Degree Of Permanence Research Articles

Disabled Children's Experience of Permanency in the Looked After System

Research with seven local authorities in England provided data on the 'care careers' of 596 foster-children over three years (Sinclair et al., 2005). One part of this study looked at the experiences of disabled foster-children compared to non-disabled foster-children. The research aimed to identify if there were any particular difficulties in pursuing permanency for disabled looked after children. This article introduces a concept developed by the author from this work: the idea that disabled children may be at risk of experiencing a 'reverse ladder of permanency', being less likely than their peers to receive permanent placements such as adoption and return home. The results of the study partially supported this hypothesis, reinforcing existing findings and highlighting some new ones. Foster-children with learning but not other impairments were less likely to be adopted. All disabled children were less likely to return home and therefore remained in foster-care for longer. Disabled children who were adopted, or who returned home, did so after a greater delay compared to non-disabled children. By contrast, children who were 'clearly disabled' achieved a greater degree of permanence within the care system. The article concludes by considering the implications of such findings for policy and practice.

Non-union employee representation in North America: diversity, controversy and uncertain future1

The diverse conceptual perspectives and practical experiences with non-union employee representation (NER) in the USA and Canada are reviewed. We first propose a six-dimensional descriptive schema to categorise observed NER practices. Dimensions of diversity include (i) form; (ii) function; (iii) subjects; (iv) representational modes; (v) extent of power; (vi) degree of permanence. We then turn to the NER controversy, which is a tangled skein consisting of many different threads of values and prescriptions. To unbundle the controversy, we develop four ‘faces’ of NER—(i) evolutionary voice; (ii) unity of interest; (iii) union avoidance; and (iv) complementary voice—so that future research can more consciously test the validity of competing perspectives with hard data. Generalising about NER is problematic because of these many dimensions of diversity, and because NER is viewed through different ideological and conceptual lenses. We conclude that NER’s future trajectory is uncertain due to conflicting trends but in the short run is most likely to remain a modest-sized phenomenon.

Migratory charr schools exhibit population and kin associations beyond juvenile stages

Few studies have critically investigated the genetic composition of wild fish schools. Yet, such investigations may have profound implications for the understanding of social organization and population differentiation in both fundamental and applied research. Using 20 microsatellite loci, we investigated the composition of 53 schools (total n = 211) of adult and subadult migratory brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) sampled from the known feeding areas of two populations inhabiting Mistassini Lake (Québec, Canada). We specifically tested whether (i) school members originated from the same population, (ii) individuals from the same population within schools were kin (half- or full-siblings), and (iii) kin schooling relationships differed between sexes. Randomization tests revealed a tendency for most schools to be population specific, although some schools were population mixtures. Significantly more kin were found within schools than expected at random for both populations (approximately 21-34% of the total number of school members). This result, combined with the observed size range of individuals, indicated that stable associations between kin may occur beyond juvenile stages for up to 4 years. Nevertheless, a high proportion of school members were non-kin (approximately 66-79%). No differences were detected between sexes in the propensity to school with kin. We discuss the hypothesis that the stable kin groups, rather than arising from kin selection, may instead be a by-product of familiarity based on individual selection for the maintenance of local adaptations related to migration (natal and feeding area philopatry). Our results are noteworthy because they suggest that there is some degree of permanence in the composition of wild fish schools. Additionally, they support the hypothesis that schools can be hierarchically structured (from population members down to family groups) and are thus nonrandom genetic entities.

Access rights for outdoor recreation in New Zealand: some lessons for open country in England and Wales

Access opportunities for outdoor recreation in New Zealand and England and Wales are classified according to their conformity with collective, citizenship or exclusion rights and their degrees of permanence. Alternative criteria for the apportionment of access rights are considered in the context of this classification. Different criteria for rights apportionment are found to be appropriate according to different circumstances in the context of pluralist provision. Policy developments in New Zealand are compared with those in England. After 150 years of a dominance of collective rights in New Zealand current policy is shifting provision towards exclusionary rights. In England, there is a policy shift in the other direction, towards collective rights. Lessons for the development of collective rights in England are drawn from the New Zealand experience in relation to styles of governance, public preferences, public cost, insurance liability and the potential of markets.

