Dehiscence Of Capsules Research Articles

Revised lectotypification of four names in Eriolaena (Malvaceae)

The genus Eriolaena DC. (1823:102) (Malvaceae) is distributed to Asia and Africa, comprises c. 27 species (POWO 2024), and seven taxa in India (Malick 1993). Eriolaena lushingtonii Dunn (1915:88), E. quinquelocularis (Wight & Arn.) Drury (1864:99) and E. candollei var. stocksii (Hook.f. & Thomson ex Mast.) K.C.Mohan (2020:3683) are endemic to India. Eriolaena is characterized by basally clawed petals, 15 or < 15 (antheriferous) stamens in staminal column adhering ovary, long style with spreading stigmas, and woody dehiscent capsule with numerous winged seeds (Long & Rae 1991, Malick 1993, Tang et al. 2007, Chandramohan et al. 2020). While reviewing the taxonomy of Eriolaena, it became apparent that some names are inadvertently typified (Chandramohan et al. 2020) in the past. Herein, we discussed and outlined nomenclature errors to avoid ambiguity, and lectotypified.

A reversal to hypogyny in Campanula alpina and its impact on capsule dehiscence: evidence from morpho-anatomy of the fruiting ovary

Introduction. Campanula alpina is a perennial herbaceous bellflower grown in the Eastern Alps, Carpathians, and Balkans. Fruit in Campanula species opens by the hippocrepiform slits in the fruit wall, which are formed by axicorns, elongated structures inside the ovary composed of lignified parenchyma cells. Our objectives were to reveal the fruit structure and dehiscence mode in C. alpina and compare it with C. latifolia, a type species of the genus Campanula. Materials and methods. Flowers and fruits at different stages of morphogenesis of C. alpina subsp. alpina were examined. Plant materials were sampled in two plots in the Chornohora massif of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Results. Contrary to other Campanula species, in C. alpina only the basal part of the ovary is fused with the calyx forming the flattened ovary base. The placentation is axile, the fruit wall and septas are parenchymatous, only axicorns are lignified. Dehiscence of the hanged fruit proceeds by the curving of axicorns outside by drying. In the dehiscent capsule viewed from above, hollow openings in the horizontal ovary base are exposed, and the curved axicorns attached to the crumpled fragments of the ovary wall are visible inside the ovary. Discussion. The dehiscence of the fruit in C. alpina proceeds through septifragal and hippocrepiform slits like in C. latifolia. The main differences are that the ovary is mostly superior, openings are located on the horizontal ovary base, and valves together with axicorns curve inside the ovary. The semi-inferior or nearly superior ovary insertion could be traced in illustrations in digital databases and researches for some taxa of Campanula section Medium. No issues have been made on the evolution of the ovary position in Campanuleae, since only the inferior ovary was referred for this tribe before the present article. The functional implications of shifts in the ovary position in C. alpina could be a result of selection of the pollination mechanism, or dissemination mode. Conclusions. The peculiarity of the fruit in C. alpina is the axicorns curving inside the ovary during the dehiscence. It is expected that deviation from the inferior ovary will be confirmed in other related species of the Campanula with pendent fruits. No argumentation about the evolution of secondary hypogyny in Campanula has been proposed so far.

A new species of Nama (Namaceae) from the Vizcaino Desert, Mexico

Background: Although most of the Nama taxa grow on sandy substrates, none of them is restricted to the coastal dune environment. A small population of a unique looking taxon was found on the Pacific coast of the Baja California peninsula, which is here presented as a new species.
 Question and/or Hypothesis: In the morphological analysis in the individuals of a putative new taxon, some peculiarities stand out, such as a suffruticose herbaceous perennial growth form with erect and compact branching, featuring a small cushion, unlike the rest of the known species, which are rather procumbent, or erect in form. It also has revolute leaf margins in the blade.
 Studied Species: Nama asuncionensis sp. nov. (Namaceae) and morphologically similar species. 
 Study Site: Central Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico.
 Method: Through bibliographic consultation, review of herbarium specimens, and photographs, a comparative morphological analysis was carried out with other Nama species of the peninsula and mainland Mexico.
 Results: Based on the comparative analyses, Nama asuncionensis is here presented and illustrated as a new species.
 Conclusions: Nama asuncionensis is a micro-endemic species restricted to the Pacific coastal environment of the peninsula. We propose that this new taxon be included in the Eunama section of the genus based on its morphological characteristics, including a membranous loculicidal dehiscent capsule, free styles, and sepals divided to the base. This taxon seems to be limited to a narrow coastal strip, with high relative humidity, where it develops its fresh leaves and flowers during the mild season.

