Degree Of Entanglement Research Articles

Mechanical and dynamic mechanical behavior of 3D printed waste slate particles filled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites

This study analyses the feasibility of utilizing waste slate particles as a strengthening component in affordable 3D-printed composite materials to address environmental issues associated with waste management. Composite filaments were created by incorporating waste slate particles (5 %, 10 %, and 15 % by weight) into an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) matrix and subsequently evaluated for mechanical properties. A twin-screw extruder obtained the composite filaments, while test samples were produced using a 3D printer by fused deposition modelling. The developed composites have a gradual variation in evaluated properties, about an 8 % increment in hardness, and a 40 % increment in flexural and tensile modulus was noted on the inclusion of 15 wt% of waste slate particles in the ABS matrix. The composites filled with 10 wt% and 5 wt% waste slate particles exhibited the maximum flexural strength (65.24 MPa) and tensile strength (42.11 MPa), respectively. These values were 5 % and 8 % higher than those of unfilled ABS. Furthermore, it was shown that the ABS matrix saw a decrease in elongation and impact strength as the dosage of slate particles increased. The fractured surface morphology indicated that filament breaking, filler pullout, and the creation of voids between neighbouring layers were the primary causes of material failure. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results show the reinforcing effect of slate particles by an increase of storage modulus with 13 % at 35 °C for the composite with 10 wt% slate particles and 20 % for that with 15 wt% slate particles. DMA results analyzed the composite's adhesion factor, degree of entanglement, reinforcement efficiency factor, and effectiveness factor to clarify the reinforcing mechanism of slate particles. The study determines that the most effective utilization of waste slate particles in an ABS matrix is achieved by including 10 wt%. The results of this study enhance the concept of recycling waste slate powder and reveal the potential for their utilization in several industries, including the aerospace, automotive, healthcare, and architectural sectors of 3D printing.

Thermal quantum coherence of two–qutrit Heisenberg XXZ model with Herring-Flicker coupling and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction under magnetic field

In this study, we use the concept of l 1-norm coherence to characterize the entanglement of a two–qutrit Heisenberg XXZ model for subject to a uniform magnetic field and z–axis Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction with Herring-Flicker coupling. We show that the temperature, magnetic field, DM interaction, and distance of Herring-Flicker coupling can all control the entanglement. However, the state system becomes less entangled at high temperatures or strong magnetic fields and vice versa. Our findings suggest that entanglement rises when the z–axis DM interaction increases. Additionally, we show that plateau behavior in the entanglement between spins (1, 1) occurs in the XXZ Heisenberg spin system and is influenced by the magnetic field, demonstrating that thermal agitation can weaken entanglement plateaus. Moreover, by setting the strengths coupling of the spin, we quickly recover the isotropic XY and XXX Heisenberg models. Finally, Herring-Flicker coupling affects the degree of entanglement. When Herring-Flicker coupling and temperature are at small values, the degree of entanglement is at its highest. Still, when Herring-Flicker coupling is at substantial values, the degree of entanglement tends to stabilize.

Realizing Cross-linking-free Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives with Intensive Chain Entanglement through Visible-Light-Mediated Photoiniferter-Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Polymerization.

A versatile and simplified synthesis scheme for intensively entangled acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) was developed in this study by leveraging visible-light-driven controlled radical polymerization (photoiniferter/reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization) of acrylic copolymers under a controlled manner; the approach was differentiated by a single factor; molecular weight (Mw up to 2.8 MDa) with identical compositions. By manipulating Mw up to ultra-high ranges, PSAs with diversified viscoelastic properties were prepared and then assessed with a focus on realizing PSAs with a maximized degree of entanglement per chain through domination of high Mw contents, to help achieve excellent cohesiveness without a reinforcing cross-linking network. Moreover, fully linear solvent-soluble poly(acrylate)s were synthesized to facilitate reprocessing and reuse, highlighting the sustainability of the devised method and, consequently, its potential to be applied for effectively reducing industrial or daily waste.

