Degree Of Thoroughness Research Articles

MINIMAL BIBLIOGRAPHIC CHECKING OF INTERLIBRARY LOAN REQUESTS

Bibliographic checking of interlibrary loan requests is a common and time‐consuming activity. The Lending Division does some bibliographic work on over 8,000 requests every week, and in addition requesting libraries carry out checks of varying degrees of thoroughness before submitting their requests. So far, there has been little evidence to show whether this activity is necessary and actually results in an increase in the number of requests which are satisfied.

An Introduction to British Government Documents

It was with some trepidation that I agreed to participate in this workshop by speaking on British government documents, for the subject is very complex and I do not profess to be an authority on it. To cover the topic with any degree of thoroughness would require a course of 30 hours or so, and today I have little more than half an hour. So all I can do is give you an introduction and suggest some reading for those of you who are interested in further study of the subject.

Presenting Symptoms in Childhood

This book is aimed principally at the general practitioner and is concerned with the common presenting symptoms of childhood disease with a very brief listing of differential diagnosis in these conditions. It has none of the extreme detail of symptoms, signs, laboratory findings, and detailed treatment to be found in the numerous pocket books of pediatrics, and at the same time nowhere is there any discussion in depth resembling that to be found in numerous textbooks of pediatrics. Nevertheless, the book makes somewhat interesting casual reading. The author could not hope to compress very much discussion into a small volume which includes so many common symptoms of the diseases of childhood. The pediatrician may enjoy scanning this for its occasional pearls; the reviewer read it with some degree of thoroughness.

The Uses of Association: Hands and Feasts in Beowulf

The Beowulf Poet's extraordinary facility in using a vast and diverse word-hoard has long excited students of the poem. Among the critical studies, discussions of vocabulary rank high in number, and almost every conceivable approach to the subject has been investigated either in part or with a high degree of thoroughness. Single words, such as ealuscerwen, and groups of related words, such as rime-words, kennings, and words of Christian content or reference, have received close attention, as well as larger lexical patterns, such as variation and the formulaic texture, while further studies have compared the vocabulary with that of other Old English poems or Nordic literatures. Aside from purely lexicographical or etymological inquiries, there are three perspectives to which these many discussions generally belong: 1) descriptive: usually statistical observations about the number of compounds relative to simplices or of formulas relative to the whole vocabulary of the poem, or a comparison of the frequency of certain lexical types with other poems, or a classification of the habits of word-formation; 2) figurative and appellative: the types of verbal figures and their analogues elsewhere in Old English and Old Norse; and 3) usage: the use of words in particular contexts or for specific effects, and the structural use of synonymic substitution and variation. The first emphasis is important because it reveals the composition and its formative strata of the poem's total vocabulary, and also the lexical relationships with other poetry or poetic traditions. The second serves to isolate a lexical stratum which is by nature exclusively poetic and to observe how much of this stratum is probably original and how much traditional. But it is the third perspective which is interested most essentially in the poet, since here the attempt is made to discern the many ways by which he has used language significantly to dramatize, emphasize, elucidate, intimate, and so on. Much that has been written in this category has concerned itself with the larger patterns of variation as a characterizing, describing, or structural device, rather than with smaller, more confined, strokes of verbal association and verbal play. A well-known instance of the latter is the epithet for Grendel, healoegn (142) which, in its context, wherein a bona fide hall-thane anxiously seeks out a hiding place as protection against the intruder, may with complete justification be termed ironic, and the same thing may be said of a similar appellation used later for both Grendel and Beowulf, renweardas (770), There are also hints here and there that the poet may have been influenced by learned Latin figures. Many years ago Albert Cook compared flod blode weol (1422; Exodus 463, flod blod gewod) to Aldhelm's fluenta cruenta (De Virginitate, 2600), and more recently H. D. Meritt called attention to the similarity between Hrothgar's warning that in death “eagena bearhtm / forsiteo ond forsworces” (1766b-67a) and Aldhelm's “ferreus leti somnus palpebrarum conuolatus non tricaverit” (De Virg. Prose, 321.7, ed. Ewald). It is in the smaller strokes, I think, that the poet's acumen and craft are most incisively contained, and it is to some of these that the present discussion is devoted.

