Degree Of Certainty Research Articles

Philosophy of Employing Controversy in Ibn Jinni's Language Lesson

This research seeks to demonstrate the importance of controversy in intellectual issues, Man cannot stop arguing as long as the reasoned of thought is a human mind, and this human mind cannot reach the degree of absolute certainty in its deduction of the ideas that it broadcasts. There are some ideas that are opposed to what he puts forward, even if only by a small percentage. Therefore, a person cannot generalize his ideas to all issues, even if he is sure of them to a high degree of believe ability, He must take care of her to be safe from the veto.

A model for evaluating the correctness of the choice and efficiency of use according to the specified criterion of means of observation and control of objects of various purposes

The informational approach to solving the problems of observation and control is not used until now. The theory of measurements is based on the concept of entropy of random variables as a measure of their uncertainty (a set of sets of their possible values). The greater the number of values that a discrete random variable can take, or the greater the range of a continuous random variable, the greater their entropy. The amount of information obtained during measurement, control, research corresponds to the reduction of entropy from the value that characterizes the uncertainty that remains after obtaining the result of measurement of some parameters of the objective, phenomena, etc. We are talking about the relationship between accuracy, energy consumption and speed of measuring equipment. The issue of determining the threshold of the maximum possible accuracy of measurements of actual values, as well as obtaining generalizing information-energy ratios, which allow optimizing the procedure for choosing the main quality indicators of measuring equipment (MT) are highlighted. At the same time, making an attempt to more accurately determine the value of a measurement quantity, at some stage we will inevitably encounter the fundamental impossibility of their further clarification, which is ultimately related to the physically possible degree of certainty (in contrast to entropy, which characterizes uncertainty, and which is called non-entropy) of any measurement value, which is determined either by its personal discreteness (for example, when measuring the number of atoms of any substance in a mixture, it is meaningless to talk about the accuracy of the count, which is equal to 0.1 or 0.01 atom) or by its thermal (molecular) fluctuations . This micro-scale uncertainty limit is known as Heisenberg's Uncertainty Rule. The article proposes a model of evaluation and effective use of observation and control of objects of various nature. An "informational approach" to solving the problems of choosing and using measuring equipment in the conditions of the transition from traditional metrological indicators to informational ones is proposed. Let's give an example of the choice of FTA and the number of measurements by this FTA.

How Can Practitioners Assess the Value of Social Work Interventions?

In social work, practitioners are often faced with situations in which they have to choose an intervention. A fundamental ethical principle of social work practice is to minimize the risk of adverse effects caused by social services. To adhere to this principle, practitioners must be aware of the possible positive and negative effects of potential services. There are hundreds of interventions currently in use in social work. Although there are a growing number of controlled trials on social work interventions, there are only a few interventions based on research that has the highest degree of certainty, making it difficult to know how and in what way these interventions can support a person in need of assistance. This article, based in part on the experience we gained training practitioners working in Swedish social services, presents a tentative model for assessing the best available evidence comparing interventions when scientific evidence is sparse.

Italian davvero (‘really’) as a trigger of implicit contents in persuasive discourse

It is generally maintained that, as a modal adverb, Italian davvero ‘really’ signals a high degree of certainty attributed by the speaker to the modified linguistic material, or expresses a positive evaluation. Differently from other modal adverbs, in its absolute use, davvero can react to an interlocutor’s statement, reinforcing it or questioning it, thus expressing a judgement on an already existing assertion. In political monologues, we observe that the existence of an “interlocutor’s voice” responsible for an asserted content can be presupposed, with davvero being the trigger of such presupposition. In such cases, a second implicit content (a conversational implicature) is also generally conveyed which expresses the epistemic judgement of the speaker. We observe that this happens typically in some specific discourse configurations (i.e., questions and conditional subordinates) and we label this pragmatic enrichment ‘polemic polyphonic judgement’. We also show the manipulative potential of this pragmatic phenomenon. We finally suggest that davvero can trigger a conversational implicature also in other linguistic configurations, and we propose that context, and more specifically the stretch of text in which the adverb occurs, whether argumentative or non-argumentative, plays a crucial role in this pragmatic process.