The Virtual Library: Changing Roles and Ethical Challenges for Librarians

Since the 1930s, the Library Bill of Rights has acknowledged the ethical responsibility of librarians to provide access to information in all formats to all people. Librarians are charged with selecting, organizing, and instructing patrons on how to locate and use the resources, and preserving information regardless of format or technology. The information revolution and the pervasive thinking that everything is available on the Web have created new challenges to these traditional professional ethics. Acquiring and providing dependable access to electronic resources require librarians to learn and apply new skills such as negotiating license agreements and understanding evolving technologies. Print publications provide a degree of permanence, but e-information, if it is not properly managed, can be highly transient. Internet services provide large, uncontrolled, unregulated collection of resources. If the very nature of the Internet makes it nearly if not completely impossible to evaluate the content of web-sites, how does the librarian protect the integrity of the information the library provides? Along with traditional ethical conflicts, librarians in the virtual library are faced with new challenges to provide equitable access to usefully organized resources, to address petitions to deselect or filter, to negotiate less-restrictive licensing policies, and to maintain the anonymity of individual users within electronic transactions.

Scholarly Journals in the Electronic World

Above all, the electronic information environment is interlinked. Links can knit together the scholarly references, citations and data sources for the user as never before, bringing the whole web of distributed information resources right to the reader's desktop. A certain amount of infrastructure and degree of cooperation is needed to make this happen effectively. The field of astronomy now benefits from such an infrastructure, which has been named Urania. Links and other electronic resources comprise much of the value of an electronic journal, but make the job of maintaining an electronic archive more difficult. Users of the electronic scholarly journals in astronomy have developed new expectations for speed of production, ease of use, and ability to update links and features, and a demonstrated degree of permanence in electronic journals. These expectations are fundamentally changing the way publishers must look at the journals they produce.

Consuming work/productive leisure: the consumption patterns of second home environments

This paper, based on a research project on British second home owners in rural France, uses empirical evidence derived from ethnographic interviews to investigate and analyse the escapism opportunities afforded by the purchase and consumption of a second home in a foreign environment. Escape is the main theme, from pressure of work, everyday routine, from commodification, to a space which is a bolt-hole, a retreat or a genuine break from paramount reality. The actions and activities through which the escape is attempted or effected are examined, leading to some insights into the home-holiday as well as the production-consumption relationship. It seems that the French second home experience provides an example of an alternative to the routines and constraints of the world of work on the one hand and from commodified tourism products on the other. In committing to the project, which mingles production and consumption, owners believe they are achieving a balance which is missing from their lives in Britain, through the mechanism of having a recurrent escape route to a way of life which offers them a degree of permanence. The French house project is also an identity project, in which reflexivity plays an important role. The practice, for those who succeed at it, ultimately can be seen as a form of social and spatial delinquency, breaking through the boundaries of a commodified existence to the lived space of another life.

Salinity as a determinant of the structure of biological communities in salt lakes

The paper considers the extent to which salinity determines the structure of biological communities (composition and species richness and diversity) in saline lakes, i.e. inland bodies of water with salinities in excess of 3 g l-1. It also considers the extent to which oxygen, ionic composition, pH, hydrological patterns (degree of permanence and impermanence of water), geographical position, palaeoclimatic events, chance, human intervention, and biological interactions especially predation determine biological communities in salt lakes. It suggests that salinity is less significant as a determinant of community structure in salt lakes than has been assumed.

Comment on Hekman's "Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited": Where's the Power?