The Taxonomic Significance of Cloacal Bursae in Turtles

The presence of cloacal bursae in some species of turtles was recorded 225 years ago by Perrault (1733:183), who stated in connection with his thorough anatomical description of Testudo elegans that a number of freshwater turtles possess these bursae although T. elegans does not. Bojanus figured them 85 years later in his marvelously illustrated anatomy of the European Emys orbicularis (1819-1821: figs. 157, 158), but called no special attention to their uniqueness. Geoffroy St. Hilaire (1827: pl. 2, figs. 2-4) illustrates a pair of cloacal depressions closely resembling openings into cloacal bursae in what he calls the tortu 't boite (box turtle, no scientific name given), but describes the depressions as attachments for a pair of pelvic ligaments. Le Sueur (1839) was the first to emphasize the peculiar nature of these structures, but even he did not list the 12 species in which he had found them. He did state that they do not occur in Gopherus polyphemus and North American Amyda (species not cited). Not until 1876 (Anderson) was the occurrence of cloacal bursae in the order Testudines surveyed with any degree of thoroughness; 12 genera and at least 17 species (as now recognized) were sampled. Since then two other surveys (Hoffman, 1890:293-296, and Pickel, 1899) have appeared. In none of these has a sufficient number of forms been sampled to permit any conclusions concerning the occurrence of these bursae except in limited groups such as the trionychids, emyids, and testudinids. To our knowledge, only Loveridge and Williams (1956) have made use of these structures as a taxonomic character.

Reviews and abstracts

This, is a comprehensive treatment of meteorological analysis which should serve as a useful reference book for those concerned with almost any aspect of analysis in extratropical latitudes. It is especially recommended for the library of the meteorologist who devotes a major part of his time to analysis and also of the analytical research worker who is likely to refer to many of the more obscure subjects treated here. As a text for training meteorologists in analysis it achieves some of the aims mentioned by Saucier in his preface, particularly in regard to a greater emphasis on flow in the free atmosphere and its integration with analysis of flow in the lower levels. However, there is much detail in many places throughout the book and only the meteorological student specializing in analysis will be amply rewarded for the time spent in reading this text with any degree of thoroughness. In view of the current trends toward centralization of analysis and forecasting and the growing role of the electronic machine in performing these functions objectively, it becomes questionable whether, in the training of the average meteorologist, sufficient time can or should be devoted to the many details of analysis treated in this text.

St. Andrew in the Work of Tilmann Riemenschneider

THREE statues of St. Andrew by Tilmann Riemenschneider have hitherto been known: the stone statue in the Wurzburg Cathedral from Riemenschneider's workshop (Figs. 1–2); the lindenwood statue in the altarpiece of the Twelve Apostles in the Kurpfalzische Museum, Heidelberg, which after removal of its coat of paint proved to be a work by the master (Figs. 5–7); and the painted wooden statue that disappeared from the chapel of the Ehehaltenhaus in Wurzburg. The last can be evaluated from the photograph with some probability as also a work of the master (Fig. 3). A fourth statue of St. Andrew by Riemenschneider's hand, an unpainted lindenwood sculpture in the collection of the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, so far unpublished, will be introduced here (Figs. 8–10). Yet before we discuss this statue, we will have to study the other three, since that has never been done with any degree of thoroughness. Through such a comparative study a new insight into Riemenschneider's development during the first decade of the si...

The Siting of Classical Greek Temples

FROM THE eighteenth century to the present day an inevitable Romantic essence has clung about Greek temples. It is a Romanticism of distant time, of the very nature of the sites where the ruins stand, and of the picturesque quality of the ruins themselves. No one rounding the high promontory of Sunium escapes the Byronic touch as the wind-scoured columns gleam above the cliff; the temples of Poseidonia bulk solidly on the flat plain which skirts the bay of Salerno; Bassae traces a contrastingly ordered colonnade against the savage hills of Arcadia and from far off the Parthenon crowns the steep rock which rises out of sprawling modern Athens. It takes an effort to look past these visual experiences and only with much research and no little uncertainty can we restore things as they were when the Greeks created them. Not until this has been done, however, and some picture built up with the aid of painful archaeological piecingtogether can we speculate on the Greek approach to the work. It is all too easy to invent a subjective interpretation and all too hard to interpret facts the right way. I do not propose here to advance much in the way of new theory, nor to cover the field with any degree of thoroughness. I hope only to suggest some observations which should be kept in mind in the course of more thorough study. We must first of all think of a temple as a shrine rather than as a place of worship in the usually accepted sense; sacrifices to the gods were made on the altar which lay in front of the temple. The building itself was thought of as the House of the God, a shelter for the cult statue, and with an anthropomorphic concept of deity this is inevitable. But the house association is no ordinary one. We can trace it back to the concept of the house of the chief, the Great One, belonging to the remote ages when northern tribes came into Greece in the beginning of the second millenium before Christ.

