Degree Of Muscle Relaxation Research Articles

Clinical Evaluation of Xylazine-Zoletil Anesthesia in Equine under Field Conditions

The present study was conducted on eighteen horses divided into three groups, consisting of six horses in each irrespective of their size, breed and body weight. Horses from all groups were pre-anaesthetized with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg b.wt.) intravenously and anesthetized after 5 min with doses of zoletil (Tiletamine and zolazepam) @ 0.5 mg/kg, 0.8 mg/kg and 1.1 mg/kg BW in groups I, II and III, respectively. Evaluation of different parameters like time of induction of anaesthesia, quality of induction, duration of anaesthesia, degree of muscle relaxation, time and quality of recovery were evaluated and compared between the groups. Different haematological, biochemical and clinical parameters were studied before administration of pre-anaesthetic, during anaesthesia and after complete recovery. There was no significant difference noted for clinical, haematological, biochemical and anaesthetic parameters between the three groups. Quality of induction and anaesthesia was better in group II and group III than group I. Time required attaining sternal recumbency, standing and completing recovery were significantly longer in group III than group I and group II. Overall quality of recovery was better in group I and group II than group III. On the basis of this study, we can say zoletil at a dose rate of 0.8 mg per kg body weight provide better quality of field anaesthesia associated with smooth recovery for short term surgical procedures like gelding.

Clinical Usage of Different Doses of Cis-Atracurium in Intracranial Aneurysm Surgery and Its Effect on Motor-Evoked Potentials

The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of different doses of cis-atracurium on patients undergoing general anesthesia induction (GAI) during intracranial aneurysm surgery (ICAS). In this work, 90 patients who underwent ICAS under the elective motor-evoked potential (MEP) monitoring in the First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University (Xi'an No. 1 Hospital) from January 2021 to May 2022 were enrolled as the research objects. Randomly, they were rolled into a S1 group (30 cases, 2 times 95% effective dose (ED95) cis-atracurium), a S2 group (30 cases, 3 times ED95 cis-atracurium), and a S3 group (30 cases, 4 times ED95 cis-atracurium). The endotracheal intubation conditions, the train-of-four (TOF) rate (TOFR), body movement, and spontaneous breathing were compared among the three groups of patients. The results showed that the MEP inhibition time of the patients in the S3 group was much longer than that of the S1 and S2 groups, but it showed no significant difference between the S1 group and S2 group (P > 0.05). The good rates of endotracheal intubation conditions in the S2 group (100%) and S3 group (100%) were obviously higher than the rate in the S1 group (43.33%). The TOFRs of patients in S2 and S3 groups at time t2 and t3 were lower obviously to that at time t0, while the TOFRs of patients in S3 group at time t2 and t3 were still lower in contrast to the S2 group (P < 0.05). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) of patients in all groups were lower at t1, t2, and t3 than at t0 (P < 0.05), while the differences among different groups were not remarkable (P > 0.05). Finally, using 3 times ED95 cis-atracurium for GAI could reduce the risk of intraoperative body movement and spontaneous breathing, as well as the residual degree of muscle relaxation, in patients with ICAS, without affecting MEP monitoring, improving endotracheal intubation conditions, and increasing safety during open neurosurgery operations.

The role of PLGA/TPGS nanoparticle on xylazine-ketamine anesthetic activity in male albino rabbits