as an interpretive framework dedicated to explicating how knowledge remains central to maintaining and changing unjust systems of power. While the main arguments in Susan Hekman's article (in this issue) contain surface validity, because standpoint theory never was designed to be argued as a theory of truth or method, Hekman's article simply misses the point of standpoint theory overall. By decontextualizing standpoint theory from its initial moorings in a knowledge/power framework while simultaneously recontextualizing it in an apolitical discussion of feminist truth and method, Hekman essentially depoliticizes the potentially radical content of standpoint theory. First, the notion of a standpoint refers to historically shared, groupbased experiences. Groups have a degree of permanence over time such that group realities transcend individual experiences. For example, African Americans as a stigmatized racial group existed long before I was born and will probably continue long after I die. While my individual experiences with institutionalized racism will be unique, the types of opportunities and constraints that I encounter on a daily basis will resemble those confronting African Americans as a group. Arguing that Blacks as a group come into being or disappear on the basis of my participation seems narcissistic, egocentric, and archetypally postmodern. In contrast, standpoint theory places less emphasis on individual experiences within socially constructed groups than on the social conditions that construct such groups. I stress this difference between the individual and the group as units of analysis because using these two constructs as if they were interchangeable clouds understanding of a host of topics, in this case, the very notion of a group-based standpoint. Individualism continues as a taproot in Western theorizing, including feminist versions. Whether bourgeois liberalism positing notions of individual rights or postmodern social theory's celebration of human differences, market-based choice models grounded in individualism argue that freedom exists via the absence of constraints of all sorts, including those of mandatory group membership. Freedom occurs when individuals have rights of mobility in and out of groups, much as we join clubs and other voluntary associations.

La Bulgarie dans les stratégies d'in ternationalisation des firmes occidentales

Bulgaria, and the strategic approach of Western firms to internationalization. The opening of the economies of Eastern Europe represents a new field of competition for the economies and enterprises of the West, a source of uncertainty at the same time with prospects of apportunity and danger. A study of the tactics of Western firms in Bulgaria is particularly useful for showing up the shadowy areas left unclear by an approach based on attractiveness. Indeed, what are the factors motivating the firms who become involved in what is globally a fairly unattractive market ? The basic hypothesis is that internationalization involves a limiting dimension arising from the competitive postures and pressures which firms undergo on their home market. From this viewpoint, the intrisic attractiveness of a country would lie in the extent and degree of permanence and commitment, and not in the basic decision wether or not to show one's presence in the market in question. Thus, a weak attraction need not discourage an interest in Bulgaria, on the part of certain Western firms, but would fundamentally influence the kind of methods used for internationalizing the local production system. As for enterprises, it seems that Bulgaria largely attracts " followers" (large groups who are losing momentum on specific markets, or SMEs, not necessarily running at a loss, but relatively vulnerable and short of funds). At the same time, the number of active parties and opportunity schemes is considerable. The prime concern of these enterprises is to effect an entry into the market, and the process of internationalizing the Bulgarian economy seems, at the present stage, to be passing through the phase of trade rather than that of production.

Impaired Voluntariness and Criminal Responsibility: Reworking Hart's Theory of Excuses-the English Judicial Response

Impaired Voluntariness and Criminal Responsibility: Reworking Hart's Theory of Excuses-the English Judicial Response

Reactive Processing and Polymer

Abstract Polymer additives are primarily responsible for the ultimate properties and performance of commodity polymers which are being used increasingly in demanding applications. the physical loss of additives from the polymer substrate is a major limitation to the traditional method of incorporating additives into polymers. the relatively low degree of permanence of additives is undermined further during in-service performance of polymers under aggressive environments. Loss and migration of additives is, therefore, a major concern to the manufacturing industry because of adverse effects on polymer performance and durability as well as the inherent lexicological consequences of migrating additives, especially in medical and food applications. This paper explores the use of reactive processing to achieve the desired degree of permanence and substantivity of polymer additives. This method has been exploited to chemically bind additives to the polymer backbone. By comparison with conventional procedures, re...

Multisequence comparisons in protein coding genes

A very powerful method for detecting functional constraints operative in biological macromolecules is presented. This method entails performing a base permanence analysis of protein coding genes at each codon position simultaneously in different species. It calculates the degree of permanence of subregions of the gene by dividing it into segments, c codons long, counting how many sites remain unchanged in each segment among all species compared. By comparing the base permanence among several sequences with the expectations based on a stochastic evolutionary process, gene regions showing different degrees of conservation can be selected. This means that wherever the permanence deviates significantly from the expected value generated by the simulation, the corresponding regions are considered "constrained" or "hypervariable". The constrained regions are of two types: alpha and beta. The alpha regions result from constraints at the amino acid level, whereas the beta regions are those probably involved in "control" processing. The method has been applied to mitochondrial genes coding for subunit 6 of the ATPase and subunit 1 of the cytochrome oxidase in four mammalian species: human, rat, mouse, and cow. In the two mitochondrial genes a few regions that are highly conserved in all codon positions have been identified. Among these regions a sequence, common to both genes, that is complementary to a strongly conserved region of 12S rRNA has been found. This method can also be of great help in studying molecular evolution mechanisms.

