Abstract
Urbanization has contributed to extended wakefulness, which may in turn be associated with eating over a longer period. Here, we present a field study conducted in four groups with different work hours and places of living in order to investigate eating behavior (duration, content, and timing). Anthropometric measures were taken from the participants (rural (n = 22); town (n = 19); city-day workers (n = 11); city-night workers (n = 14)). In addition, a sociodemographic questionnaire was self-answered and 24-h food recalls were applied for three days. The 24-h food recalls revealed that fat intake varied according to the groups, with the highest consumption by the city-day workers. By contrast, city-day workers had the lowest intake of carbohydrate, whereas the rural group had the highest. In general, all groups had some degree of inadequacy in food consumption. Eating duration was negatively correlated with total energy intake, fat, and protein consumption in the rural and town groups. There was a positive correlation between body mass index and eating duration in both city groups. The rural group had the earliest start time of eating, and this was associated with a lower body mass index. This study suggested that food content and timing, as well as eating duration, differed according to place of living, which in turn may be linked to lifestyle.
Highlights
The urbanization process, as well as the use of electricity and the technologies derived from this, allow extended wakefulness and provide the opportunity to carry out activities after sunset [1,2,3].Studies conducted in communities with and without access to electricity have shown that electric light can lead to delayed sleep onset and, to reduced sleep duration [4,5,6]
The participants were allocated to four groups: Rural (RAC; n = 22) and small town dwellers (TAC; n = 19) from Acre (AC), and city dwellers engaged in daytime work (DSP; n = 11) and night work (NSP; n = 14) from São Paulo (SP) city
Our findings showed that the rural group had the earliest start time for eating
Summary
The urbanization process, as well as the use of electricity and the technologies derived from this, allow extended wakefulness and provide the opportunity to carry out activities after sunset [1,2,3].Studies conducted in communities with and without access to electricity have shown that electric light can lead to delayed sleep onset and, to reduced sleep duration [4,5,6]. There is evidence that urbanization and access to electricity may be associated with increased body weight and related comorbidities due to desynchronization of circadian rhythms [7,8] and insufficient sleep duration [9,10,11,12]. The increase in comorbidities due to prolonged wakefulness may be exacerbated by the extension of feeding at inappropriate times for the physiological and metabolic processes regulated by the circadian timing system [13]. This scenario appears to be worse when associated with shift work [14,15]
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