Taxonomic Characteristics and Phytochemical Constituents of Asystasiagangetica (L.) T. Anderson, a Member of Acanthaceae

This study examined the taxonomic characteristics of Asystasiagangetica; a perennial herb characterized by its trailing to erect habit and as a result, roots from the nodes. It is glabrous and grows up to 80±20 cm. There are simple leaves with petioles which are ovate in shape with opposite phyllotaxy and margins are even to slightly serrated, measuring up to 7±2 cm in length and 3±1 cm in width. The inflorescence is one-sided raceme with purplish-blue tubular flowers which is pentamerous. The fruits are dry dehiscent capsule up to 2±0.5 cm in length. The epidermal studies revealed presence of simple elongated to conical shaped multicellular trichomes and cyclocytic stomata which are amphistomatic in nature, though very scanty in adaxial foliar region. Anatomical study showcased a single layer in the epidermis. The hypodermis consists of 2 to 3 layers of collenchyma, the general cortex and pith is made of parenchyma and cuts across mid-ribs, petioles, stems, nodes and roots, occurring in similar locations except that the number of layers of cells are not the same and vascular bundle is open type. The phytochemical study revealed that the following secondary metabolites are present: alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides while steroidal aglycones, not observed. This information here would assist for further delimitation of the species.

Inheritance of Indehiscent Capsule Character, Heritability and Genetic Advance Analyses in the Segregation Generations of Dehiscent x Indehiscent Capsules in Sesame

The investigation was made to estimate heritability and genetic advance and thus understand the genetic behavior of indehiscent capsule character in sesame with the field experiments during three consecutive years. Muganli-57 (♀) parent with dehiscent capsule was crossed with ACS 344 (♂), an introduction material, which had indehiscent capsule character. The results in the F1 generation indicated that dehiscent capsule character was dominant over indehiscent capsule. In F2, 3:1 segregation ratio was monitored and further confirmed in F3 showing indehiscent capsule character was controlled by a single recessive gene. Heritability was estimated by parent-offspring regression and the data were collected in F1, F2 and F3 generations derived from the cross between dehiscent and indehiscent capsule types. Heritability estimates in narrow sense for number of branches, number of capsules per plant, 1000 seed weight and seed yield were low in indehiscent capsule types of F2. Genetic advance had also low values except for number of branches (30.79%). Whilst low values obtained for indehiscent capsule, dehiscent capsule types in F2 indicated high heritability for the characters studied (70.52-92.84%). Stem height to the first capsule and plant height were of high heritabilities in both capsule types of F2 and F3. Although indehiscent capsule types had low means and heritabilities due to pleiotropic effects, mutant cross had heterotic effect on dehiscent types for all the characters. This positive shift could be explained by additive gene effect and this information presented in this investigation was therefore highly beneficial for the genetic improvement of sesame and reaching to high yielding types. This research also provides an example that bad parent may have a good progeny. C

SiO2 capsulized Cu active nanoparticles: synthesis and activity study

Cu active nanoparticles (Cu ANPs) were synthesized in weakly acidic solution to preserve their catalytic activity. SiO2 capsules were designed to insulate Cu ANPs from oxidation. The weak interaction between SiO2 capsules and Cu ANPs ensured that the designed nanoparticles had good anti-oxidation property and potentially high activity. The increased anti-oxidation property with thicker SiO2 capsules (Cus3 > Cus2 > Cus1) and the order of reactivity to oxygen (Cus1 = Cus2 > Cus3) showed that Cu ANPs with SiO2 capsules (Cus2) of appropriate thickness would be the best for application. By using the samples to construct non-enzymatic sensors, the detected activity toward electro-catalytic oxidation of glucose confirmed this conclusion. Dehiscence of SiO2 capsules recovered the activity of the Cu ANPs in the catalytic ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition process. With the addition of 1.5% of Cu ANPs, the high temperature decomposition of AP decreased by 184.2 °C.

Hedyotis xinyiensis(Rubiaceae), a New Species from China

A new species, Hedyotis xinyiensis X. Guo & R.J. Wang (Rubiaceae), from the west of the Guangdong province, China, is described and illustrated. It belongs to Hedyotis sect. Diplophragma due to its septicidal dehiscence of mature capsules. The morphological characters that distinguish it from the two similar species, H. consanguinea and H. matthewii, are listed in a table. The ultrastructure of pollen grains, seeds, and leaf epidermis was examined by SEM.

