Optimal Degree Research Articles

Changes in the agro-technique cultivation of barley as an adaptation to climate change.

Agricultural crops productivity depends on the optimum degree of genetic factors, climate, soil and the level of agro-technology. These factors are changing constantly. The study is focused in a multi-year analysis of the climatic indicators in the region of Korça, by analysing the impact of these changes on the performance of morphological, physiological and production indicators of barley cultivars. The experimental part of the study identified the most suitable barley cultivars and planting period in response to climate changes. The observed data for the time period 2018–2021, and their comparison with a 30-year range period 1961–1990, indicated an increase by 1.8°C of the average atmosphere temperature. During the years of the study, the annual average amount of precipitation has shown not significant changes, but is observed less rainy days with high intensity. The application of the integrated Bagnoulus & Gaussen method indicated that the drought period has increased. From the study it is concluded that climatic factors affect the development of plants not separately but integrated. The period with the greatest influence of ecological factors on the production of different genotypes of barley occurs in the months May – June, a period where the plant is in the ripening stage. The main factor identified, in terms of adaptation to climate change, is the planting of barley in October compared to March, applied in previous practices. Different barley genotypes manifest different degrees of response to climate changes.

Appropriate Use and Operationalization of Adherence to Digital Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety in Youth: Systematic Review.

Digital, self-guided cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions circumvent many barriers to in-person therapy for young people (aged 12-24 years), although adherence to these interventions is low. The absence or insufficient disclosure of recommendations or instructions for appropriate use may account for this. As such, many young people may not self-administer these interventions appropriately or receive the optimal degree of treatment. This systematic review aims to synthesize the literature on digital CBT for depression and anxiety in young people to describe how appropriate use has been defined and communicated to users as instructions for use, to describe how adherence has been measured, and to determine the associations between adherence and treatment outcomes. A systematic review was conducted with 2 reviewers (SHL and MRA) extracting data independently. Overall, 4 electronic databases (Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library) were searched in April 2021 for studies that met the following inclusion criteria: participants aged between 12 and 24 years, evaluated a digital CBT intervention targeting depression or anxiety, and reported instructions or recommendations for use or measures of adherence. Studies that evaluated non-CBT interventions or cognitive- or behavioral-only interventions were excluded. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Integrated Quality Criteria for the Review of Multiple Study Designs. There were 32 manuscripts that met the inclusion criteria, of which 28 (88%) were unique studies (N=16,578 youths). Definitions of appropriate use varied among the different interventions in terms of intended recipients, duration and frequency of use, and the features used to support engagement and adherence to appropriate use definitions. Reporting of appropriate use definitions in studies was inconsistent, with no study systematically describing components of appropriate use or providing information on how recommendations for use were relayed to users. Most often, definitions of appropriate use were derived from the study protocol and descriptions of intervention features. Adherence was mostly operationalized as the degree of intervention completion; however, reporting of adherence data was heterogeneous. There was little evidence of an association between degree of use and outcomes in the 9 studies that examined this. Definitions of appropriate use are unique to each digital CBT intervention. However, statements of appropriate use are not systematically reported in the literature. Furthermore, the extent to which recommendations for use are communicated to users is not routinely reported. Despite unique definitions of appropriate use, adherence was most often generically operationalized as the degree of intervention completion and was not consistently associated with outcomes. We proposed a framework to promote systematic reporting of definitions of appropriate use for digital interventions to provide guidance to users and to assist the development of appropriate and nuanced measures of adherence. PROSPERO CRD42020208668; https://tinyurl.com/4bu2yram.

Constructing reduced graphene oxide and polypyrrole coatings on glass fiber to enhance its absorbing performance

AbstractIn this work, a new route for improving the absorbing performance of glass fibers (GFs) composites by introducing the reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/polypyrrole (PPy)/RGO coatings through the self‐assembly method and then the in‐situ polymerization method was proposed. The corresponding microstructure and electromagnetic parameters were measured by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and vector network analyzer. The result indicated that the RGO/PPy/RGO coatings can adjust the absorbing performance of GFs composites by its synergistic effect, thus exhibiting optimum impedance matching degree and high conduction loss ability. The minimum reflection loss value of the synthesized RGO/PPy/RGO/GFs composite can reach −55.8 dB with the thickness of 4.3 mm, and the effective absorption bandwidths (≤−10 dB) covered the entire X‐band. This work proved that the RGO/PPy/RGO coatings can be used to adjust the radar absorbing performance of GFs composites.