Analytical modeling and experimental estimation of the dynamic mechanical characteristics of green composite: Caesalpinia decapetala seed reinforcement

AbstractThe emerging need for a sustainable environment prompts the research community to develop functional materials with bio‐ and organic waste. This research advocates biodegradable waste management and its performance evaluation. The involvement of Caesalpinia decapetala (CD) as a potential reinforcement in the epoxy matrix and its analytical evaluation of thermal stability are novel ideas for disposing of bio and organic waste. Three different variants (10, 20, and 30 wt%) of CD seed particles are used to develop the epoxy composite, and further, their influence on dynamic mechanical characteristics such as damping type, loss modulus, and storage modulus has been investigated. The results corroborate that the higher CD seed content (30 wt%) in the epoxy matrix enhances the storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping on a scale of 1.14, 1.25, and 1.07 times that of the neat epoxy matrix. The reason behind the improved dynamic properties has been validated through theoretical modeling. A substantial increment in the degree of entanglement and activation energy in the band of 8.33 × 10−3 moles/m3 and 20.201 kJ/mol, respectively, in comparison with neat epoxy, is considered to be good authentication for the thermal stability of the CD 30 specimen. The analytical prediction of storage modulus is executed with five different models, whereas damping behavior is executed with two different models. The analytically estimated results are matched with the experimental ones, and we conclude that they are in fair agreement with the experimental findings.

Phase parameters of orthogonal arrays and special maximally multi-qubit entangled states

Quantum orthogonal arrays are combinatorial designs with a remarkable class of genuinely multipartite highly entangled states. In this paper, we propose the method for constructing maximally multi-qubit entangled state through phase parameters of orthogonal arrays. Using this method, we not only determine that maximally n-qubit entangled state, but also find the [Formula: see text] orthogonal array that gives maximally [Formula: see text] entangled states. Such states play an important role in quantum theory with a high degree of multipartite entanglement.

ENTANGLEMENT BETWEEN TWO SUPERCONDUCTING CHARGE
 QUBITS

In this paper, we investigated the dynamics of entanglement of two identical charge qubits with Josephson junctions in the case when one of the qubits is exposed to a microwave field in a coherent or thermal state. We have found the exact solution of the quantum time equation of evolution of the system under consideration for the statistical operator in the case of initial separable and entangled states of qubits. The exact solution for the complete statistical operator is used to calculate the qubit entanglement criterion - concurrence. The results of numerical simulation of the time dependence of the concurrence in the case of the coherent field showed that, with a certain choice of model parameters, the system can realize long-lived entangled states. It is also shown that for the thermal state of the field and the entangled initial state of qubits, the qubits retain a certain degree of entanglement during evolution even in the case of very intensive fields. In this case, for any intensities of thermal noise, there is no effect of the sudden death of entanglement.

ENTANGLEMENT IN NONLINEAR TWO-QUBIT TAVIS — CUMMINGS
 MODEL

In this work, we have studied the dynamics of entanglement of two identical superconducting qubits resonantly interacting with the one-mode field of a coplanar microwave cavity without loss through single-photon transitions in the presence of third- and fifth-order nonlinearities. Based on the solution of the equation of evolution of the system for the Fock initial states of the cavity field, the criterion of qubits entanglement negativity is calculated. The results of the negativity calculation show that for the initial separable states, the cavity nonlinearity can lead to a significant increase in the maximum degree of qubit entanglement. It is shown that for the initial entangledstates of qubits and intense cavity fields, taking into account nonlinearities leads to stabilization of the degree of entanglement of qubits in the cavity and contributes to the disappearance of the effect of the entanglement sudden death of qubits.

Preparation of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers from walnut shell using deep eutectic solvent for nanotube conductive film

A deep eutectic solvent (DES) was employed to purify cellulose by depolymerizing agricultural waste walnut shells (WS) at 90 ℃ from 1.5 to 3.0 h. The pretreatment achieved an 88.57% delignification rate and yielded 33.62% cellulose solids (CS), with 77.63% cellulose and 13.11% lignin contained in CS. The DES pretreatment exposed functional groups on the surface of cellulose and resulted in a 24.7% increase in crystallinity. Suspension with a homogeneous distribution of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNF) was made by ultrasonic dispersing (650 W, 30 min), and the average length of 1406 nm, the ζ-potential of − 17.65 mV. Higher lignin content led to cross-linking effect which produced a heightened degree of entanglement of LCNF while increasing the UV-shielding property and thermal stability. Additionally, LCNF stabilized the dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in water, and served as a carrier for MWCNT conductive networks, which showed a tensile strength of 63.86 MPa and a conductivity of 15.63 S/m. The composite film exhibited potential applications in real-time monitoring of pressure sensing.