D-ɑ-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (Vitamin E TPGS or TPGS) has been approved by food and drug administration (FDA) as harmless adjuvant and is largely used in drug systems delivery. Physicochemical and biological possessions of TPGS provide many advantages for its usage in drug delivery, such as high bio-compatibility, increased drug solubility, improved drug penetration and selective anti-tumor action. The aim of the study was to use the TPGS polymer as a drug release model to regulate the release of the anesthetic xylazine-ketamine in order to minimize therapeutically reference dose, avoid side effects, and improve efficacy. The study performed on 15 adult local breed male rabbits, divided into 3 groups with same number which injected intramuscularly with single dose of suggested anesthetics. Group 1 injected with ketamine and xylazine. Group 2 injected with ketamine and xylazine as same dose of group 1 loaded by PLGA-TPGS. Group 3 injected with Ketamine and xylazine loaded by PLGA-TPGS with half dose of Group 1 and 2. The following physiological parameters were evaluated: heart rate, respiratory rate, degree of muscle relaxation, onset of action and stages of anesthesia before administration the drug at time zero then at 10, 30 and 60 minutes after drug administration, also induction of anesthesia, surgical anesthesia and recovery time were recorded. Nanoprecipitation technique was optimal method for preparing small particle size as well as reduce dose for therapeutic effect. Small and large dose was showed perfect analgesic and muscle relaxant activity of xylazine-ketamine drugs. Ketamine 30 mg and xylazine 10 mg loaded PLGA showed elevation of conciseness period as well as increase muscle relaxant. Ketamine 30 mg and xylazine 10 mg loaded PLGA reduce heart rate but onset of action delayed when compared with reference drug. The process of nanoprecipitation was ideal for forming small particle sizes and reducing the dosage for therapeutic effects. PLGA loaded with ketamine-xylazine demonstrated improved cycle concentration (walk time) as well as improved muscle relaxant, finally the protocol created an excellent anesthetic combination for induction of general anesthesia.

Оптимізація терапії у пацієнтів з болем в нижній частині спини в залежності від наявності синдрому доброякісної гіпермобільності суглобів

Оптимізація терапії у пацієнтів з болем в нижній частині спини в залежності від наявності синдрому доброякісної гіпермобільності суглобів

Chemical Restraining and Electroejaculation Protocols for Semen Collection in White-Lipped Peccary (Tayassu pecari)

Background: In order to reverse the White-lipped peccary decline, besides protecting its habitat and controlling hunting, it is necessary a captive breeding program. There are reports, however, on the low fertility of white-lipped peccary, making it difficult its reproduction in captivity, making artificial insemination one of the main tools to prevent the loss of genetic diversity of species kept in captivity. Information on safe methods of anesthesia and the collection of semen should be investigated. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of the anesthetic protocols acepromazine/ketamine and xylazine/ketamine, as well as electroejaculation protocols, for semen collection in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari).Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Twelve adult male white-lipped peccaries were submitted both to the xylazine/ketamine and acepromazine/ketamine anesthetic protocols. The anesthetic induction time and duration, the degree of muscle relaxation, the time for anesthetic recovery and the quality of the animals’ recovery were evaluated. Additionally, the quality of the sedation was evaluated based on the animal’s behavior. We also evaluated the effect of drugs on erectile functions as well as the efficiency of three electroejaculation protocols with increasing or fixed voltages (2 to 4 V; 5 to 12 V; 12 V). The acepromazine/ketamine combination promotes shorter induction time, duration and recovery from anesthesia than the xylazine/ketamine association. There were no differences, however, between the tested anesthetic protocols in relation to heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature. Ejaculate was obtained from only 2 animals when using the xylazine/ketamine protocol and adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V, with 10 stimuli at each voltage. In turn, ejaculate was obtained from four animals submitted to the acepromazine/ketamine protocol, three of them with the adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V and one with the adoption of fixed 12 V stimuli, with 45 stimuli at this single voltage.Discussion: The animals presented less deep anesthesia and, consequently, worse indicators of well-being during and after the collection procedures when submitted to the xylazine/ketamine protocol compared to the acepromazine/ketamine protocol. When submitted to the acepromazine/ketamine protocol, the animals allowed the observer to approach and handle them, facilitating handling and collection of semen, in addition to promoting better indicators of animal welfare. Also, with this aforementioned protocol, the animals showed better anesthetic return. For both anesthetic protocols, the protocol of increasing stimuli from 5 to 12 V, with 10 stimuli at each voltage, resulted in penile erection and in obtaining ejaculate in a greater number of animals in relation to the other electroejaculation protocols. In turn, the use of the growing protocol 2 V to 4 V did not even cause an erection in any of the 12 animals. From the ejaculates collected from the white-lipped peccary, volumes (0.2 to 1.0 mL) and average sperm concentration (379.1 x 106 sperm/mL) were comparatively higher than those from Pecari tajacu. The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) is considered an aggressive animal, and this characteristic can explain the relatively low success in obtaining ejaculates, as aggressiveness is directly related to stress, which is an antagonist of ejaculation. Thus, we proposed to test chemical restraint with the aid of a blowgun in future studies.

