Degree Of Inadequacy Research Articles

Legal Regulation of “Skinning” Games

The development of video games has formed a complex and diversified huge system. It is precisely because of the variety of modern video games and abundant layers, "skinning" games and other infringement problems are endless. What kind of electronic games are worth protecting, and which part of them need to be protected, is the problem of today's legislation and justice. Judicial practice is basically through the copyright law or anti-unfair competition law to regulate the infringement of electronic games, but both have different degrees of inadequacy. If the development of "skinning" games is allowed to continue, the excellent but small-scale and medium-sized game developers will be driven out of the game market, and the future of electronic games will not go too far. Therefore, it is essential to strengthen intellectual property protection and improve the level of innovation by setting up a special category of protection through the Copyright Law and leading the development of the video game industry by judicial means.

Viability, Government Support and the Service Function of Farmer Professional Cooperatives—Evidence from 487 Cooperatives in 13 Cities in Heilongjiang, China

As the main body that unites farmers internally and connects with markets externally, professional farmer cooperatives are playing an increasingly important role around the world. In order to investigate the significant factors influencing this subject in agricultural socialization services, 487 cooperatives in Heilongjiang Province were selected for investigation. The field survey found that many of the better-developed cooperatives have a certain degree of inadequacy in the performance of their service functions. This paper proposes that viability and government support are important factors influencing the realization of the service function of farmer professional cooperatives. Based on the empirical analysis of sample survey data and econometric models, it was demonstrated that the experience of the chairman, the number of board members, the distribution of members, the scale of land operation, profitability, and the institutional arrangement of the cooperatives are an important embodiment of the viability of the cooperatives. These factors significantly influence the service function of cooperatives in different sections, including pre-production, mid-production, and post-production. Moreover, obtaining external support from the government is necessary for cooperatives at their primary stage of development, especially regarding relevant training, which can facilitate the realization of the service functions of cooperatives in all aspects.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among patients with diabetes mellitus and hyperuricemia toward disease self-management.

This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) among patients with diabetes mellitus and hyperuricemia toward disease self-management. This web-based cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2023 and January 2024 at Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital. A self-designed questionnaire was developed to collect demographic information of patients with diabetes mellitus and hyperuricemia, and assess their knowledge, attitudes and practices toward disease self-management. A total of 482 participants were enrolled in this study, among them, 364 (75.52%) were male, 235 (48.76%) were aged between 40 and 59 years, 226 (46.89%) had a body mass index (BMI) ranging from 24 to 28 kg/m2, 337 (69.92%) had received a diagnosis of diabetes for a duration of 2 years or more, while 245 (50.83%) had been diagnosed with hyperuricemia for a similar duration. Their median (range) knowledge, attitude and practice scores were 10.00 (9.00, 11.00) (possible range: 0-12), 38.00 (36.00, 40.00) (possible range: 9-45), and 30.00 (26.00, 34.75) (possible range: 10-50), respectively. The path analysis demonstrated that knowledge had direct effects on attitude (β = 0.508, p < 0.001), and attitude had direct effects on practice (β = 0.448, p < 0.001). Additionally, there was an indirect effect of knowledge on practice mediated through attitude, with a path coefficient of 0.228 (p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that patients with diabetes mellitus and hyperuricemia exhibit relatively proficient responses to certain items within the KAP dimensions. However, it also exposes a certain degree of inadequacy in the KAP level toward disease management. Interventions should focus on improving patients' understanding of their conditions while fostering positive attitudes, ultimately translating into better self-management practices.

Eating Behavior (Duration, Content, and Timing) Among Workers Living under Different Levels of Urbanization.