Entanglement control in a laser driven single layer graphene system

Abstract In this letter, we have proposed a new model for quantum control of atom photon entanglement in a single layer graphene via von Neumann reduced entropy of entanglement. We consider the effect of terahertz laser field intensity on the degree of entanglement (DEM) in the resonance and off-resonance condition of the applied fields. We also investigate the spatially dependent of the DEM when two applied light becomes standing wave pattern in x and y directions. Our results show that in different parametric conditions, the population of the different states can be controlled and this leads to modifying the DEM of the system.

On‐Demand Indistinguishable and Entangled Photons Using Tailored Cavity Designs

AbstractThe biexciton‐exciton emission cascade commonly used in quantum‐dot systems to generate polarization entanglement yields photons with intrinsically limited indistinguishability. In the present work, it focuses on the generation of pairs of photons with high degrees of polarization entanglement and simultaneously high indistinguishability. It achieves this goal by selectively reducing the biexciton lifetime with an optical resonator. It demonstrates that a suitably tailored circular Bragg reflector fulfills the requirements of sufficient selective Purcell enhancement of biexciton emission paired with spectrally broad photon extraction and twofold degenerate optical modes. The in‐depth theoretical study combines (i) the optimization of realistic photonic structures solving Maxwell's equations from which model parameters are extracted as input for (ii) microscopic simulations of quantum‐dot cavity excitation dynamics with full access to photon properties. It reports non‐trivial dependencies on system parameters and use the predictive power of the combined theoretical approach to determine the optimal range of Purcell enhancement that maximizes indistinguishability and entanglement to near unity values, here specifically for the telecom C‐band at 1550 nm.

Quantum Teleportation and Entanglement of the 5-Qubit State Over a GHZ-Like Channel

Quantum information processing has a wide range of uses, including the solution of complex algorithms, cryptography, dense coding, quantum computation, and quantum teleportation. Quantum entanglement, a phenomenon that is crucial to many different applications of quantum computation, is an essential resource for quantum computation, and the need for quantum circuits that generate entangled states is one of the ongoing needs for constructing quantum computers. In this study, we present a general approach to the design of quantum circuits that produce entangled states. The approach can be applied to the design of various entanglement circuits with any number of qubits (n-qubit systems), and it makes use of a set of CNOT and Hadamard gates, where the number of CNOT gates should always be (n-1) and each gate connects the two adjacent qubits. In this paper, a three-entangled teleportation scheme of a GHZ-like state (named after its inventor Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger) through three particles as a quantum channel is presented. The probability of successful teleportation depends on the degree of entanglement of GHZ-like states. A 5-qubit quantum teleportation over a GHZ-like channel has also been used. And single-qubit gates are defined, which are Pauli gates. These gates are represented by arrays I, X, Y, and Z. The results in this paper are good and promising theoretical results in the field of quantum entanglement and quantum teleportation using the Mathematica program.

A Scheme for Quantum Teleportation and Remote Quantum State Preparation of IoT Multiple Devices.

With the continuous development of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the industry's awareness of the security of the IoT is also increasing, and the adoption of quantum communication technology can significantly improve the communication security of various devices in the IoT. This paper proposes a scheme of controlled remote quantum state preparation and quantum teleportation based on multiple communication parties, and a nine-qubit entanglement channel is used to achieve secure communication of multiple devices in the IoT. The channel preparation, measurement operation, and unitary operation of the scheme were successfully simulated on the IBM Quantum platform, and the entanglement degree and reliability of the channel were verified through 8192 shots. The scheme's application in the IoT was analyzed, and the steps and examples of the scheme in the secure communication of multiple devices in the IoT are discussed. By simulating two different attack modes, the effect of the attack on the communication scheme in the IoT was deduced, and the scheme's high security and anti-interference ability was analyzed. Compared with other schemes from the two aspects of principle and transmission efficiency, it is highlighted that the advantages of the proposed scheme are that it overcomes the single fixed one-way or two-way transmission protocol form of quantum teleportation in the past and can realize quantum communication with multiple devices, ensuring both security and transmission efficiency.

