remain unknown, especially in crops. Here, we investigated the role of soybean circadian oscillators GmLCLa1, GmLCLa2, GmLCLb1 and GmLCLb2 in leaf water stress response. Under dehydration stress, the GmLCL quadruple mutant had decreased leaf water loss. We found that the dehydration treatment delayed the peak expression of GmLCL genes by 4 hr. In addition, the circadian clock in hairy roots also responded to ABA, which led to a free-running rhythm with shortened period. Importantly, in the gmlclq quadruple mutant, diurnal expression phases of several circadian-regulated ABA receptor, ABA catabolism and ABA signalling-related genes were shifted significantly to daytime. Moreover, in the gmlclq mutant leaf, expression of GmPYL17, GmCYP707A, GmABI2 and GmSnRK2s was increased under water dehydration stress. In summary, our results show that GmLCLs act as negative regulators of ABA signalling in leaves during dehydration response.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Predicts Utilization of Dehydration Treatments After Bariatric Surgery.

Dehydration treatments (DT) provide intravenous fluids to patients in the outpatient setting; however, the utilization of DT is not well-described. We characterize the cohort receiving DT, the first year it was recorded in a bariatric-specific database. A retrospective cohort analysis of patients undergoing bariatric surgery between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016, in 791 centers in the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program data file. Patients ≥ 18years with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35kg/m2 who underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB), sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (LBPD/DS) were identified. Unadjusted and adjusted rates of DT were analyzed. In addition, adjusted rates and indication for readmission were reviewed. The overall rate of dehydration treatments was 3.5% for the 141,748 bariatric surgery cases identified. Patient comorbidities of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) (odds ratio (OR) 1.49; 95% CI, 1.40-1.59), insulin-dependent diabetes (OR = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07-1.33), and LRYGB (OR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.36-1.54) were associated with higher odds of DT. DT only had the highest odds of readmission (OR = 6.22; 95% CI, 5.55-6.98) compared to other outpatient visits. Nausea and vomiting, or fluid, electrolyte, or nutritional depletion was the most common indication for readmission in all groups. Patients with GERD utilized dehydration treatments after bariatric surgery. DT was highly associated with readmissions, and a better understanding of the clinical application of DT will allow bariatric centers to develop programs to further optimize outpatient treatments.

OsRbohB-mediated ROS production plays a crucial role in drought stress tolerance of rice.

We found that a rice NADPH oxidase gene OsRbohB contributes drought tolerance and its functions are involved in the interaction of the OsRbohB-mediated ROS production and ABA signaling. The plasma membrane NADPH oxidases, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs, are the key producers of ROS under both normal and stress conditions in plants. However, their functions in rice development and stress tolerance are still under investigation. Here, we found that a rice NADPH oxidase gene OsRbohB, also named OsNOX1, is expressed in all tissues examined throughout the development stages with higher transcripts in leaves. The transcriptional expression of OsRbohB is also strongly stimulated by dehydration, salt and several phytohormonal treatments. Compared with wide-type and the OsRbohB-overexpressing transgenic plants, osrbohB, a Tos17 insertion knockout mutant of OsRbohB, shows lower ROS production, abscisic acid (ABA) content and transcripts of a series of stress-related genes. The osrbohB mutant also exhibits lower seed germination rate, organ size and thousand seed weight, but higher stomatal aperture and sensitivity to drought. Moreover, a number of genes involved in plant development, stress response, transcriptional regulation, and particularly ABA signaling are differentially expressed in osrbohB plants under both normal growth and drought conditions. All these results suggest the roles of OsRbohB in drought tolerance of rice, which probably performed through the interaction of the OsRbohB-mediated ROS production and ABA signaling.