RAT POPULATIONS AND CONTROL IN TWO ENGLISH VILLAGES

Rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout) populations have been studied in two villages in Devonshire. One village had a human population of 266, the other, of 364. The main activity in each village is mixed farming, with poultry and pig keeping on a small scale.From spring 1947 to spring 1950 visits were made to both villages at six‐monthly intervals. At each visit a relative census of the rat populations was taken. This was done either by test baiting, which records only the visits by rats to bait points; or by census baiting, in which a surplus of wheat is laid each day until the amount taken levels off. The level so reached is a measure of the rat population. Test baiting was found to be less reliable, as an index of changes in the rat populations, than census baiting. In some instances treatments, consisting of one, two or three strikes, i.e. poisonings after prebaiting, were carried out after the census.Complete clearance of a whole village was not achieved on any occasion. Lasting reductions of the rat populations were achieved only by comprehensive double or triple strikes. After such treatments the rat populations took more than a year to recover; probably the recovery to the maximum rat population would often have taken 2 years or more had it been allowed to take place.In each village the rats were distributed in discrete colonies, most of them in farms or chicken runs. Poor hygiene and dilapidation of buildings were important factors in promoting rat infestation. When a new source of food became available near an existing infestation, e.g. as a result of the setting up of a new chicken run, rats soon appeared.Apart from rats five species of small mammals visited the bait points: Mus musculus, Apodemus sylvaticus, Microtus agrestis, Clethrionomys glareolus and Sorex araneus. Their presence was detected by their droppings, by characteristic nibbling of the grain, and by trapping. Allowance was made for their presence in recording the results of census baiting.Mouse activity at the bait points was greatest when the rat population was low, but there is no certain evidence that mouse numbers greatly increased when the rats were reduced.It is suggested that, for effective control and the economical use of manpower, treatments in rural areas should always consist of at least two strikes. It may be expected that such treatments, if carried out with a high degree of thoroughness and efficiency, need normally be carried out only once a year; and it might often be possible to leave an area for 18 months or 2 years.

"Guillaume de Dole" and "Guillaume de Nevers"

Previous articleNext article No Access"Guillaume de Dole" and "Guillaume de Nevers"V. Frederic KoenigV. Frederic Koenig Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Modern Philology Volume 45, Number 3Feb., 1948 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/388764 PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Rheological Properties of Cement Slurries

A thorough knowledge of the behavior of cement slurries under elevatedtemperatures and pressures is necessary in order to solve properly the manyproblems presented in deep-well cementing operations. In the earlier days ofthe petroleum industry the depths of wells were shallow as compared to those oftoday, and the subsurface temperatures and pressures were not of sufficientmagnitude to affect seriously the problem of proper control of cement-slurryproperties. Today, however, the search for new reserves has extended drillingto such depths that bottom-hole temperatures of more than 200?F. andbottom-hole pressures of 3000 to 5000 lb. are not uncommon. Moreover, there isevery indication that within the next few years wells will be drilled to evengreater depths and bottom-hole temperatures and pressures will becorrespondingly higher than those with which we are concerned today. It has been realized for some time that the behavior of cement slurries at hightemperatures and pressures might be very different from that at atmospherictemperature-pressure conditions, but while the temperature effects have beeninvestigated with a reasonable degree of thoroughness, the pressure effectshave received little public attention. While the trend toward deeper drilling may make changes in cementing techniqueand the choice of cements imperative, it was the purpose of this investigationto consider factors having a bearing on the latter, only secondaryconsideration being given, for the present, to details of technique andequipment for oil-field use. More specifically, the purpose of this work was toconsider the effect of temperature and pressure upon the behavior of cementslurries. Although it has long been recognized that cements thicken and set rapidly withincreasing temperatures, practical methods for the quantitative determinationof these effects are comparatively recent developments. In 1935 Silcox and Rulepresented such a method, describing apparatus designed to measure theconsistency-time relationship of cement slurries at relatively hightemperatures. The practical importance of this apparatus in furnishing usefuldata for the evaluation of cement slurries for cementing operations has beenemphasized in various technical publications by such writers as E. L. Davis, F.Bingham, and J. E. Weiler. A paper describing the numerous tests now used toevaluate cements for oil wells was presented in 1939 by W. W. Robinson."Robinson describes the Consistometer and the ThickeningTime Tester, showingsimilarity of data from the two devices, and points out that the purpose ofeach apparatus is to determine the allowable time that a cement may be pumpedat a given temperature. T.P. 1207