<I>Shuaria</I> (Gesneriaceae), an Arborescent New Genus from the Cordillera del Cóndor and Amazonian Ecuador

A new neotropical genus, Shuaria, with a single species, S. ecuadorica, is described from the Cordillera del Condor and Amazonian regions of southeastern Ecuador and is placed in the family Gesneriaceae, tribe Beslerieae. The placement of Shuaria in the tribe Beslerieae is strongly supported by molecular sequence data generated from analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), and the chloroplast DNA trnL intron, trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region. Sequence data were generated for 33 species representing most of the generic diversity from the tribes Beslerieae and Napeantheae. Shuaria is characterized by the following unique combination of relatively uncommon characters in the Gesneriaceae: arborescent habit; opposite leaf arrangement sometimes interrupted by alternate leaves; lepidote trichomes on vegetative and floral structures; small white flowers with a dorsal gibbosity at the base of the corolla tube; and a bivalved septicidally dehiscent capsule. The suite of uncommon characters initially made Shuaria difficult to place in the Gesneriaceae and within a known tribe. Shuaria is restricted to the Ecuadorian provinces of Pastaza, Morona-Santiago, and Zamora-Chinchipe in lowland Amazonian tropical wet forest and in lower montane cloud forest on the western slopes of the Cordillera del Condor. A key and a table are presented for differentiating Shuaria from other related genera.

キショウブ朔果の裂開時に存在する種皮亀裂が生じた種子の役割

キショウブ朔果の裂開時に存在する種皮亀裂が生じた種子の役割

The delimitation, infrageneric subdivision, ecology and distribution of BomareaMirbel (Alstroemeriaceae)

AbstractThe genus Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) was revised for the last time by Baker (1888). Since then the number of validly published names has increased from 75 to recently 280. A revision is urgently needed. Extended field studies in Peru (A. H.) revealed the experience to start this project. In the present paper the taxonomic history of the genus is described and the delimitation of Bomarea to the closely related genus Alstroemeria is analysed. Among the most important differences between the two genera are the fruit structure and the basic chromosome numbers, in Alstroemeria x = 8 and in Bomarea x = 9. The three known subgenera of Bomarea are redefined, mainly on ovary and fruit characters, and a fourth subgenus is added. The members of subgen. Bomarea s.str. (c. 100 species) have an inferior ovary and a dehiscent capsule, in subgen. Sphaerine (c. 15) the plants are always not twining, they have an inferior ovary and indehiscent and strikingly coloured fruits. In subgen. Wichuraea (c. 15) the ovary is semi‐inferior, and the fruit is a dehiscent capsule. In Baccata Hofreiter subgen. nov. (3) the plants are twining, the ovary is inferior and develops into an indehiscent fruit with a thick fleshy pericarp. A key to determine the subgenera is given in English and Spanish. For each subgenus the typical growth forms and their variability, habitat preferences and general distribution are discussed. Field studies in Peru revealed a high variability within the populations of Bomarea. Based on these experiences the systematic value of different characters is discussed. In general, the vegetative characters were found to be most variable, while selected generative characters are appropriate to characterise systematic groups. The greatest amount of character variability was found in subgen. Wichuraea, the most constant characters are found in subgen. Sphaerine.

Generic Delimitation between Alstroemeria and Bomarea(Alstroemeriaceae)

The taxonomic relationships between Alstroemeria and Bomarea, two closely related genera in Alstroemeriaceae, are controversial. With the aim of clarifying their systematic position and generic circumscription, morphological and anatomical studies were carried out on 18 species of Alstroemeria and 11 species of Bomarea. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy were used to study the morphology of mature seeds and pollen. Observations on the most distinctive characters are discussed and compared with other data available for Alstroemeriaceae. Morphology of subterranean organs, pollen exine, adaptive dehiscence of capsules, seed dispersal, seed coat and karyotype characteristics (such as basic chromosome number and symmetry) support the view that these genera are related but should have independent generic status. Results indicate that Alstroemeriaceae comprises three genera:Alstroemeria (including Schickendantzia and Taltalia), Bomarea andLeontochir .

