Degree Of Virilization Research Articles

Urinary steroid excretion before and after dexamethasone administration and steroid content of adrenal tissue and venous blood in virilizing adrenal tumors

Urinary steroid excretion patterns and histopathology of tumors were studied in 5 females with a diganosis of pure virilizing adrenal tumors. The routine 17-ketosteroid and total fractionated 17-ketostnoid values were elevated. The elevation was primarily in the 11-deoxy-17-ketosteroid fraction, with dehydroepiandrosterone being a prominent contributor. In 4 of the 5 cases, the 17-ketosteroids could not be suppressed by dexamethasone administration. There was no discernible relationship between the degree of virilization and urinary levels of 17-ketosteroids. The 17-ketogenic steroids and fractionated tetrahydrocorticoids were normal and suppressed well in 4 cases and partially in the fifth. This apparent separation of corticosteroid and androgen biosynthesis in the adrenal is of considerable interest. Study of peripheral and adrenal vein blood obtained during surgery in 3 cases confirmed adrenal secretion of d ehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and Δ4-androstenedione. In one case a significant amount of testosterone was secreted by the adrenal.

Evidence of age aneuploidy in the chromosomes of the sheep.

VARIATIONS in chromosome counts associated with age were first shown in human leucocyte cultures by Jacobs et al.1. I have examined the chromosomes of twenty-two normal ewes and rams and six freemartin sheep in preparations made by a method similar to that of Basrur and Gilman2, and have counted chromosomes in at least fifty metaphases in each case. Several cultures were prepared from each freemartin and were then counted to see if there was a relationship between XY cells and the degree of masculinization as reported before3,4; these results are reported elsewhere5. In none of the twenty-two normal sheep was any chromosome abnormality observed; in the freemartin sheep, however, there was XX and XY white blood cell chimaerism. The chromosome counts of the six freemartin sheep are recorded in Table 1 and the percentage of hypomodal and hypermodal modal cells in each of these are given in Table 2.

Thermal Stress and Anomalous Development of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) III. Aedes sierrensis,

AbstractAedes sierrensis (Ludlow), the western tree-hole mosquito, is the first species of the pulchritarsis-varipalpus group of the subgenus Ochlerotatus which has been shown to have the masculine genotype modified by thermal pressure applied to developing larvae. A rearing temperature of 30.0 °C. during instars 1-3 and the first half of 4, and 31.0° during the last half of instar 4 will modify the degree of masculinity of the palpi, antennae, oral stylets and testes. Modified males are impotent because the genital section fails to rotate to the copulatory position.

Background of the patient with coronary heart disease

In reality, CHD strikes across all lines of physical type, personality, occupation, and socioeconomic status. At best, patients with CHD can be distinguished from their healthy counterparts only in terms of statistical probabilities-nowhere is there a clear demarcation: there may be differences in averages, but the distributions of the patients and their controls overlap. Recognition of such statistical tendencies does not aid diagnosis but it helps to identify persons who have a high risk of developing the disease. More important, consideration of the variables concerned with risk provides dues to eausation and suggests possible preventive measures. Elementary in the epidemiology of GHD is the difference between the sexes and the relationship of susceptibility to age. Conceivably, different degrees of masculinity and femininity eould be influential but there is little evidence that they are, and tampering with sex is highly unphysiologie. Age, too, is beyond our eontrol. Although we attempt to distinguish between physiological and chronological age, the applieation of this distinction sheds little light on the coronary problem. Hence we eonelude that, si~ee neither sex nor age is practically controllable, emphasis is properly placed on other variables. We shall begin by considering the sources of information.

Gonadal histology in patients with male pseudohermaphroditism and atypical gonadal dysgenesis: relation to theories of sex differentiation.