Contemporary use trends and effect on survival of pelvic lymph node dissection for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

BackgroundPatients diagnosed with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) who are at a very high risk of disease progression and failure of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment are recommended to undergo immediate radical cystectomy (RC). The role and optimal degree of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) during RC for NMIBC patients, however, have not been well investigated.Patients and methodsThe Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify patients. Overall survival (OS) was assessed with the Kaplan–Meier technique. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was conducted to determine independent factors of OS.ResultsA total of 1,701 patients were identified in the SEER database from 2004 to 2015. Any level of PLND (>0 lymph nodes examined) was performed in 1,092 patients (64.2%). The median number of lymph nodes examined was 8 (interquartile range, 0–20) in T1, 0 (interquartile range, 0–11) in Ta, and 0 (interquartile range, 0–14) in Tia patients. Compared with non-PLND, any level of PLND improved OS in T1 but not in Ta or Tis patients. Compared to limited (1–9 lymph nodes examined) and non-PLND, extensive PLND (lymph nodes examined ≥10) resulted in better OS only in T1 patients (all p < 0.001, adjusted significance level = 0.017). PLND was identified as a independent protective factor for OS.ConclusionBased on the SEER database, we found that PLND during RC led to better OS and extensive PLND was associated with better OS in T1 but not in Ta or Tis patients. The implementation of PLND was insufficient both in population proportions and scope.

Research on the Cooperation of Emergency Response Subjects for the Shortage of Urban Natural Gas Energy

This paper deals with the urgent problem of urban natural gas shortage. In order to improve emergency efficiency, enhance emergency efforts, and reduce urban disaster losses, the differential game theory is firstly applied for constructing a tripartite dynamic game model. Then, based on the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation, the optimal effort degree, natural gas energy shortage, and maximum urban loss are obtained in three cases, i.e., spontaneous governance mode, superior dominant mode, and cooperative mode. The results show that the effort of provincial government, local government, and natural gas emergency enterprise is positively related to the emergency shadow, the impact of effort and natural gas energy attenuation coefficient of provincial government, local government, and enterprise, but it is negatively related to the emergency cost coefficient and the discount rate. From the perspective of emergency shortage and total urban loss, the government-enterprise cooperation mode turns out to be the best emergency mode, while the spontaneous governance mode remains the worst. At the same time, the government implements subsidies and incentives for nongovernmental organizations involved in emergency response, which is more conducive to the emergency of natural gas shortage in heavily suffering cities.

Modeling and optimization of concurrent execution process of coupled design-construction tasks under design-build mode

Concurrent execution of design and construction tasks is an important way to realize the integration of them in design-build (DB) mode, but it may bring about period risk due to multiple rework and frequent information transfer in local scope. To solve this problem, this study constructs a concurrent execution strategy model from the perspective of quantitative analysis with the decision goal of minimizing the total execution duration. The results show that: first, when the probability of information change between design and construction tasks decreases gradually, the optimal overlap degree increases and the optimal parallelism decreases. Second, learning effect can effectively shorten the minimum duration corresponding to the optimal overlap degree under any degree of parallelism. Thirdly, with the decrease of the probability of information change between design and construction tasks and the strengthening of learning effect, the shortening rate of the actual execution duration corresponding to the optimal parallelism will be gradually greater than the increasing rate of the actual execution duration. The findings of the study provide suggestions for exploring the mechanism of concurrent execution in DB mode, and also provide countermeasures for better realization of integration of design and construction in DB mode.

Optimization of the pressure drop produced during CO2 replacement in hydrate reservoirs: Balance between gas removal and preservation of structures

The replacement of methane molecules with a theoretical equal number of CO2 molecules, is one of the most promising opportunities for the exploitation of natural gas hydrate reservoirs. In this work, the effect of depressurization on CH4 hydrates was analysed in depth. Different pressure drops, from 5 to 15 bar were tested and described in terms of free gas removed (desired event) and hydrates destroyed (undesired event) before the injection of carbon dioxide. A few pronounced pressure drop might be not enough to ensure an effective replacement, while an excessive one might be not sustainable due to the high quantity of hydrates destroyed before the process. In this work, variation of hydrates and free gas was evaluated before and after depressurization; it was then compared and employed to define an optimum range of pressure drop to optimize the process. It was proved that the quantity of hydrates destroyed increases with the pressure drop imposed, while the removal of free gas shows a maximum. When depressurization was close to 10 bar, only 18.57% of hydrates dissociated, while the quantity of free gas removed was three times higher (59.27%). Finally, the CO2/CH4 replacement process was carried out with the optimal depressurization degree previously defined.