Application of Commodity Treatments for the Alleviation of Quarantines

Commodity treatments for the alleviation of quarantines, like a number of other branches of economic entomology, seeks, by the use of formulae and technique of application, to effect the destruction of some form of insect life. They differ from the ordinary pest control efforts only in the degree of thoroughness required for their successful application, since the objective is complete disinfestation of the commodity in order that no hazard of pest distribution may attach to its movement.

The Weed Seed Population of Arable Soil: II. Influence of Crop, Soil and Methods of Cultivation Upon the Relative Abundance of Viable Seeds

1. The weed seed population of the soil is greatly influenced by the type of crop grown. Soil conditions being similar, the composition of the flora under continuous wheat and barley is very much the same, but the relative abundance of the constituent species varies greatly, some being favoured by the wheat crop and others by the barley. On the whole, the spring cultivation before barley sowing tends to keep the number of buried weed seeds below those occurring in the autumn ploughed wheat soil. 2. When fallowing operations are carried out the various species in the soil population are differently affected. Most species are reduced in number, but the degree of reduction ranges over a wide percentage, while a few species may even be increased. These variations seem to depend upon the correlation between the times of the fallowing operations and the periods of maximum germination of the different species, coupled with the length of their natural dormancy. 3. If the interval between processes of cultivations are too prolonged some species are able to reach maturity and replenish the soil with so many seeds that the beneficial effect of the fallowing is entirely lost. Weed species vary considerably in their ability to recolonise the soil in this way. 4. When land is cropped the processes of cultivation affect the weed flora more variably than is the case with fallowing. On the same area some species may be drastically reduced while others may be doubled or trebled in quantity. This again depends on the correlation between the data of sowing the crop, the method of cultivation, and the habits of the weed species as regards maximum period of germination and length of natural dormancy. 5. Some weed species respond to cropping and fallowing in the same general direction, being reduced by both methods of cultivation. Other species may be generally reduced by fallowing, but behave variably under crop, being increased or decreased in different seasons. 6. From the agricultural point of view it is apparent that unless fallowing operations can be carried out with a much greater degree of thoroughness than is usual, reduction of many weeds can be effected almost as well and more economically by intensified cultivation while the land is under crop. Other species, however, which tend to increase in some seasons under crop conditions, may be more effectively dealt with by fallowing if their predominance justifies the expense, which implies loss of crop as well as the cost of numerous cultivations.

The Future of the British Patent Office

I. THE British patent system suffers from certain rather serious defects which prevent it from fulfilling adequately its function as a stimulus to in vention and as an incentive to the development of new manufactures. It is the purpose of the present article to discuss one of these defects, namely, the restricted character of the investigation for novelty which is carried out by the Patent Office, and to direct attention to the need for fresh legislation on this subject. Wide differences of opinion are likely to exist as to the form the remedy should take, since the relative cost of any schemes which may be put forward will depend on the degrees of thoroughness characterising the searches for which they respectively provide. The view here advocated is that an extremely high degree of thorough ness will repay the expenditure which it involves, but we shall have served our purpose if we succeed in directing attention to the principal questions on which a decision will have to be taken when the present state of the law comes to be amended.