Preventing acute diverticulitis. any roles for non-absorbable antibiotics? in search of evidence: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis

BackgroundHospital admissions for diverticulitis, a complication of diverticular disease, are very much on the increase. Prevention of diverticulitis could cut costs and save lives.AimsTo identify whether the risk of the first episode of diverticulitis (primary prevention) or recurrence of diverticulitis (secondary prevention) can be reduced in patients with diverticular disease using non-absorbable antibiotics (mainly rifaximin).MethodsThe studies were identified by searching PubMed and CENTRAL from 1990 to May 2022. The methodological quality of each study was also evaluated. The outcome of the meta-analysis was the occurrence of a first or subsequent episode of diverticulitis. In addition, a trial sequential analysis was performed to evaluate whether the results would be subject to type I or type II errors.ResultsPrimary prevention: the risk difference was statistically significant in favor of rifaximin (-0,019, or -1.9%, CI -0,6 to -3,3%). There was no evidence of heterogeneity (I2 0%). At one year, two years, and eight years of age, the NNT was 62, 52, and 42, respectively. The level of evidence had a moderate degree of certainty. Secondary prevention: the risk difference was statistically significant in favor of rifaximin (- 0,24, or -24%, CI -47 to -2%). There was evidence of heterogeneity (I2 92%); NNT resulted in 5. The grade level was low.ConclusionsRifaximin can lower the risk of a first episode of diverticulitis. However, the cost-benefit ratio currently appears too high. Rifaximin could also reduce the risk of a second episode, but the quality of the evidence is low.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022379258.

Trastuzumab Deruxtecan for Treating HER2-Positive Unresectable or Metastatic Breast Cancer After Two or More Anti-HER2 Therapies: An Evidence Review Group Perspective of a NICE Single Technology Appraisal.

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) provides guidance to improve health and social care in England and Wales. NICE invited Daiichi Sankyo to submit evidence for the use of trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) for treating human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-positive unresectable or metastatic breast cancer (UBC/MBC) after two or more anti-HER2 therapies, in accordance with NICE's Single Technology Appraisal process. The Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, part of the University of Liverpool, was commissioned to act as the Evidence Review Group (ERG). This article summarises the ERG's review of the evidence submitted by the company and provides an overview of the NICE Appraisal Committee's (AC's) final decision made in May 2021. Results from the company's base-case fully incremental analysis showed that, compared with T-DXd, eribulin and vinorelbine were dominated and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained versus capecitabine was £47,230. The ERG scenario analyses generated a range of ICERs, with the highest being a scenario relating to a comparison of T-DXd versus capecitabine (£78,142 per QALY gained). The ERG considered that due to a lack of appropriate clinical effectiveness evidence, the relative effectiveness of T-DXd versus any comparator treatment could not be determined with any degree of certainty. The NICE AC agreed that the modelling of overall survival was highly uncertain and concluded that treatment with T-DXd could not be recommended for routine use within the National Health Service (NHS). T-DXd was, however, recommended for use within the Cancer Drugs Fund, provided Managed Access Agreement conditions were followed.

Speed Control of a Mobile Robot Using Confidence of an Image Recognition Model

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are often used for image recognition in automatic driving applications. Object recognition by a CNN generally uses a confidence score, which expresses the degree of recognition certainty. In most cases, the focus is on binary information, such as the size of the confidence score compared with a threshold value. However, in some cases the same recognition result has different scores. Even at intermediate confidence scores, the degree of recognition can be reflected in the control using the confidence score itself. Motivated by this idea, the aim of this study is to develop a method to control a mobile robot on the basis of the continuous confidence score itself, not on a binary judgment result from the score. Specifically, we designed a reference shaper that adjusts the reference speed according to the confidence score in which an obstacle exists. In the proposed controller, a higher score results in a smaller reference speed, which slows the robot. In a control experiment, we confirmed that the robot decelerated according to the confidence score, and demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

Artificial Intelligence-Based Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship Model for Predicting Human Intestinal Absorption of Compounds with Serotonergic Activity.