Dancing With Crisis: CEO’s Perception, Financial Alignment, and Strategic Change

Although executives’ psychological attributes have been extensively studied in the strategy literature, we lack insights into the role of CEOs’ perception towards firms' prospects under specific crises and their impact in this field. This study investigates how such CEOs’ perceptions influence firm strategic change by linking and extending the upper echelons theory and the behavioral agency model. We also examine the moderating role of CEOs’ financial alignment with shareholders. By using S&P 100 firms in 2020, which is the year when an unanticipated pandemic crisis outbreaks, this study finds that CEOs with a higher degree of optimism will not implement more strategic changes. Besides, our empirical evidence confirms that incentive alignment that works well in normal times does not necessarily guarantee its function in times of external crisis, indicating that a higher financial alignment will not motivate CEOs to implement more strategic changes.

Graphitization of alumina as a way to stabilize its textural characteristics under hydrothermal conditions

Gamma alumina is a widely used support for catalysts of various processes. However, in the case of aqueous-phase processes, hydrothermal conditions result in transformation of γ-Al 2 O 3 to boehmite, which is accompanied by degradation of the porous structure and leads to rapid catalyst deactivation. Here, we demonstrate a simple approach to stabilize the textural characteristics of γ-Al 2 O 3 under hydrothermal conditions, based on preliminary graphitization of its surface by chemical vapor deposition of ethylene. Different duration (5–240 min) revealed the optimal degree of alumina surface coverage with carbon, ensuring the preservation of its textural characteristics from collapse during hydrothermal treatment (HTT) at 200 °C. Materials characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen physisorption, and Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that initial γ-Al 2 O 3 during HTT transforms into boehmite with a dramatic decrease in the surface area from 217 to 42 m 2 /g. Whereas the preliminary graphitization of its surface maintains high surface area of the material after HTT, which is achieved by forming a C@boehmite composite (294 m 2 /g). The presented approach makes it possible to modify the surface of alumina supports with a layer of graphite-like carbon and can be used to improve or maintain the catalysts activity. • C@Al 2 O 3 samples were obtained by ethylene CVD for 5–240 min. • Graphitization degree of Al 2 O 3 surface varied from 6 to 100%. • Nanocrystalline graphite with graphene fragment size less than 5 nm is formed in C@Al 2 O 3 . • Monolayer carbon coating prevents Al 2 O 3 texture collapse in hydrothermal conditions. • Mesoporous C@boehmite composite with high surface is formed by hydrothermal treatment of C@Al 2 O 3 .

The effectiveness of counseling using videos with demonstrations of dental brushing on improving dental health knowledge of students of SDN 3 Sila in the region remote, disadvantaged by borders and islands (DTPK)

Background: Dental caries is still one of the maximums not unusualplace preventable persistent illnesses in children. Likewise, children at SDN 3 SILA in the Remote, Disadvantaged, Border and Archipelago (DTPK) areas also have the same right to obtain optimal degrees of oral health. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of counseling using videos accompanied by demonstrations of brushing teeth to increase dental health knowledge of students at SDN 3 Sila in the DTPK area, Bima Regency, NTB, Indonesia. Material and Methods: This form of studies makes use of a quantitative descriptive approach with a cross sectional approach. The college students who had been sampled on this examine had been magnificence V college students with a complete of 24 people. Education is carried out using a learning approach using educational videos and after that a demonstration of brushing teeth is carried out. Evaluation will be carried out using a pretest and post-test design. analysis test used paired sample t-test with 95% confidence level and processed using IBM SPSS 21. Results: statistical test paired sample t-test before and after being given counseling showed an increase in students' knowledge and skills (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: providing counseling using video media accompanied by a demonstration of brushing teeth can increase students' knowledge so that it can be an effort to improve dental and oral hygiene for elementary school students who live in remote, remote, and island areas (DTPK).