Implementation and Operation of a Contingency Management Program by the Elementary School Principal

The proponents of contingency management have not developed ways to implement their procedures that are within the financial realities of most public schools and within which some degree of permanence of the procedures is planned. If the school principal could be trained as the behavior management specialist for his school, costs would be reduced and program longevity enhanced. In this study, elementary school principals were trained as contingency management specialists. Four principals were trained to supervise the implementation of a positively-oriented, token economy in all normal classrooms in their schools. Behavioral data, obtained in random samples of classes before and after implementation, indicated that the program was successfully implemented, and preliminary follow-up indicated that it was successfully in place beyond the novelty phase of the program introduction.

Recycling Scrap Crosslinked Urethane Polymers

Abstract A. Scrap LRM polymers can be ground to powder on the Banbury operating at ambient temperature with cooling of the rotors and jacket. Particle size reduction can be accomplished in 5 min at 180 rpm. B. Powdered LRM polymer can be blended with TPU up to 50 wt.% and the composite compression molded to give the same properties as the TPU. C. Powdered LRM polymer can be blended with nitrile, chloroprene, and EPDM rubbers to give incompatible composites. The powdered LRM polymer acts in a manner similar to typical nonreinforcing fillers. D. It is possible to degrade powdered LRM polymers to a tacky mass at 180°C, which behaves much like a typical extender oil, when blended with nitrile and chloroprene rubbers. It is speculated that the degraded urethane should show a high degree of permanency in such blends. E. Addition of the urethane polymer to the rubber stocks does not interfere with the standard sulfur-curing mechanisms. F. Scrap HR foam can be ground to a powder in the Banbury in a manner similar to LRM scrap. G. A blend of 5 phr of powdered foam with a new HR foam formulation was machine processable. Addition of the powder had only a minor effect on the properties of the new foam.

John Backhouse and the Origins of the Permanent Undersecretaryship for Foreign Affairs: 1828-1842

One of the more important features of the transformation of the departmental service of the eighteenth century into the civil service of the nineteenth century was the emergence of the permanent official. There had always been a degree of permanence in the bureaucracy, particularly in the clerical positions, but in the higher ranks and especially among the undersecretaries the distinction between political and clerical officers tended to be blurred and each man had responsibilities in both spheres. By 1830 these officials no longer occupied ambivalent situations. In most departments one was a political appointee whose position was dependent on the political fortunes of the minister. The other undersecretary, however, had shed his political responsibilities and as a consequence was more or less immune to the political forces of parliamentary politics.Yet the process whereby these events took place was to a certain extent individualized in different departments. In the case of the Foreign Office the impact of financial and political changes in the state was considerably less important than in departments such as the Treasury. Neither of the foreign undersecretaries had ever had much influence over the formation of policy, nor were they to gain responsibility in this area during the 1830s. Yet clearly by the time Lord Palmerston became foreign secretary one of these men, John Backhouse, occupied a permanent position while his colleague, Sir George Shee, held a more temporary status. The distinction between the two positions became more rigid during the period Backhouse remained in office not so much as a result of political forces in the state, though these forces contributed somewhat to the changes that occurred, but as a consequence of Backhouse's growing responsibility for supervising the establishment.