Oral medicines represent the largest pharmaceutical market area. To achieve a therapeutic effect, a drug must penetrate the intestinal walls, the main absorption site for orally delivered active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Indeed, predicting drug absorption can facilitate candidate screening and reduce time to market. Algorithms are available with good prediction accuracy that however focus only on solubility. In this work, we focused on drug permeability looking at human intestinal absorption as a marker for intestinal bioavailability. Being of considerable therapeutic relevance, APIs with serotonergic activity were selected as a dataset. Due to process complexity, experimental data scarcity, and variability, we turned toward an artificial intelligence (AI)-based system, which is a hierarchical combination of classification and regression models. This combination of seemingly two models into a single system widens the space of molecules classified as highly permeable with high accuracy. The specialized and optimized system enables in silico and structure-based prediction with a high degree of certainty. Predictions in external validation allowed correct selection of the 38% of highly permeable molecules without any false positives. The proposed system based on AI represents a promising tool useful for oral drug screening at an early stage of drug discovery and development. Datasets and the obtained models are available on the GitHub platform (https://github.com/nczub/HIA_5-HT).

MODELING OF HYDROCARBON GENERATION ZONES AND MIGRATION PATHWAYS OF AN OIL FIELD OF PRECASPIAN REGION, KAZAKHSTAN

This article highlights the features of geological (basin) modeling of various zones and migration routes and presents the assessment of resources of the oil field in the Precaspian region in western Kazakhstan. A brief overview of geochemical features of the basin is presented using modern assaying and visualization software packages. The preferred method of constructing 1D models is indicated, and the results of such 1D modeling derived from the results of basin modeling are presented. Additional data points (including paleowater depths, sediment-water interface temperatures and heat flows) as boundary conditions were collected and included in the modeling software for data calibration and cross-checking purposes. For all 1D models produced in this study, Jurassic source rocks were deemed to have entered the oil window in Cretaceous time with the critical moment occurring in Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene. The implied tectonic history of the basin suggests two possible periods of trap formation: tectonic inversion in the Middle Jurassic and possible folding during late Alpine orogeny which began in Late Cretaceous or early Eocene. While the Middle Jurassic traps can undoubtedly be filled with hydrocarbons, there is no such high degree of certainty with regards to traps formed after Late Cretaceous, as those traps were formed after peak migration periods.

Automatic extraction of ranked SNP-phenotype associations from text using a BERT-LSTM-based method

Extraction of associations of singular nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and phenotypes from biomedical literature is a vital task in BioNLP. Recently, some methods have been developed to extract mutation-diseases affiliations. However, no accessible method of extracting associations of SNP-phenotype from content considers their degree of certainty. In this paper, several machine learning methods were developed to extract ranked SNP-phenotype associations from biomedical abstracts and then were compared to each other. In addition, shallow machine learning methods, including random forest, logistic regression, and decision tree and two kernel-based methods like subtree and local context, a rule-based and a deep CNN-LSTM-based and two BERT-based methods were developed in this study to extract associations. Furthermore, the experiments indicated that although the used linguist features could be employed to implement a superior association extraction method outperforming the kernel-based counterparts, the used deep learning and BERT-based methods exhibited the best performance. However, the used PubMedBERT-LSTM outperformed the other developed methods among the used methods. Moreover, similar experiments were conducted to estimate the degree of certainty of the extracted association, which can be used to assess the strength of the reported association. The experiments revealed that our proposed PubMedBERT–CNN-LSTM method outperformed the sophisticated methods on the task.

Intelligent Workflow and Software for Non-Target Analysis of Complex Samples Using a Mixture of Toxic Transformation Products of Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine as an Example.

Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) is a widely used rocket propellant. Entering the environment or being stored in uncontrolled conditions, UDMH easily forms an enormous variety (at least many dozens) of transformation products. Environmental pollution by UDMH and its transformation products is a major problem in many countries and across the Arctic region. Unfortunately, previous works often use only electron ionization mass spectrometry with a library search, or they consider only the molecular formula to propose the structures of new products. This is quite an unreliable approach. It was demonstrated that a newly proposed artificial intelligence-based workflow allows for the proposal of structures of UDMH transformation products with a greater degree of certainty. The presented free and open-source software with a convenient graphical user interface facilitates the non-target analysis of industrial samples. It has bundled machine learning models for the prediction of retention indices and mass spectra. A critical analysis of whether a combination of several methods of chromatography and mass spectrometry allows us to elucidate the structure of an unknown UDMH transformation product was provided. It was demonstrated that the use of gas chromatographic retention indices for two stationary phases (polar and non-polar) allows for the rejection of false candidates in many cases when only one retention index is not enough. The structures of five previously unknown UDMH transformation products were proposed, and four previously proposed structures were refined.

Efficient uncertainty quantification for seawater intrusion prediction using Optimized sampling and Null Space Monte Carlo method

Uncertainty in environmental modeling predictions, stemming from parameter estimation, is a crucial challenge that must be addressed to ensure effective decision-making. Limited field measurements, high computational costs, and a lack of guidance in estimating measurement uncertainty further compound this challenge, particularly for highly parameterized complex models. In this study, we propose a novel and computationally efficient framework for quantifying predictive uncertainty that can be applied to a range of environmental modeling contexts. The novel components of the framework include efficient parameter space sampling using an Optimized Latin hypercube sampling strategy, and applying the Null Space Monte Carlo method (NSMC) along with a developed filtering technique. The NSMC generates sample sets to calibrate the model while exploring the null space. This space contains parameter combinations that are not sufficiently supported by observations. The filtering technique omits low-potential parameter sets from undergoing model calibration. The framework was tested on the seawater intrusion (SWI) model of Wadi Ham aquifer in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to investigate aquifer sustainability in 2050. Our results demonstrate the importance of incorporating direct and indirect measurements of heads, salinity, and geophysical survey data into the calibration dataset to reduce uncertainty in salinity predictions. The extent of SWI for multiple calibrated parameter sets varied by 4.5% to 11% relative to their means at two main pumping fields. We conclude, with a moderate to a high degree of certainty, that SWI is a serious threat to these fields, and actions are needed to protect the aquifer from salinization. Additionally, variations in SWI length under different geological conditions illustrate regions of high uncertainty that require further data collection. Our framework effectively reduced and quantified prediction uncertainty and provides decision-makers with critical information to inform risk management strategies.

“Trustworthiness,” confidence in estimated effects, and confidently translating research into clinical practice

Trustworthy, preprocessed sources of evidence, such as systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines, are crucial for practicing clinicians. Confidence in estimated effects is related to how different the outcome data were between the two groups. Factors including the effect size, variability of the effect, research integrity, research methods, and selected outcome measures impact confidence in the estimated effect. The current evidence suggests that post-randomization biases cannot be ruled out with a high degree of certainty in published research, limiting the utility of preprocessed sources for clinicians. Research should be prospectively registered to improve this situation, and fidelity with prospective intent should be verified to minimize biases and strengthen confidence in estimated effects. Otherwise, discussions related to preprocessed literature, including P-values, point estimates of effect, confidence intervals, post-randomization biases, external and internal validity measures, and the confidence in estimated effects required to translate research into practice confidently, are all moot points.

Fibrin-associated large B-cell lymphoma around vascular prosthesis mimicking recurrent abdominal aortic aneurysm

Fibrin-associated large B-cell lymphoma around vascular prosthesis mimicking recurrent abdominal aortic aneurysm