Spatial–Temporal Relationship Study between NWP PWV and Precipitation: A Case Study of ‘July 20’ Heavy Rainstorm in Zhengzhou

In order to study and forecast extreme weather, a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the spatial and temporal relationship between Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV), predicted by Numerical Weather Predication (NWP) data, and precipitation, is necessary. The goal of this paper was to study the temporal and spatial relationship between PWV and precipitation during the so-called ‘July 20’ (18–21 July 2021) heavy rainstorm in Zhengzhou. Firstly, the PWV data provided by 120 radiosonde stations uniformly distributed throughout the world, and two IGS stations in China, in 2020, was used to evaluate the accuracy of PWV estimation by ERA5 and MERRA-2 data, and the factors affecting the accuracy of NWP PWV were explored. Secondly, ERA5 PWV and the precipitation data of six meteorological stations were used to qualitatively analyze the relationship between PWV and precipitation during the ‘July 20’ heavy rainstorm in Zhengzhou. Finally, a quantitative study was conducted by an eigenvalue matching method. The main experimental results were as follows. Compared with MERRA-2 PWV, the accuracy of ERA5 PWV was slightly higher. Latitude, altitude and season were the influencing factors of the NWP PWV estimation accuracy. The change trend of ERA5 PWV was consistent with both 24 h cumulative precipitation and surface precipitation during the ‘July 20’ heavy rainstorm in Zhengzhou. The average optimal matching degree and optimal matching time between NWP PWV and surface precipitation during the ‘July 20’ heavy rainstorm in Zhengzhou was 56.6% and 3.68 h, respectively. The maximum optimal matching degree was 80.3%. The spatial–temporal relationship between NWP PWV and surface precipitation was strong.

Penyuluhan dan Praktek Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat di SD Islam Cokroaminoto 1

Clean and healthy living behavior in the school environment is a set of behaviors practiced by students, teachers, and the school community as a result of learning. Problems that arise in elementary schools show that students do not practice PHBS such as rarely washing their hands with running water and soap, Disposing of garbage in its place, Doing physical activity every day so that there are several cases of diseases such as diarrhea, intestinal worms, typhoid, and ulcers. . The method used in this community service is community development, the results of the PKM Activities with Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) for school children carried out at SD Islam Cokroaminoto 1 run smoothly. All students enthusiastically participated in this activity so that this PKM activity has been able to increase students' awareness and knowledge so that they can practice Clean and Healthy Living behavior in their daily lives, and it is hoped that in the future the knowledge they have gained can be applied continuously in their family life so that all can be healthy and create optimal health degrees.

A Mathematical Modeling Approach of Target Damage Strategy on the Intersection Confrontation

The efficiency of target damage is to measure the effect of projectile attacks. Because there is antagonism at the intersection of projectiles and targets, it is very difficult to establish scientific damage assessment strategy model and a numerical calculation method. To scientifically evaluate the target damage effect when the projectile attacks the aircraft target, this paper introduces a game confrontation mechanism and proposes a numerical calculation method of aircraft target damage game strategy under the intersection confrontation. According to the theory of two-person non-cooperative games, the projectile is regarded as one of the players in the confrontation damage game, and the aircraft target is regarded as the other player. The damage gain model and gain function of the intersection confrontation of both sides are established. The effective expectation function and the minimum and maximum theorem are used to obtain the optimal Nash equilibrium solution of the game matrix strategy, and the Nash equilibrium point of the strategy space set is derived. Through calculation and comparative analysis, the results show that the optimal gain degree composed of the damage strategy selected by both the projectile and aircraft target under the Nash equilibrium solution brings the greatest gain. The proposed hybrid game strategy of damage assessment can be an effective reference for air combat decision making in the state of intersection confrontation.

PSO Algorithm-Based Design of Intelligent Education Personalization System.