Anesthesia for rabbits submitted to experimental surgeries: Report of a series of eight anesthesias

Anesthesia for laboratory animals is a matter of biomedical concern and one of the most present dilemmas in the current bioethical debate. The use of anesthetic agents in experimental surgery aims at analgesia and restraining the animal, in order to achieve a reasonable degree of muscle relaxation and to produce sufficient analgesia. This practice requires the use of protocols for the administration of safe and efficient doses. Eight New Zealand rabbits were submitted to laparotomies demonstrating the surgical technique discipline of the local medical course. For pre-anesthetic medication, acepromazine 1 mg.kg-1 associated with ketamine 15 mg.kg-1 was used subcutaneously. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and oxygen under a laryngeal mask in a Mapleson D anesthesia system and under spontaneous breathing. Hydration was performed with 10 ml.kg-1 saline every hour. A thermal mattress was used. Precordial stethoscope, pulse oximetry and clinical parameters were used for monitoring. For euthanasia, ketamine 10 mg.kg-1 associated with potassium chloride 19.1% 1 ml.kg-1 was used intravenously. The average weight of the rabbits was 2721.25 ± 275.01 grams and the duration of the anesthetic procedure was 120 ± 87 minutes. Discussion. In long-term anesthesia, such as laparotomies, the use of pre-anesthetic medication and then anesthetic induction by the combination of agents is recommended. However, anesthetic management requires monitoring to prevent insufficient or excessive doses from occurring.

Evaluation of sevoflurane and isoflurane as maintenance agent in buffaloes after glycopyrrolate-xylazine-butorphanol-propofol anaesthesia

The study was aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of isoflurane and sevoflurane as maintenance agent in a balanced anaesthetic combination for buffaloes undergoing diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy. Twelve clinical cases of diaphragmatic hernia in female buffaloes were randomly selected and assigned to two groups (PS and PI) of six animals each. After premedication with glycopyrrolate, xylazine and butorphanol, induction was done with propofol. For maintenance, either sevoflurane (PS) or isoflurane (PI) was used with oxygen through a partial rebreathing system. Clinical, physiological, behavioral, haematological and biochemical parameters were recorded at different intervals. No significant differences were observed in maintenance scores, degree of muscle relaxation as well as haematological and blood biochemical parameters between the groups. The heart and respiratory rates were observed to be less depressed in PS than in PI. The recovery and standing with ataxia in PS was significantly earlier than the PI. Both isoflurane and sevoflurane were found to be safe and effective maintenance anaesthetic agents for buffaloes undergoing diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy; however, the sevoflurane was assessed to be slightly better as maintenance agent because of faster recovery and lesser cardiovascular depression than isoflurane.

A comparative study on different doses of suxamethonium, rocuronium and vecuronium with respect to onset time action and side effects

The ease with which endotracheal intubation is performed depends upon degree of muscle relaxation, depth of anaesthesia and skill of anaesthesiologist. This is prospective, randomised observational study conducted at Deccan academy of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of suxamethonium, vecuronium and rocuronium on intubation time and intubating conditions when used along with rocuronium. 75 patients aged between 30 to 50 year of both genders, weighing from 40 to 70kg coming for elective surgeries under general anaesthesia included. They are divided in three groups, Group 1received 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium, and Group II received Suxamethonium1.5 mg/kg. And group III vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg. Intubating conditions were assessed by cooper scoring system. In Group I, 15patients showed excellent, 10 patients good and no patients showed poor intubation conditions and in group II all patients (25) showed excellent, and group III all patients showed good intubation conditions respectively.The onset time of intubating condition of three groups were 82.95±20.34 in Group I compared with 60.25±9.41 in Group II whereas in group III 154.5±6.47. These timings were significantly reduced in Group II compared to Group I and Group III. Vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg produces good intubation conditions at 60 sec when compared with Vecuronium 0.8 mg/kg provides excellent intubating conditions within 60–66 secs without any adverse effects in elective surgeries in patients with stable haemodynamics.