Urbanization has contributed to extended wakefulness, which may in turn be associated with eating over a longer period. Here, we present a field study conducted in four groups with different work hours and places of living in order to investigate eating behavior (duration, content, and timing). Anthropometric measures were taken from the participants (rural (n = 22); town (n = 19); city-day workers (n = 11); city-night workers (n = 14)). In addition, a sociodemographic questionnaire was self-answered and 24-h food recalls were applied for three days. The 24-h food recalls revealed that fat intake varied according to the groups, with the highest consumption by the city-day workers. By contrast, city-day workers had the lowest intake of carbohydrate, whereas the rural group had the highest. In general, all groups had some degree of inadequacy in food consumption. Eating duration was negatively correlated with total energy intake, fat, and protein consumption in the rural and town groups. There was a positive correlation between body mass index and eating duration in both city groups. The rural group had the earliest start time of eating, and this was associated with a lower body mass index. This study suggested that food content and timing, as well as eating duration, differed according to place of living, which in turn may be linked to lifestyle.

Terapêutica crónica em idosos numa Unidade de Saúde Familiar: análise da polimedicação e medicação potencialmente inapropriada

Introduction: The improvement of health care and socioeconomic conditions have contributed to an increased longevity of the population, which is associated with a higher prevalence of chronic diseases. This population often needs treatment by means of polypharmacy, which increases the risk of iatrogenic diseases. In elderly, drug interactions (DI) and exposure to the use of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) can result in deleterious consequences for their health. Objectives: This study aimed to better understand the use of chronic therapy by elderly aged 75 years old and over, registered at a Family Health Unit in Braga, Portugal. Specifically, we aimed to determine the frequency of polypharmacy and use of potentially inappropriate medication, and to identify predisposing factors associated to these problems. Results: Amongst the 86 patients studied, 96.5% were chronic users of at least one medication. Twenty-four percent used 2-4 medications and 74.4% used five or more medications. In 37.7% of the patients, use of PIM was identified according to Beers criteria, with 90.7% of these cases exhibiting a ‘high’ degree of inadequacy. There was a statistical significant association between the number of medications used and PIM. These two variables were also statistically associated with ‘self-perception of health’, with ‘who prepares the medication’ and with ‘knowledge of the purpose of medication’. Discussion/Conclusion: Polypharmacy and PIM are extremely frequent amongst elderly aged 75 years or over, in the population studied. From the data obtained, the authors sought to have an understanding of the socioeconomic context associated with an increased risk, to help to inform a clinical strategy to reduce the risks of iatrogeny.

Adecuación del tratamiento de la osteoporosis en prevención primaria. Estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo

ObjectiveQuantitative study: To assess the prevalence of inadequacy of treatment for osteoporosis in primary prevention (OPP) in women aged 60-74years. Qualitative study: To evaluate the diagnostic and treatment criteria of the OPP and it's variability in primary care physicians (PC) and specialists. Material and methodsQuantitative study: observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study. Population: women aged 60-74years with active treatment for OPP (n=424) in May 2012. Inadequacy if they had ≤2 risk factors with a DXA or DXA T-score ≥−2.4. Qualitative study: Delphi technique (15items) and two rounds of consultation. Period: March-April 2014. Population: PC physicians, rheumatologists and orthopaedic surgeons (n=251). Random sampling. ResultsQuantitative study: degree of inadequacy is 63.4%. In 43.2% isn’t mention a diagnosis of osteoporosis. In 82.3% there isn’t mention of risk factors. Treatment: bisphosphonate 40.3% and calcium +vitaminD 47.9%. Qualitative study: 23% respond to the first round, and of these 67% the second round. Items with higher agreement were the important of the evaluation of risk factors for diagnosis and bisphosphonates for treatment. Items with fewer consensuses were using the FRAX and densitometry and treatment with only calcium +vitaminD. ConclusionsThe percentage of inadequacy is high. The degree of registration in medical history is low. The Delphi method is useful for detecting discrepancies between recommendations of clinical practice guidelines and results.

Implementation of expert systems to support the functional evaluation of stand-to-sit activity.