A CLINICAL REPORT ON ACUTE CASES OF MERCURIC CHLORID POISONING

Poisoning by mercuric chlorid is a condition of comparatively frequent occurrence at the present time, and the opportunity to study a considerable number of such cases has furnished data which seem of sufficient interest to justify a report. While some of these patients have been transferred to other hospitals within a comparatively short time after admission to the service, there have been a number which we have been able to study with a fair degree of thoroughness, and these have presented interesting findings. Most of the work previously reported has been along therapeutic lines and has in the main tended to confirm the earlier general impression of a high mortality from this condition. Sansum 1 has reviewed particularly carefully the literature on the subject and has conducted animal experiments which seem to show that for dogs the minimum lethal dose is quite uniformly 4 mg. of mercuric chlorid intravenously per kilogram

§ IV.—Mounds and other ancient Sites in the Region of Salonika

The Object of these notes is to draw attention to some ancient sites mostly within easy reach of Salonika which seem to have hitherto escaped the notice of travellers. It has been possible to make a few additions to the list of mounds published by Mr. Wace in 1915, and supplementary notes are added in a few cases-where further exploration has confirmed or modified his conclusions. A few of the mounds given in his list have been excavated with varying degrees of thoroughness, but it is to be feared that the results will not be published as a whole, and in many instances not at all.

Recent Excavations At Babylon

Through the pages of its Mittheilungen, of which 55 numbers appeared prior to 1915, the German Orient Society has kept its members informed concerning the excavations which since 1899 it has been conducting in the East. The more technical details have from time to time appeared in the Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen issued by the Society. That Assyria and Babylon have been a field of special attractiveness seems natural for a Society the inception and direction of which have been in large measure the work of the eminent Assyriologist Friedrich Delitzsch. It is due to his enthusiasm that the Society has secured such large financial support that it could project and execute plans on a scale and with a degree of thoroughness not seen before in the Babylonian-Assyrian territory. The friendly relations between the German and Turkish governments have likewise greatly eased the path of the explorer.

Annuaire géologique universes et Guide du Géologie autour de la Terre

THIS is the first annual issue of a geological guide edited by the Secretary to the Geological Society of France, which cannot fail to be of the greatest use as a book of reference to those concerned with geology all over the world. Multum in parvo would be a very suitable motto for the book, for the amount of information which it contains in a small space is really marvellous. The editor does not profess to have carried out the whole of the programme which he has set before himself in the present issue; but it was decided to bring out the volume this year on account of the meeting of the Geological Congress at Berlin, and also in order that he may be able in the ensuing issue to profit by private and public criticism. The best criticism of it will be a bare statement of its contents. It first describes the history, various meetings and utility of the Congress of Geologists, with the proceedings at the meetings in Paris and Bologna. It then takes the continents in alphabetical order, and the countries in them in the same way, and supplies a mass of geological information of all kinds with regard to each. Taking as an example the first country under the head Europe, which is Germany (Allemagne), we find a list of books on the bibliography of German geology, of general (as distinguished from special and detailed) geological maps, and of the leading works on certain districts; these are succeeded by a general sketch of the geological features of Germany, and of the occurrence of the various geological systems'; then a detailed account of the organisation for the production of geological maps in the various countries and provinces composing the German Empire; then a sketch of the institutions in which geology is taught, the various universities with their professors, laboratories, collections, museums, c., the professors at the various polytechnic and agronomical schools, the public and private geological collections, with in some cases, brief descriptions of the principal features (these occupy a considerable space), then the various geological societies, with their organisations; next the periodical publications, their prices, size, general nature of the contents, divided into five classes-(1) those specially geological, (2) those containing from time to time geological papers, (3) geographical periodicals containing geological papers, (4) those devoted to mining, (5) collections of geological and palæontological memoirs. These lists are succeeded by others which form a very important feature of the work-viz. the names, addresses, and special fields of all the geologists in the German empire; and finally the titles of all the books and papers which have appeared during the past year on mineralogy, petrography, geology, and palæontology, arranged in alphabetical order. This description of the volume under the head “Allemagne,” will give an accurate idea of the scope and arrangement of the book, for although circumstances have prevented the scheme being carried out with the same degree of thoroughness for every part of the globe, the volume will year by year approach nearer to, doubtless even improve upon, this standard. In the case of Great Britain, for instance, the issue for 1886 will contain a thorough study of our geology, and its teaching in our universities and other public institutions. Its ultimate completeness must naturally depend much on the assistance which the editor receives from geologists all over the world in supplying information, making the necessary alterations required by time, offering suggestions and adding corrections; and the volume is so useful and full in design that we have little doubt Dr. Dagincourt's fellow-geologists will willingly help him to carry it out in all its details. We observe that Tasmania has by an error been put amongst Asiatic countries instead of in Australasia.