The application of artificial intelligence in the field of education is becoming more and more extensive and in-depth. The intelligent education system can not only solve the limitations of location, time, and resources in the traditional learning field but it can also provide learners with a convenient, real-time, and interactive learning environment and has become one of the important applications in the Internet field. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a swarm intelligence-enabled stochastic optimization scheme. It is derived from a model of bird population foraging behavior. Because of its benefits of ease of implementation, high accuracy, and quick convergence, this algorithm has gained the attention of academics, and it has demonstrated its supremacy in addressing real issues. This paper aims to study the optimization of PSO in the field of computational intelligence, improve the matching degree of learning resource recommendation and learning path optimization, and improve the learning efficiency of online learners. This paper suggests intelligent education as the center, takes the PSO algorithm as the main research object, and expounds the related concepts of intelligent education and PSO algorithm. It uses swarm intelligence algorithms for intelligent education personalized services. He focuses on PSO algorithm and its work in intelligent education recommendation and learning path planning. Experiments show that the average value of the difference between the two obtained by the NBPSO algorithm is 1.13E + 02 and the variance 1.88E + 02 is the smallest. Therefore, PSO aids in improving the quality and consistency of online course resource development. In conclusion, the research results of this paper further demonstrate the advantages of PSO algorithm in solving the problem of personalized service in intelligent education. It can promote the in-depth application of swarm intelligence optimization algorithms in intelligent online learning systems. This effectively enhances the intelligent service level of the online learning system and increases the efficiency of online learning.

Middle- and Long-Term UT1-UTC Prediction Based on Constrained Polynomial Curve Fitting, Weighted Least Squares and Autoregressive Combination Model

Universal time (UT1-UTC) is a key component of Earth orientation parameters (EOP), which is important for the study of monitoring the changes in the Earth’s rotation rate, climatic variation, and the characteristics of the Earth. Many existing UT1-UTC prediction models are based on the combination of least squares (LS) and stochastic models such as the Autoregressive (AR) model. However, due to the complex periodic characteristics in the UT1-UTC series, LS fitting produces large residuals and edge distortion, affecting extrapolation accuracy and thus prediction accuracy. In this study, we propose a combined prediction model based on polynomial curve fitting (PCF), weighted least squares (WLS), and AR, namely, the PCF+WLS+AR model. The PCF algorithm is used to obtain accurate extrapolation values, and then the residuals of PCF are predicted by the WLS+AR model. To obtain more accurate extrapolation results, annual and interval constraints are introduced in this work to determine the optimal degree of PCF. Finally, the multiple sets prediction experiments based on the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) EOP 14C04 series are carried out. The comparison results indicate that the constrained PCF+WLS+AR model can efficiently and precisely predict the UT1-UTC in the mid and long term. Compared to Bulletin A, the proposed model can improve accuracy by up to 33.2% in mid- and long-term UT1-UTC prediction.

Theoretical and experimental evaluation of water injection difficulty based on coal structure characteristics

In order to solve the problem of lack of accurate judgment criteria for coal seam water injection difficulty, in this study, the seepage model is coupled with the mathematical evaluation method by using the Morris screening method and the set pair theory, the relationship between the optimal criterion connection degree and each main control factor is established through the multiple linear regression analysis method, and the evaluation index system of water injection difficulty is developed. Furthermore, the relationships between the evaluation index P and each main controlling factor are explored, and the validity of the evaluation index system is verified by comparing with the corresponding experimental results. Through analysis and discussion, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Coal seams are classified into four categories according their capacity of water injection, i.e., non-water-injectable coal seam for the evaluation index value P ∈ [0, 0.25), difficult water-injection coal seam for [0.25, 0.5), relatively easy water-injection coal seam for [0.5, 0.75), and easy water-injection coal seam for [0.75, 1]. (2) At different parameter values, with the increase of the firmness coefficient, tortuosity fractal dimension, and volume fractal dimension, there are 6, 1, and 1 turning points where the water injection interval changes. The evaluation index value increases with the increase of the effective porosity, and it is stable in the difficult water-injection interval or the easy water-injection interval. (3) Coal Sample X1 and X2 belong to relatively easy water-injection coal seams, and Coal Sample X3, X4, and X5 belong to difficult water-injection coal seams. The five coal samples in the order of water injection difficulty from low to high are: X2 > X1 > X5 > X4 > X3. These findings have theoretical guiding significance for coal mine water injection engineering.

The Concentration-after-Personalisation Index (CAPI): Governing effects of personalisation using the example of targeted online advertising