On the issue of improving the bankruptcy procedure of the liquidated debtor

The subject of the research in this article is the legal regulation of the bankruptcy procedure of the liquidated debtor. The purpose of the study is to analyze the peculiarities of legal regulation of bankruptcy of legal entities from the point of view of general and specific patterns of legal regulation and requirements imposed on it, to identify problems in legal regulation that create conditions for illegal actions in the bankruptcy of legal entities, including the recognition of a fully solvent debtor as bankrupt. During the study, the analysis of the legal regulation of public relations in the field of insolvency (bankruptcy) was carried out by setting control questions concerning the degree of certainty of elements of these relations, as well as by determining the main types of risks arising in the regulation of these relations. During the study, it was found that the legal conditions for committing illegal actions in bankruptcy are, in particular, the availability of simplified bankruptcy procedures, in particular the bankruptcy of the liquidated debtor, which allows in some cases, in the presence of unfair actions on the part of the management of these legal entities and (or) persons affiliated with this management, to carry out illegal actions. A number of measures are proposed to improve the current legislation in the field of bankruptcy of a liquidated debtor, aimed at both protecting the interests of the debtor and protecting the interests of the creditor, including such as the introduction of mandatory monitoring procedures and mandatory inventory during this procedure.

Why outpatient surgery does not work in hospitals - or medical practices - as yet

High costs in the German health care system and a lack of nursing staff make a shift from inpatient to outpatient treatment unavoidable. The new catalogue announced for outpatient surgical procedures will contain up to 50% of all procedures in urology. In anticipation of these major changes, neither hospitals nor medical practices are able to prepare adequately since the precise catalogue, the infrastructural changes required, and the rules of remuneration have not yet been clarified. Without some degree of certainty for planning, nobody will be able or willing to invest into future structures.

Промежностная фьюжн-биопсия предстательной железы. Диагностическая ценность в сравнении со стандартной биопсией.

Introduction. A significant improvement in the quality of prostate imaging by magnetic resonance (MRI), as well as the possibility of combining MRI and ultrasound images (fusion technology) for biopsy, open up new possibilities for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The arsenal of methods of treating prostate cancer includes active surveillance and focal therapy for patients with low risk disease. That raises the question of improving the accuracy of diagnosis of tumor volume, stage and differentiation, which will largely determine the tactics of patient management. The aim of our work was to determine the diagnostic effectiveness of targeted MRI-assisted fusion biopsy of the prostate in comparison with standard biopsy. Materials and methods. We analyzed data of 356 patients who underwent tranperineal fusion biopsy. The age of the patients ranged from 48 to 72 years with an average value of 68.2 ± 2.1 years. The selection criteria for the study were an increase in the level of PSA (345 patients) – the range from 4 to 44.5 ng/ml (on average 6.02±0.21) or the detection of tumor-suspicious areas during finger rectal examination or transrectal ultrasound examination (TRUS) of the prostate gland (41 patients). Further methods of examination included multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and subsequent transperineal fusion biopsy in combination with standart biopsy. Results. In our study, the detection rate of prostate cancer was (82.6%) – the diagnosis was confirmed in 294 out of 356 examined patients. At the same time, with an increase in the PI-RADS gradation, the frequency of histological confirmation of cancer increased: 62.4% for PI-RADS 3 lesions, 89.6% for 4 and 96.7% for PI-RADS 5. Targeted biopsies confirmed the presence of prostate cancer in 246 cases out of 356 patients (69.1%). In relation to all cases of cancer detection, the proportion of positive targeted biopsies was 83.7%. Conclusion. Targeted MRI-assisted fusion biopsy allows detecting prostate cancer in 69.1%, but when supplemented with a polyfocal biopsy at standard points, the diagnostic accuracy increases to 82.6%. Thus, the data obtained allow us to conclude that based on the examination of patients with suspected prostate cancer using mpMRI with targeted fusion biopsy, supplemented by polyfocal biopsies at standard points, it is possible to determine the localization, extent and degree of malignancy of the tumor with a high degree of certainty.