Paedomorphic Sporophyte Development inBruchia flexuosa(Bruchiaceae)

Cleistocarpous mosses, those lacking a differentiated operculum and having the capsule dehisce irregularly, are generally thought to have evolved via reduction from stegocarpous ancestors. Bruchia (Bruchiaceae), a cleistocarpous genus of approximately 15 species, shares gametophytic similarities with the genus Trematodon, which has a functional annulus and dehiscent capsule. The sequence of cell divisions characterizing the sporophyte of Bruchia flexuosa shows that development is typically haplolepideous up to the stage in which the peristomial formula is 4:2:2. Whereas other haplolepideous species, including Trematodon longicollis, complete development with a 4:2:3 peristomial formula, the last set of anticlinal divisions in the Inner Peristomial Layer do not occur in B. flexuosa, which therefore appears to mature at what is an immature stage in related stegocarpous taxa. This pattern of development is consistent with an origin of the cleistocarpous capsules of Bruchia through paedomorphosis from a Trematodon-like (haplopideous) ancestor.

A Phylogenetic Analysis of Tribes Beslerieae and Napeantheae (Gesneriaceae) and Evolution of Fruit Types: Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood Analyses of ndhF Sequences

Abstract A cladistic analysis of tribes Beslerieae and Napeantheae revealed that both are monophyletic groups and that Napeantheae is sister to Beslerieae. These relationships are supported by parsimony and most models of maximum likelihood analysis, although with the F81 model, maximum likelihood places Napeantheae within Beslerieae making the latter tribe paraphyletic. All analyses indicate that within Beslerieae, Besleria and Gasteranthus are sister genera. In parsimony analysis these two genera are sister to the remainder of the tribe whereas in the maximum likelihood analyses, Cremosperma is sister to Besleria/Gasteranthus. Regardless of the analysis, there is a close relationship between clades comprised of dehiscent fleshy-fruited genera and those with indehiscent fleshy fruits. This is similar to Episcieae, implying that the transition from dry capsular fruits to berries may require a two-step process where a fleshy dehiscent capsule is the first stage followed by an indehiscent fleshy berry. The ...

Comparative morphology of Anodopetalum (Cunoniaceae)

The vegetative and floral morphology of the Tasmanian endemic Anodopetalum biglandulosum is re-examined and illustrated. A detailed study of herbarium and fresh material identified a number of characters that have, in the past, been misinterpreted. The subsidiary cell arrangement around the stomates is brachyparacytic, and not anomocytic; the petals are shown to be notched, and not entire; the fruit is a weakly lignified, septicidally dehiscent capsule, not a berry, and the pollen is dicolporate, not tricolporate as has been previously reported. The two- and three-flowered inflorescences and solitary flowers are interpreted as a reduced cyme, while the leaf is interpreted as a unifoliolate compound leaf. The vegetative and floral morphology in Anodopetalum is compared with the closely related genera Schizomeria, Platylophus and Ceratopetalum. Features including notched/fringed petals, dicolporate pollen with a discontinuous (heterogeneous) tectum and weakly heterogeneous wood rays provide support for interpreting Anodopetalum, Schizomeria, Platylophus and Ceratopetalum as a monophyletic group. Anodopetalum differs from these genera in its strongly dehiscent fruits and winged seeds.

Morphological and Anatomical Studies of Linaria species from South-west Spain: Fruits

A morphological and anatomical study of fruits of 24 taxa of Linaria Miller from south-west Spain has been made. Following examination of these species, by scanning electron and light microscopy, five morphological types are established relating to hair types, symmetry and dehiscence of capsules. A key to the different species or groups of species is provided. Finally, dehiscence mechanisms are discussed briefly.

Estudio de la variación en plantas de una colección de ricino

The castorbean oil is used in hundreds of industrial applications and the interest in this oilseed crop has increased in recent years due to the european research policy In this work, we studied the variability present in a germplasm collection of nine accessions grown at Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo Agroalimentario in Murcia. Significant differences were found in earliness, plant height, 1.000 seed weight, yield, spininess and dehiscence of capsules, colour and bloom of stems, seed mottling etc. Principal components and cluster analyses were used to study the variation and for genotype grouping. In this collection, several genes of agronomic interest are present: indehiscence, spineless capsules, dwarfism, earliness, bloominess, and other morphological variants together with genotypes of bigger seeds and high yield. On the other hand, castor has shown a good adaptation to be grown in spring with irrigation at southeast Spain.

Transoceanic dispersal in the amphiantarctic genusDiscaria: An evaluation

Abstract The hypothesis that the presence of Discaria in New Zealand can be attributed to the dispersal of a sea-borne fruit of an ancestral species is examined. It was shown by experiment that all capsules sank after 42 days in seawater, that proportionately more of those that sank early in the experiment had two or more hard seeds, that the germination percentage of seeds that float is considerably less (33%) than those that sink (100%), and that seeds which imbibed full salinity seawater showed a 60% reduction in germinability compared with controls. The nature of the fruit, a dry dehiscent capsule, the existence of a foramen in the inner fruit wall, and the preponderance of two or fewer seeded fruits also mitigate against possible hydrochory of the fruit and the subsequent establishment of an obligately outcrossing ancestor.