Firms are increasingly personalising their offers and services, leading to an ever finer-grained segmentation of consumers online. Targeted online advertising and online price discrimination are salient examples of this development. While personalisation's overall effects on consumer welfare are expectably ambiguous, it can lead to concentration in the distribution of advertising and commercial offers. Constellations are possible in which a market is generally open to competition, but the targeted consumer is only made aware of one possible seller. For the consumer, such a market could effectively resemble a monopoly. We call such extreme cases ‘targeting pockets’. Competition-law metrics such as the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and traditional means of public oversight of adverts would not detect this concentration. We, therefore, suggest a novel metric, the Concentration-after-Personalisation Index (CAPI). The CAPI treats every consumer as a separate ‘market’, computes a measure of concentration for personalised adverts and offers for each individual consumer separately, and then averages the result to measure the exposure experienced by an average consumer. We demonstrate how the CAPI can serve as a monitoring tool for regulators and auditors and thus help to enforce existing consumer law as well as proposed new regulations such as the European Union's Digital Services Act and its Artificial Intelligence Act. We further show how adding noise via randomly distributed non-personalised adverts can dilute the potential harm of overly concentrated personalisation. We demonstrate how the CAPI can identify the optimal degree of added noise, balancing the protection of consumer choice with the economic interests of advertisers.

Comparative analysis of selected programming frameworks of Java-based web applications

This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of Spring (with Spring Boot configuration), Micronaut and Quarkus programming frameworks. The recently observed increase in popularity of these solutions made it necessary to determine their application profile. In order to determine the characteristics of the researched technologies, a series of performance and optimization tests of applications built on the basis of the above-mentioned programming frameworks were carried out. The results of the analyzes showed that thanks to the high degree of optimization, the Micronaut and Quarkus skeletons are perfectly adapted to work in cloud environments, while Spring (Boot) framework, despite its lower efficiency, is an irreplacible solution in complex projects.

Gambaran Pengetahuan Lansia Tentang Pencegahan Hipertensi Di Posyandu Lansia Kelurahan Bangsal Kecamatan Pesantren Kota Kediri

Introduction, Indonesia is a country that has a large area with a very large population. This is a challenge in itself for the achievement of the goals of welfare development through healthy Indonesia 2013, namely to increase awareness, willingness and ability to live healthy for everyone in order to realize an optimal degree of public health through the creation of an Indonesian society, nation and state which is characterized by its population living in a natural environment. and with optimal health behavior. The purpose of the study was to obtain a general description of the level of knowledge of the elderly about hypertension prevention at the Elderly Posyandu, Kelurahan Bangsal, Pesantren sub-district, Kediri City. In this case, the researcher only wants to know things related to the state of something. This study uses a descriptive research design that will measure/assess the knowledge of the elderly about hypertension prevention. The results, obtained an overview of the knowledge of the elderly about hypertension prevention in the posyandu for the elderly in the Bangsal sub-district of the pesantren of Kediri City with good knowledge of 17 people (31.5%), sufficient knowledge of 33 people (84%), less knowledge 4 people (7.4% ). The conclusion of this study is that most of the respondents have sufficient knowledge of 84%. It is hoped that this research will pay attention to the development of information, especially regarding knowledge of its relationship to hypertension. The Posandu for the elderly and the Puskesmas are to improve the ability of health workers to provide counseling or health education about the knowledge and attitudes of the elderly about preventing hypertension.

INVESTIGATING INDONESIAN EFL TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THEIR SELF-EFFICACY

To fully arm Indonesian EFL educationalists with a higher degree of professionalism, tenacity, and optimism in confronting ever-changing ELT landscapes, self-efficacy is one of the pivotal psychological streams that should be strong-inherited within them before plunging into real-time language learning contexts. This present study attempted to investigate the specific perceptions upholding by Indonesian EFL teachers toward their self-efficacy growth amid varied language learning dynamics they constantly endure. This study was run in the fashion of qualitative method to obtain more comprehensive data out of the particular phenomenon experienced by research participants. To fulfill this major research objectivity, the researcher capitalized on 5 open-ended written narrative inquiries to gain some renewable insights from the invited research participants. 2 Indonesian EFL teachers possessing a distinctive length of teaching experiences were invited to take part in answering the aforesaid 5 open-ended written narrative inquiry questions through WhatsApp application. More specifically, these 2 invited Indonesian EFL teachers enrolling in the English Education Master Program of Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta. The obtained research results uncovered that the robust establishment of self-efficacy was strongly affected by varied external factors such as a higher degree of learners’ learning endeavor and intensive professional development training addressed by educational institutions, which in turn transforming them into more professional educators. As a suggestive point, all educational parties in this archipelago were strongly advocated to design continual professional development programs heeding more profound attention in corroborating our EFL teachers’ self-efficacy levels for the advancement of ELT venture thoroughly.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: EFL teachers’ perceptions, self-efficacy, narrative inquiry