BackgroundFunctional evaluation of sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit activities is often used by physiotherapists in patients with neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. The observation of the way these activities are executed is essential in identifying kinesiological problems. There are different methodologies used to describe the stand-to-sit activity and its evaluation is not yet standardized, which makes the practical application of resources on clinical observation difficult. The objective of this study is to automate the decision making process of an evaluation protocol, developed in previous study, and facilitate its utilization by professionals in the area.MethodsA decision-making system has been implemented through a computational tool, more specifically an Expert System that due its inherent characteristics emulates the decision-making process of a human expert in the domain area. A Shell called Expert Sinta was used to develop two knowledge bases, i.e. two expert systems, one for the anterior view and another for the lateral view of stand-to-sit activity. Variables, values, associated rules and confidence factors, objectives, and additional information questions were defined by the expert of domain and once implemented each expert system generates a number of questions to its user. These questions serve as a guide to physiotherapists and support the standardization of the activity evaluation. The developed systems were evaluated by physiotherapists through the application of a questionnaire that evaluates the knowledge base and the usability of the system. The physiotherapists’ answers were then evaluated through statistical estimation and percentage analysis.ResultsWhen asked about the systems’ “utility for clinical practice of the physiotherapist”, 67% of evaluators answered positively. An interesting finding was that most physiotherapists (i.e. 92%) considered that the systems are suitable for educational purposes, which was not the main objective of this study.ConclusionsThe developed expert systems can support the physiotherapist in evaluating stand-to-sit activity through a conclusion suggestion about the “level of inadequacy” for the “degree of inadequacy” searched during its execution. Results of experts’ evaluation analyzed through statistical methods indicate that the automation of protocols contributed to the standardization of the evaluation of stand-to-sit activity and that it has application for teaching purposes.

The Formation of Forgiveness in Piers Plowman

This essay shows that the C-text of William Langland's Piers Plowman articulates difficulties with the process of learning to forgive, a process that for medieval Christians requires mutuality and participation in the sacrament of penance. Tracing the terms forgeue and forgeueness through the poem, the essay draws out examples of medieval agents participating in the craft of forgiveness with varying degrees of inadequacy when compared with Jesus Christ, the embodiment of forgiveness. It focuses on two versions of community in the poem: the political model of forgiveness in the Mede sequence and the community of sacramental practice that emerges later. Learning to distinguish among the renderings of forgiveness, from advocating it to seeking it to embodying it, is central to the process of this experiential poem, because it demands the recognition and naming of the debilitating effects of sin.

Intraoral pressure, nasal pressure and airflow rate in cleft palate speech.

We have suggested that compensatory behaviors associated with cleft palate may be strategies developed for the purpose of satisfying the requirements of a speech regulating system. The purpose of the present study was to test this hypothesis in subjects demonstrating various degrees of velopharyngeal inadequancy. The pressure-flow technique was used to assess aerodynamic responses to a loss of velar resistance in 74 subjects compared to a control group of 137 subjects with adequate velopharyngeal closure. The results of this study demonstrate that as degree of inadequacy increased, airflow rate also increased. Although intraoral pressure fell as inadequacy increased, many subjects were able to maintain pressures above 3.0 cm H2O by increasing airflow rate. Nasal pressure increased in proportion to the decrease in intraoral pressure while combined nasal plus oral pressure remained constant across groups. These findings suggest that a loss of resistance at the velar port is compensated by an increase in resistance at the nasal port. Airflow rate appears to be adjusted to total upper airway resistance. These findings support our contention that the speech system is constrained to meet aerodynamic requirements.

Approximative truth of fact-statements, laws, and theories

The paper is a sketch of a conception of approximative truth (or verisimilitude). The concepts of relative error, and degree of inadequacy are introduced. By means of them the concept of truth-content of quantitative facts-statements, laws and theories is defined. Laws and theories accepted in science have a high truth-content, i.e. they are approximately true.