Phonological influence in bilectal speakers of Brazilian and European Portuguese

Aims and objectives:This article investigates naturalistic acquisition of a second dialect (D2), comparing the global accent of speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (BP) exposed to European Portuguese (EP), either as children or as adults (early vs late bilectals). The focus is on the predicted advantage of an early age of onset of the D2, as well as possible crosslinguistic influence from the D2 onto the first dialect (D1).Design and methodology:The study is an Accent Rating Task, where 50 raters judged the global accent of 30 BP speakers living in Portugal (15 early + 15 late bilectals), who were recorded in both BP and EP modes. Using a 6-point Likert-type scale, the raters judged whether the speakers sounded Brazilian or Portuguese and also indicated how certain they were about their judgment.Data and analysis:The data consisted of two 10-second audio snippets from each speaker, one in BP and the other in EP mode (altogether 60 items). In addition, there were 10 control items produced by native BP and EP speakers. Several mixed-effects models compared the target groups to each other and to the monolectal controls.Findings and conclusions:Both the early and late bilectals were rated as Brazilian in BP mode, but the degree of rater certainty was significantly lower for early than for late bilectals, which was again lower than for BP monolectals. In EP mode, early bilectals were perceived as Portuguese (though the raters were less certain than when rating EP monolectals), while late bilectals were judged as Brazilian.Originality:The study adds to the novel but increasing body of research on speakers of two closely related varieties.Significance and implications:This research illustrates that bilectalism displays a number of similarities with bilingualism, specifically that there may be significant effects of age of onset of the D2.

Clinical interventions with various agents to prevent early childhood caries: A systematic review with network meta-analysis.

Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases among preschool children globally. Different preventive agents and combinations have been studied. However, the rank of the effectiveness of clinical interventions is equivocal. To summarize and rank the effectiveness of clinical interventions using different agents for primary prevention of early childhood caries (ECC). Two reviewers independently searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled trials with at least 12-month follow-up. The network meta-analysis (NMA) on different agents was based on a random-effects model and frequentist approach. Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% CI of the caries increment were calculated in terms of either dmft or dmfs and used in the NMA. Caries incidences at the child level were compared using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CI. The effectiveness of the agents was ranked using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). After screening 3807 publications and selection, the NMA finally included 33 trials. These trials used either a single or combination of agents such as fluorides, chlorhexidine, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, probiotics, xylitol, and triclosan. Compared with control, fluoride foam (FF; SMD -0.69, 95% CI: -1.06, -0.32) and fluoride salt (F salt; SMD -0.66, 95% CI: -1.20, -0.13) were effective in preventing caries increment. Probiotic milk plus low fluoride toothpaste (PMLFTP; OR 0.34, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.77), FF (OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.63), fluoride varnish (FV; OR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.81), and fluoride varnish plus high fluoride toothpaste (FVHFTP; OR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.93) were effectively preventing caries incidence. According to the SUCRA, FF ranked first in preventing caries increment, whereas PMLFTP ranked first in preventing caries incidence. Fluoride foam, F salt, PMLFTP, FV, and FVHFTP all effectively reduce caries increment or caries incidence in preschool children, but the evidence indicates low degree of certainty. Considering the relatively small number of studies, confidence in the findings, and limitations in the study, clinical practitioners and readers should exercise caution when interpreting the NMA results.

Impact of educational and psychological interventions compared with standard care in college/university students with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review protocol.

This review will explore the impact of educational and psychological interventions on educational, social, behavioral, and mental health outcomes in students with autism spectrum disorder in tertiary education. This systematic review will inform a new guideline on support for students with autism spectrum disorder in the tertiary education environment. These students face multiple educational, behavioral, social, and health-related problems that require effective interventions. Participants are students with autism spectrum disorder in a tertiary education study program. Educational and psychological interventions will be included, such as accommodations, meta-cognitive and self-regulation training, psychological counseling, social skills training, and peer-mentoring/academic coaching. The comparator will be standard care. The study outcomes will include academic drop-out rates and evaluations, learning skills, social skills and social engagement, behavior, mental health (including anxiety, stress, and depression), and employment after graduation. This review will consider quantitative studies only. A 3-step search strategy will be used to find both published and unpublished studies in MEDLINE, CINAHL, APA PsycINFO, SocINDEX, Web of Science, Clinical Trials, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Open Dissertations, ERIC, WHO ICRTP, and Google Scholar. There will be no date or language limitations. All stages of article screening, critical appraisal, and data extraction will be conducted by 2 independent reviewers with the resolution of any disagreements done via consensus or through a senior reviewer. If possible, the included studies will be pooled using meta-analysis. The degree of certainty of the evidence will be assessed according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. PROSPERO CRD42022323554.