The politics of unity: Hamidian policy in Eastern Anatolia

The era of viewing the Hamidian period in Ottoman history as simply one of reaction has long passed. Writers such as Bernard Lewis, Roderic Davison, Niyazi Berkes, and Stanford Shaw, to name only a few, have demonstrated that most of the changes begun in the first three-quarters of the nineteenth century continued throughout the Hamidian period.' Indeed, it has been shown that the reforms, or western-oriented changes, were of such a nature that slowing their pace could be accomplished only with great difficulty and stopping them was virtually impossible. Given the fact that substantive and far-reaching reforms and changes continued to take place throughout Abdulhamid's reign, we must nevertheless recognize that the Hamidian period was in many ways markedly different from the years immediately preceding it. On the one hand it was a logical culmination of seventy five years of change and on the other an apparent reaction against that change. Reform continued yet the regime was notorious for its virulent anti-westernism and despotic government. This paper is concerned with investigating a particular manifestation of the distinctiveness of the Hamidian period; the drive for Muslim unity. The subject will be approached through an examination of relations between the central government and the Asiatic provinces, specifically those in eastern Anatolia, from 1878 to 1908. The Hamidian period has achieved the reputation of being the most despotic and centralized era in modern Ottoman history. That it was despotic and that centralization was a major goal cannot be debated, but upon investigation it becomes clear that centralization, like reform, was subordinate to unity and survival. The centralizing tendencies and the despotic nature of the government were in no way distinctive to the Hamidian regime, being either a continuation of previous policy or a logical development of earlier reforms and changes. What is distinctive to the Hamidian period as opposed to that of Selim III, Mahmud II, or the Tanzimat, is that these aspects of Ottoman government as well as the whole policy of reforms, were consistently subordinated to a higher felt need, that for unity among the Muslim population of the Empire. In terms of policies and priorities, 1878 represents a fundamental shift in the Ottoman self-view.2 It was impossible to reform the Empire along the lines established by the Tanzimat reformers, lines Abdulhamid accepted as valid or at least unavoidable, without a strong central authority. It was impossible to establish this authority in any degree of permanence without some cooperation from the provinces, particularly from the local notables. The latter, however, had never been included to any significant degree in the process of westernization experienced by the bureaucrats in Constantinople

Mobiolab 1: Nasson College

Research Article| March 01 1969 Mobiolab 1: Nasson College Gordon S. Johnston, Gordon S. Johnston Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Robert H. Ciullo, Robert H. Ciullo Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Claude R. Gilmore Claude R. Gilmore Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (1969) 31 (3): 155–159. https://doi.org/10.2307/4442450 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Gordon S. Johnston, Robert H. Ciullo, Claude R. Gilmore; Mobiolab 1: Nasson College. The American Biology Teacher 1 March 1969; 31 (3): 155–159. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/4442450 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1969 The National Association of Biology Teachers Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Mechanical Properties of Set Keratin Fibers

Various degrees of set, and sets of various degrees of permanence, were imparted to four keratin fiber types: human hair, kid mohair, a noncrimp coarse wool, and a fine high-crimp wool. The sets were imparted in a water system at 97° C and at room temperature. The mechanical properties at 70° F and 65% RH of the set fibers were measured and examined in relation to the type and degree of set imparted. In general, fibers with a permanent set are weaker and more extensible than fibers with a temporary set. Significant differences in behavior were observed among the four fiber types.

COATING AND COATINGS

Lack of colour permanence can also be associated with less contemporary finishes. A few years ago, a leading chemical manufacturing concern built a spacious office block in Victoria Street, Westminster. Much thought was given to the choice of windows. A final touch of luxury was imparted to the façade by the selection of lightly toned bronze windows; this is a Victorian touch of splendour normally associated with banks, consulates and similar establishments. The term ‘bronze’, in the window trade, assumes a breadth of definition remarkable for even such an ill‐defined term, and is extended to beta brasses. However, the windows were installed, lacquered and admired by all. A few weeks later, a darkening of colour became apparent. This was investigated, attributed to the formation of copper sulphide as a result of permeability of the lacquer film to atmospheric contaminants, and the frames were cleaned down, repolished and relacquered using a competitive brand. The lacquer was applied by spray—the weather was hot, but with gusts of wind, and the comments elicited from the occupants and passers‐by were practically sufficient to induce some colour change. However, the task was completed, and in due course the phenomenon recurred, but more severely. A third attempt gave no better results, and an acceptable degree of permanence was achieved only when the windows were painted with a bronze paint, which consisted of aluminium powder in a tinted vehicle.