Adaptive Quantum State Tomography with Active Learning

Recently, tremendous progress has been made in the field of quantum science and technologies: different platforms for quantum simulation as well as quantum computing, ranging from superconducting qubits to neutral atoms, are starting to reach unprecedentedly large systems. In order to benchmark these systems and gain physical insights, the need for efficient tools to characterize quantum states arises. The exponential growth of the Hilbert space with system size renders a full reconstruction of the quantum state prohibitively demanding in terms of the number of necessary measurements. Here we propose and implement an efficient scheme for quantum state tomography using active learning. Based on a few initial measurements, the active learning protocol proposes the next measurement basis, designed to yield the maximum information gain. We apply the active learning quantum state tomography scheme to reconstruct different multi-qubit states with varying degree of entanglement as well as to ground states of the XXZ model in 1D and a kinetically constrained spin chain. In all cases, we obtain a significantly improved reconstruction as compared to a reconstruction based on the exact same number of measurements and measurement configurations, but with randomly chosen basis configurations. Our scheme is highly relevant to gain physical insights in quantum many-body systems as well as for benchmarking and characterizing quantum devices, e.g. for quantum simulation, and paves the way for scalable adaptive protocols to probe, prepare, and manipulate quantum systems.

Entanglement capacity of fermionic Gaussian states

We study the capacity of entanglement as an alternative to entanglement entropies in estimating the degree of entanglement of quantum bipartite systems over fermionic Gaussian states. In particular, we derive the exact and asymptotic formulas of average capacity of two different cases—with and without particle number constraints. For the later case, the obtained formulas generalize some partial results of average capacity in the literature. The key ingredient in deriving the results is a set of new tools for simplifying finite summations developed very recently in the study of entanglement entropy of fermionic Gaussian states.

Entangled photon-pair source using a wedge-shaped nonlinear crystal

Entangled photon pairs constitute a crucial resource in quantum technologies. The current technique for preparing photon pairs involves performing spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in bulk nonlinear crystals. The increased prominence of quantum technologies has led to a growing interest in high performance entangled photon-pair sources. However, the birefringence walk-off caused by nonlinear crystals affects the quality of the entangled photon pairs generated in SPDC. This letter presents an innovative approach for producing entangled photon pairs using a wedge-shaped nonlinear crystal to compensate for the birefringence walk-off. The proposed scheme features a basic entanglement source path, which can be applied to other methods of preparing entangled photon pairs. An experiment demonstrated that this method can produce high-quality entangled photon pairs with a high degree of entanglement, paving the way for the development of practical quantum communication, sensing, and computation.

Rheology-tailored stable aramid nanofiber suspensions for fabricating ultra-strong and electrically insulated additive-free nanopapers

Although aramid nanofiber paper (ANF-P) is a promising alternative to conventional electrical insulation paper, its performance requires further optimization. This study aimed to establish an optimal nanopaper-fabrication process by using rheology-controlled suspensions to achieve remarkably strengthened pure ANF-Ps. The ANF-P was fabricated in two steps: 1) preparing ANF suspension (ANF-SH₂O) by precipitating ANF/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (ANF-DDMSO), and 2) preparing ANF-P by vacuum-filtrating ANF-SH2O. Under an in-situ homogenization-assisted precipitation in step 1, the concentration of ANF-DDMSO predominantly affected both the suspension stability and nanopaper performance. Semi-dilute ANF-DDMSOs (0.1–0.7 wt%) produced stable suspensions and strong ANF-Ps (mechanical modulus and strength of 4.5–5.1 GPa and 221.4–243.4 MPa, respectively), while concentrated ANF-DDMSOs (1.0–2.0 wt%) yielded unstable suspensions and weak ANF-Ps (0.3–3.2 GPa and 12.6–139.0 MPa, respectively). The former ANF-SH2Os comprised branched or sheet-like precipitated particles that were favorable for structuring the paper, whereas the latter ones consisted of irregular particles. Particularly at a thickness of 17 μm, ANF-Ps from 0.3 wt% ANF-DDMSO exhibited record-high mechanical performances (modulus, strength, and toughness of 7.4 GPa, 382.3 MPa, and 32.5 MJ∙m−3, respectively) compared to previously reported pure ANF-Ps. In addition, ANF-Ps exhibited a remarkable dielectric breakdown strength of ∼200.3 kV∙mm−1. Rheologically, ANF-SH2Os from semi-dilute ANF-DDMSOs provided a higher scaling exponent of elastic modulus, indicating a higher degree of particle entanglement. Moreover, the strain-induced modulus overshoot phenomena revealed a highly structured suspension network. Therefore, linear- and nonlinear-suspension rheology provide a fundamental guideline for fortifying the foundation of industrial production of high-performance nanopapers.