A clinical study to evaluate the cardiopulmonary characteristics of two different anaesthetic protocols for immobilization of healthy chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

ObjectiveTo characterize the cardiopulmonary characteristics of two different anaesthetic protocols (tiletamine/zolazepam ± medetomidine) and their suitability for the immobilization of healthy chimpanzees undergoing cardiac assessment. Study designProspective, clinical, longitudinal study. AnimalsSix chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) aged 4–16 years weighing 19.5–78.5 kg were anaesthetized on two occasions. MethodsAnaesthesia was induced with tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ) (3–4 mg kg–1) or tiletamine/zolazepam (2 mg kg–1) and medetomidine (0.02 mg kg–1) (TZM) via blow dart [intramuscular (IM)] and maintained with intermittent boluses of ketamine (IV) or zolazepam/tiletamine (IM) as required. The overall quality of the anaesthesia was quantified based on scores given for: quality of induction, degree of muscle relaxation and ease of intubation. The time to achieve a light plane of anaesthesia, number of supplemental boluses needed and recovery characteristics were also recorded. Chimpanzees were continuously monitored and heart rate (HR), pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (fR) oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), rectal temperature, mucous membrane colour and capillary refill time recorded. During the first procedure (TZ) animals underwent a 12-channel electrocardiogram (ECG), haematology, biochemistry and cardiac biomarker assessment to rule out the presence of pre-existing cardiovascular disease. A detailed echocardiographic examination was carried out by the same blinded observer during both procedures. Data were compared using Student’s paired t-test or Wilcoxon rank tests as appropriate. ResultsThere was a significant difference for the area under the curves between anaesthetic protocols for HR, SAP, MAP and fR. No significant differences in the echocardiographic measurements were evident. Quality of anaesthesia was significantly better with TZM and no additional boluses were required. The TZ protocol required multiple supplemental boluses. Conclusions and clinical relevanceBoth combinations are suitable for immobilization and cardiovascular evaluation of healthy chimpanzees. Further work is required to evaluate the effect of medetomidine in cardiovascular disease.

Effects of buprenorphine, butorphanol or tramadol premedication on anaesthetic induction with alfaxalone in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical and physiological effects of intravenous (IV) alfaxalone alone or in combination with buprenorphine, butorphanol or tramadol premedication in marmosets. Study designProspective, randomized, blinded, crossover design. AnimalsNine healthy marmosets (391 ± 48 g, 3.7 ± 2.2 years old). MethodsMeloxicam 0.20 mg kg−1 subcutaneously, atropine 0.05 mg kg−1 intramuscularly (IM) and either buprenorphine 20 μg kg−1 IM (BUP-A), butorphanol 0.2 mg kg−1 IM (BUT-A), tramadol 1.5 mg kg−1 IM (TRA-A) or no additional drug (control) were administered to all marmosets as premedication. After 1 hour, anaesthesia was induced with 16 mg kg−1 alfaxalone IV. All animals received all protocols. The order of protocol allocation was randomized with a minimum 28 day wash-out period. During anaesthesia, respiratory and pulse rates, rectal temperature, haemoglobin oxygen saturation, arterial blood pressure, palpebral and pedal withdrawal reflexes and degree of muscle relaxation were assessed and recorded every 5 minutes. Quality of induction and recovery were assessed. Duration of induction, immobilization and recovery were recorded. Blood samples were analysed for aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations. The protocols were compared using paired t tests, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test with Bonferroni's corrections and linear mixed effect models where appropriate. ResultsOut of nine animals, apnoea was noted in eight animals administered protocol BUP-A and two animals administered protocol BUT-A. With TRA-A and control protocols, apnoea was not observed. No other significant differences in any of the parameters were found; however, low arterial blood pressures and hypoxia occurred in TRA-A. Conclusions and clinical relevanceOur study employing different premedications suggests that the previously published dose of 16 mg kg−1 alfaxalone is too high when used with premedication because we found a high incidence of complications including apnoea (BUP-A), hypotension and hypoxaemia (TRA-A). Appropriate monitoring and countermeasures are recommended.