ABSTRACT The anatomic findings and gonadal histology of 41 patients who had atypical forms of gonadal dysgenesis or of male pseudohermaphroditism are described. Fourteen of these cases were classified as atypical gonadal dysgenesis because there were gross evidences of abnormal gonadal development, differing from those of classical Turner's syndrome. In this group there was no incidence of familial inheritance but there were evidences of chromosomal aberrations. Two patients diagnosed as »gonadal dysplasia« had primitive genital streaks differing from those of typical gonadal aplasia (Turner's Syndrome) only in the presence of masses of Leydig-like cells. That this condition is a variant of gonadal aplasia is suggested by the association of short stature in one case and by the demonstration in the other case of chromosomal mosaicism of XO/XX pattern, with the XO cell type predominant as in chromatin-negative Turner's Syndrome. Ten patients had »asymmetrical gonadal differentiation« with a testis on one side and on the other side either no gonad (2 cases), a primitive genital streak (6 cases) or an undifferentiated gonad (2 cases). Among these mosaicism of XO/XY type was demonstrated in one case and it is suspected that more intensive chromosomal studies in the future may show a high incidence of mosaicism or other chromosomal aberration in this group. In addition 2 cases of true hermaphroditism are described. There were 27 male pseudohermaphrodites who had two testes with no histological evidences of dysgenesis. Eight of these patients had female external genitalia and 19 had genitalia which were ambiguous or resembled the male. In 4 patients of the latter group there were completely developed uterus and Fallopian tubes. Since the testes of all the male hermaphrodites showed good development of the medullary components believed to be responsible for male differentiation, it must be assumed that there was a defect in the biosynthesis of the »male organizing substances« of the foetal testes. Normal male XY chromosomal patterns were found in all of our cases which were studied and have been reported by other workers. The high familial incidence of this disorder suggests that an enzyme defect is transmitted by a mutant gene. In the »syndrome of feminizing testes« the demonstration of oestrogenic manifestations after puberty is further evidence of an abnormality of synthesis of testicular hormones. The correlation of gonadal pathology and the sex differentiation of gonaducts and external genitalia is compatible with the theory of Jost that normal masculinization is dependant upon the production of adequate amounts of masculinizing substances by the foetal testes. Discordances between the degree of masculinization (or feminization) of the gonaducts and the external genitalia can be explained only by postulating that there are at least two substances concerned; one causing masculinization of the Wolffian ducts and external genitalia and the other causing disappearance of the Mullerian ducts.

Freemartins in Sheep

WITH cattle twins of opposite sex the female is in almost all cases infertile and shows varying degrees of masculinity, both in behaviour and in the morphology of the reproductive tract. Such females are known as freemartins. Swett et al. 1 consider that the freemartin condition is due to irreversible modification of the female by masculinizing secretions from the male fœtus. It is possible for any such secretions to pass between the two fœtuses as it has been known for some time that the bloods of twin calves are able to mix through anastomoses in the placental vessels2.

How dentogenic restorations interpret the sex factor

The Sex factor, the first of three important factors in the concept of dentogenics, has been discussed. A feminine tooth in a masculine mouth is just as much out of place as a young tooth in an old mouth. The selection of the mold, the teeth, and the denture base, and, most important, the positioning and the coloring of the artificial teeth and denture base should be influenced by the sex, as well as the personality and age of the patient. The prosthodontist can develop into both an artist and a sculptor, with both the artist's and the sculptor's imagination. The dentist must recognize the sex and then discover the personality of his patient which can then be expressed dentogenically in the restoration made for that patient. The laboratory procedures must carry through the artistic concepts of the dentist. There is a degree of masculinity in many feminine patients. There is a degree of youthfulness in many elderly patients. To determine these factors and to balance them with the artistry of practical denture construction is the problem. The interpretation of the vital sex factor can be of great moral and psychologic help to the patient. The second factor in dentogenics—Personality, will be described and its application demonstrated in a subsequent article.

Contribution to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Virilism

Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica ScandinavicaVolume 27, Issue 2 p. 131-175 Contribution to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Virilism Hans Ludvig Kottmeier M.D., Hans Ludvig Kottmeier M.D. Gynaecological Department and the Gynaecological Department of the Gynaecological DepartmentSearch for more papers by this author Hans Ludvig Kottmeier M.D., Hans Ludvig Kottmeier M.D. Gynaecological Department and the Gynaecological Department of the Gynaecological DepartmentSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1947 https://doi.org/10.3109/00016344709159884Citations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume27, Issue2January 1947Pages 131-175 RelatedInformation

Sexual Behavior of Intersexual Domestic Fowl.

SummaryThe behavior of intersexual male domestic fowl shows gradations from essentially normal masculine copulatory patterns to neutral or inactive behavior, coinciding in general with the degree of masculinity of plumage.

ANDROGENIC ACTION OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE1

IT is BECOMING increasingly evident that under certain conditions the adrenal cortex exerts androgenic action. That various degrees of masculinization accompany adrenal cortical tumors in human females is well known. In the castrated rat Davidson (1) has reported stimulation of the prostate and seminal vesicles by the administration of adrenotropic hormone. In the immature mouse Howard (2) has found that while castration resulted in none of the histologic changes in the prostate and seminal vesicles which are produced by castration of the adult mouse, such changes were produced by castration and adrenalectomy of animals kept alive by a high salt intake. The means by which the androgenic effects of the adrenal are mediated is not as yet entirely clear. There is often high androgenic activity in the urine of patients with virilism and adrenal tumors (3-6), but this finding is inconstant (3, 6).