Resources on International Affairs in London Libraries

LT HIS paper is written in the belief that special libraries are created, maintained, and improved by the constant collaboration of their users and their librarians. It is addressed to research-workers rather than to librarians, and to the readers of this Journal in particular because the Royal Institute of International Affairs, the leading specialist research centre for international affairs in the United Kingdom, is a particularly fertile ground for such collaboration. The national public library service aims, and to a great extent succeeds, at providing for any student anywhere by means of the system of interlibrary loans any book, pamphlet, document, or periodical, both for reference and where necessary for home-reading, for which he asks. But the specialist requires the principal sources and material for his studies to be gathered together in one place and arranged for his use so that, to quote Arnold Toynbee, he can get a synoptic view of his subject and enjoy the added value which material acquires when organized in a particular context with other relevant items. This accounts for the establishment of special libraries. No attempt is made here either to list a large number of libraries and describe their stock, or to make union lists of the holdings of libraries. Both these activities are adequately performed elsewhere. My purpose is to identify myself with the researcher in current international affairs, to choose some typical categories of material which he will need, and to test and evaluate the relevant libraries from his point of view. Finally I hope to indicate some of the difficulties which he may encounter, in the hope that by co-operative planning improvement may be achieved. If the required material is satisfactorily located in a few relevant libraries no account will be taken of the fact that it may also be available elsewhere. Indeed whenever it is found that the specialist needs to use more than two or three libraries this will be held to indicate a degree of inadequacy. Before concentrating on the relevant special libraries something must be said about subject specialization within the public library system. This is a fairly recent development dating officially from i April I948 when the Metropolitan Public Libraries Special Collections came into being.' In this scheme it was agreed among other things that the twenty-eight

The use of cereal-thickened formulas topromote maternal nursing

W HEN complemental bottle feedings are given in conjunction with maternal nursing to compensate for deficits in the supply of mother's milk, infants soon acquire an increasing willingness to take the bottle at the expense of a corresponding decline in the vigor with which they nurse the breast. The resultant continued incomplete drainage of the gland progressively diminishes its production of milk, and i t is owing chiefly to these interrelated factors that complemental bottle feedings favor the early discontinuance of maternal nursing. The consumption of semisolid food in amounts sufficient to compensate for various degrees of inadequacy in the suppty of mother's milk usually does not appreciably diminish the vigor with which infants nurse the breast. Consequently, the use of appropriate semisolid foods to the exclusion of complemental bottle feedings has the distinct advantage of favoring the continuance of maternal nursing. Owing to my desire to encourage breast feeding, I have exploited, throughout a period of years, this special superiority of suitable foods of moderately thick consistency over liquid milk mixtures. This report presents observations on a selected group of fifty-one infants (twenty-three males and twenty-eight females) whose records exemplify my general experience with this special method of feeding. Each of these infants nursed throughout a period of eight months but consistently failed to obtain mother's milk in adequate quantities. Instead of complemental bottle feedings, these babies received a moderately thick preparation composed of farina or oatmeal cooked in equal parts of whole cow's milk and water with 5 per cent cane sugar and a pinch of table salt added to the mixture. This complemental feeding was started routinely on the third day of life, and it was given by spoon in amounts that were varied in accordance with individual desire and need for additional food. As customarily occurs during initial spoon feedings, these .young infants used the tongue-to push the semisolid mixture forward out of the mouth, but in a comparatively few days this reflex was replaced by a more mature act of swallowing. After this adjustment was made the babies soon displayed a distinct preference for rapid rather than for slow spoon feeding. The policy 'of starting this method of feeding the third day of life had the advantage of acquainting the infants and their mothers with the procedure before they left the hospital. This brief experience gave the

The Economics of 1960

MR. COLIN CLARK is easily the most daring of statisticians. We have known since he published his “Conditions of Economic Progress” that there is almost no degree of inadequacy in the data that is enough to deter him from arriving at some sort of a quantitative conclusion, however provisional it has to be. In his new book he applies to the future the methods he has made his own in handling the present and the past. His general thesis is that the course of economic development over the next two decades will probably be affected very little by political events. War may retard the processes of growth, but will scarcely alter their character ; and changes in social system and class structure can also be disregarded in measuring the probable movements of the wprld's economic life. In the past, Mr. Clark maintains, wars and revolutions have been unable to override fundamental economic forces ; and we and our children are likely to find it so again. The Economics of 1960 By Colin Clark. Pp. x + 118. (London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1942.) 8s. 6d. net.