Comparison of sedative effectiveness of thiopental versus midazolam in reduction of shoulder dislocation.

Various sedative drugs have been proposed to control anxiety and agitation in shoulder dislocation, but none of them has been diagnosed as the best sedative and relaxant agent. The study aimed to compare the sedative effectiveness of thiopental versus midazolam in reduction of shoulder dislocation. A randomized double-blind controlled trail was performed in 80 patients with shoulder dislocation recruited from the emergency department. Ten patients were excluded and 70 patients were enrolled in the study. Case group received intravenous thiopental 2 mg/kg+2 µg/kg fentanyl while control group received intravenous midazolam 0.1 mg/kg+2 µg/kg fentanyl. Number of times, patients and physician's satisfaction, difficulty of procedure, degree of muscle relaxation, time of sedation and complete recovery, number of patients with apnea episode, O2 saturation, patient's pain score and adverse events were all recorded. Muscular tone had significant difference between the two groups (P-value=0.014) and thiopental was more muscle relaxant than midazolam. Replacement of shoulder dislocation in thiopental group was easier than midazolam group (P-value=0.043). There was no need to use multiple methods of reduction in either group. Before drug infusion the mean±SD VAS scores were 8.37±2.21 in the midazolam group (A) and 8.94±1.78 in the thiopental group (B); mean difference 0.57, 95% CI= -0.38 to 1.52. After completion of the procedure, the mean±SD VAS scores in group (A) and (B) were 3.20±1.30 vs. 3.65±1.30; mean difference -0.45, 95% CI= -1.07 to 0.16. Thiopental might be more effective and relaxant than midazolam for reduction of shoulder dislocation.

Different dissociative anesthesia protocols for coatis (Nasua nasua)

This study evaluated the effects of various combinations of dissociative drugs, tranquilizers, and sedatives in four male coatis (Nasua nasua) with an average age and weight of 4.8 ± 1.3 years and 6.02 ± 0.56 kg, respectively. We studied six groups with different anesthetic protocols: CX (10 mg/kg ketamine-S and 2 mg/kg xylazine); CXA (10 mg/kg ketamine-S, 2 mg/kg xylazine, and 0.04 mg/kg atropine); CM (10 mg/kg ketamine-S and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam); CMAc (10 mg/kg ketamine-S, 0.5 mg/kg of midazolam, and 1 mg/kg acepromazine); C(20)M (20 mg/kg of ketamine-S and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam); and TZ (7 mg/kg of tiletamine and zolazepam), with a 30-day interval between the completion of each procedure. We evaluated heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), saturation of oxyhemoglobin (SpO2), body temperature T (°C), and muscle relaxation, using a scoring system. There was no statistical difference for SpO2. T (°C) was progressively reduced over time in all groups (p< 0.0001). The groups CM, C(20)M, CMAc, and TZ demonstrated the greatest effect on HR and T (°C). With respect to respiratory rate reduction, groups CM and TZ showed similar results. The best degree of muscle relaxation was observed in groups CM and C(20)M. We concluded that the combination of 20 mg/kg ketamine and midazolam 0. 5 mg/kg (group C(20)M) is an option for dissociative anesthesia of coatis, producing smaller changes in T (°C) and HR, and promoting better muscular relaxation when compared to other combinations.

Physiological alteration, quality of anesthesia and economy of isoflurane in domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus).