Entangled phronesis and the four causes of emulation: Developmental insights into role modelling

A new theory of emulation – the method by which one learns from moral role models – is emerging through the combined efforts of philosophers, psychologists and educationists. Using a previous argument reconceptualising emulation as a moral virtue as a philosophical springboard, in this paper, I extend this theory by building a more robust case for how emulation qua role modelling works in practice through direct appeal to Aristotle’s account of causation: the four causes. Historically revered for their explanatory power, I argue that reconstructing the four causes and synthesising them with emulation enables us to better comprehend it as a quadripartite causal process. Through doing so, I propose that emulation is driven by ‘entangled phronesis’ – a mechanism which enables immature moral learners to acquire virtue by sharing in the phronesis, that is, practical wisdom, of a role model. Since the degree of entanglement depends upon a learner’s phase of virtuous character development, I also divide emulation into two types: pre-phronetic ‘habituated emulation’ and phronetically-informed ‘complete emulation’. Combined with my four-causal account of emulation, these concepts represent a novel contribution to neo-Aristotelian character developmental theory and help explain – step-by-step – the method by which one potentially acquires moral virtue and phronesis from moral role models.

Steady-state entanglement in a hybrid optomechanical system enhanced by optical parametric amplifiers

In this paper, we investigate the degree of steady-state entanglement using a hybrid optomechanical system, where the separate cavities contain a degenerate optical parametric amplifier (DOPA). Particularly, under the linearization approximation, the steady-state entanglement is quantified through logarithmic negativity. The bipartite entanglement between cavity-mechanical oscillator modes and two cavity modes is analyzed through the applicable choice of nonlinear gain of OPA, optical cavity detuning, and cavity-cavity coupling strength. It is found that the steady-state entanglement increases with the nonlinear gain of OPA medium and normalized detuning. We further emphasize the influence of cavity-cavity coupling parameter on the bipartite entanglement, and the generation of entanglement can be transferred entirely due to the coupling strengths. The main contribution of coupling parameters on the entanglement of the two modes of mechanical oscillators significantly altered and increased. The observed possibility of transferring the emerging entanglement of the states of light in the two cavities to the modes of the accompanying mechanical oscillators is expected to be a valuable asset in the practical realization of quantum information processing.

Enhancement of non-Gaussianity and nonclassicality of pair coherent states by superposition of photon addition and subtraction

Pair coherent states (PCSs) as a kind of two-mode non-Gaussian and nonclassical states were introduced and studied. Some nonclassical characteristics of them such as two-mode sum-squeezing, two-mode antibunching, and entanglement have been well investigated. In this paper, we focus on studying the superposition of photon addition and subtraction to the PCSs called superposition of photon-added and photon-subtracted pair coherent states (SPAPSPCSs). Our main purpose is to show that the non-Gaussian feature and all the above-mentioned nonclassical properties of the SPAPSPCSs can be enhanced compared with the photon-added-and-subtracted two modes pair coherent states (PAASTMPCSs) and the original PCSs. In general, we demonstrate that the SPAPSPCSs have more enhanced non-Gaussian character and nonclassical properties than the PCSs and the PAASTMPCSs by examining the negativity of the Wigner function. Specifically, we indicate that both the SPAPSPCSs and the PAASTMPCSs can exist in two-mode sum-squeezing while the original PCSs (without photon-addition and photon-subtraction) cannot, and the degree of squeezing is stronger in the SPAPSPCSs than in the PAASTMPCSs. The obtained results also indicate that the superposition of photon addition and subtraction of the SPAPSPCSs plays a vital role in enhancing the two-mode antibunching property and the entanglement degree compared with the PCSs and the PAASTMPCSs.

Generation of Stable Entanglement in an Optomechanical System with Dissipative Environment: Linear-and-Quadratic Couplings

In this paper, we present a theoretical scheme for the generation and manipulation of bipartite atom–atom entanglement in a dissipative optomechanical system containing two atoms in the presence of linear and nonlinear (quadratic) couplings. To achieve the goal of paper, we first obtain the interaction Hamiltonian in the interaction picture, and then, by considering some resonance conditions and applying the rotating wave approximation, the effective Hamiltonian, which is independent of time, is derived. In the continuation, the system solution was obtained via solving the Lindblad master equation, which includes atomic, optical and mechanical dissipation effects. Finally, bipartite atom–atom entanglement is quantitatively discussed, by evaluating the negativity, which is a well-known measure of entanglement. Our numerical simulations show that a significant degree of entanglement can be reached via adjusting the system parameters. It is noticeable that the optical and mechanical decay rates play an important role in the quasi-stability and even stability of the obtained atom–atom entanglement.