FRUITS AND SEEDS OF TRIBE GORDONIEAE (THEACEAE) FROM THE EOCENE OF NORTH AMERICA

A new genus and species Gordoniopsis polysperma and two new species of Gordonia (Gordonieae, Camellioideae, Theaceae) are described based on fossil fruit and seed remains. These specimens are part of a large flora consisting of various plant organs from the middle Eocene Claiborne Formation in western Kentucky and Tennessee. Gordoniopsis is a five‐valved loculicidally dehiscent capsule similar to capsules of Gordonia but differing in having unwinged seeds and a greater number of seeds per locule. The two Gordonia species are among the earliest unequivocal records of the genus and two of only four fossil Gordonia species known with in situ seeds. Two extinct genera, Gordoniopsis and Andrewsiocarpon, and the extant genus Gordonia in the tribe Gordonieae are known from the middle Eocene Claiborne flora, suggesting an early radiation within the tribe. Based on a survey of Recent fruits and seeds we concur with Keng's proposal to merge Laplacea with Gordonia.

Genotypic effects on pollen morphology in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

The morphology (shape, exine wall pattern, diameter, volume, surface area) of mature pollen grains from eight genotypes, four within each of two capsule types (dehiscent, indehiscent) was studied. The shape was a flattened sphere (oblate) with a P (polar axis diameter): E (equatorial axis diameter) ratio = 0.69. The exine wall pattern consisted of a series of furrows passing through the poles and intersecting the equatorial plane at right (90°) angles. In cross section, the furrows appeared to be associated with shallow U-shaped structures with the intine protruding between these structures. Over the eight genotypes, the diameter, volume, and surface area were 65 μm, 147300 μm3, and 13444 μm2, respectively. For all three related characters, highly significant differences between capsule type and genotypes within capsule type were obtained. For each character, the dehiscent capsule type mean was larger than the indehiscent capsule type mean with minimum overlap among the four genotype means within each capsule type. Possibly, the numerous and diverse pleiotropic effects associated with this simply-inherited recessive indehiscent capsule type character includes pollen dimensions.

Breeding systems of northeastern North American Spiranthes (Orchidaceae)

Breeding systems in northeastern North American Spiranthes orchids were studied to provide background information for taxonomic and evolutionary interpretations. Pollination experiments revealed that Spiranthes casei var. casei, S. cernua var. cernua, S. magnicamporum (southwestern Ontario), and S. ochroleuca (southern Nova Scotia) are agamospermic, while S. lacera var. lacera, S. lacera var. gracilis, S. laciniata, S. magnicamporum (Illinois), S. ochroleuca (Pennsylvania, New York), S. romanzoffiana, S. tuberosa, and S. vernalis are sexual. In the sexual taxa, cross-pollination is followed by earlier dehiscence of capsules, a higher percentage of ovaries with seeds, and a higher percentage of seed coats with well-developed embryos than either self-pollination or geitonogamous pollination. This may be explained by partial self-incompatibility involving restricted pollen-tube growth and (or) inbreeding depression. In Spiranthes romanzoffiana and races of S. ochroleuca requiring pollination for seed development, the two or three layers of cells comprising the inner integument degenerate after fertilization. Seed produced by species requiring pollination (i.e., produced sexually) is monoembryonic with the embryo located centrally. Examination of stained serial sections in successive developmental stages indicated that agamospermy in northeastern taxa of Spiranthes is by adventitious embryony, the embryos (one or more) being formed by proliferation of the micropylar inner integument beginning at the time of the first division of the megasporocyte. Direct anatomical evidence of adventitious embryony was obtained for S. casei var. casei, S. casei var. novaescotiae, S. cernua var. cernua, and S. magnicamporum (Ontario). Adventitious embryony in northeastern Spiranthes taxa is autonomous but not necessarily obligate and can be readily detected because of its association with polyembryonic seed, extruded embryos, free embryos, and ruptured embryo sacs. Three northeastern taxa are characterized by autonomous agamospermy throughout their areas of distribution, while another three are agamospermic only at their northeastern range limits. These six comprise a taxonomically complex group. In contrast, correlative seed morphology indicates that eight taxonomically distinctive northeastern taxa are uniformly sexual, some clearly favouring outbreeding. Adventitious embryony in northeastern North American Spiranthes is associated with glaciated territory, northeastern range limits, and more or less isolated bioclimatic zones.