Aim:Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of isoflurane anesthesia on physiological parameters, assessment of anesthetic qualities, and economy of use of isoflurane in domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus).Materials and Methods:In this study, 18 apparently healthy adult domestic chickens were selected randomly and divided into three groups. The birds were anesthetized by masked induction with isoflurane at a dose rate of 3.5%, 4%, and 5% and were maintained with 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% isoflurane with oxygen by endotracheal intubation in Groups I, II, and III, respectively. Physiological parameters, viz., cloacal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate were recorded at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min. The quality of anesthesia was assessed on the basis of induction time, induction behavior, quality of sedation, production of analgesia, degree of muscle relaxation, palpebral reflex, recovery time, and recovery behavior. The economy of anesthesia was calculated in terms of quantity of isoflurane utilized during 60 min of study. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance, Duncan’s multiple range tests.Results:There was significant decrease (p<0.01) in physiological parameters such as in cloacal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate in the birds of all the groups from 0 to 60 min. The induction time was 5.83±0.33, 2.37±0.18, and 0.87±0.15 min, respectively, in Groups I, II, and III. Induction behavior was smooth in Group III, whereas mildly stormy in Group II and I. Quality of sedation was excellent in Group III, better in Group II as compared to Group I. Analgesia was moderate in Group III whereas poor in Group II and I. Degree of muscle relaxation was excellent in Group III, whereas good in Group I and II. Palpebral reflexes were absent in all the groups. Recovery time was 15.33±0.84, 18.83±0.94, and 26.50±0.85 in Groups I, II, and III respectively. Recovery behavior was smooth in birds of all the groups. The cost of the anesthesia was 158.22±1.04, 194.27±0.66, and 236.84±0.60 Indian National Rupee in Groups I, II, and III, respectively. Quantity of anesthesia utilized in each group was 7.62±0.05, 9.35±0.03, and 11.41±0.03 ml in Groups I, II, and III, respectively.Conclusion:The use of isoflurane at different concentration produces different level of physiological changes, quality of anesthesia and economy without causing any deleterious effect on the birds. The physiological parameters observed in this study can serve as reference values for the wild and endangered birds.

Comparison of Different Regimens for Balanced Anesthesia in Rabbits

The study was planned to compare the efficacy of different anesthetic combinations for induce balanced anesthesia in rabbits. Eighteen adult (12-18 months) New Zealand White rabbits of either sex weighting from (980-1800) gm were used in this study. Rabbits were divided into three equal groups (3 males - 3 females) in each group. The rabbits were anesthetized by intramuscular injection of different drug combinations: Detomidine (150µg/kg) + Ketamine (25mg/kg) in group A. Xylazine (2.5mg/kg) + Ketamine (25mg/kg) in group B. Midazolam (0.1mg/kg) + ketamine (25mg/kg) in group C. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rhythm, degree of analgesia, degree of muscle relaxation and eye reflexes (palpebral and corneal reflexes), pupil size, were recorded before the IM injection of the drugs (time zero) as a control data and after 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75 minutes of injection respectively until the rabbit response to external stimuli. Induction time, anesthesia time and recovery time were recorded. The ovariohysterectomy in female and castration in male were carried out to study the efficiency of anesthetics. No significant difference was recorded for induction time, while the anesthesia time in group B was significantly longer than the other groups. Recovery time was significantly longer group A than the other groups. Superior analgesia and muscle relaxation were observed in group B. In conclusion, the mixture of Xylazine and Ketamine seems to be superior as balanced anesthetic drugs in rabbits.

The Effect of Gentamicin on the Action of Atracurium in Adult Patients

The aim of the trial was to study the effect of Gentamicin as an aminoglycoside on Atracurium as a neuromuscular blocker. Forty patients (20-60 years old) who had minor surgical procedures were enrolled in the study. All the patients were with the American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II with elective surgery in supine position. Patients were represented to full history, clinical examination and laboratory tests at Beni suef University Hospital to be sure that they met the criteria. Patients were divided into two equal groups. Group I (Atracurium-Gentamicin) and Group II (Atracurium alone). Group I received Gentamicin at dose of 2 mg/kg 5 minutes before starting the general anesthesia. The degree of muscle relaxation was monitored by using peripheral nerve stimulator with recording of Train of Four (TOF) ratio every 10 minutes. Clinical duration, onset time, time to spontaneous recovery T4/T1 ratio and occurrence of recurrence of the neuromuscular blockade were assessed. At the end of anesthesia it was noticed that there was no significant difference according to onset time, clinical duration or time to spontaneous recovery. Hence, there was no effect of using Gentamicin preoperatively on the action of the Atracurium.

Inmovilización Química de Armadillos Peludos AndinosChaetophractus nationi(Thomas, 1894): Uso de Ketamina, Xilacina y Midazolam con Reversión con Yohimbina

Abstract The adequate chemical immobilization is an important tool for wildlife management and conservation. The Andean hairy armadillo Chaetophractus nationi is an endemic and poorly known species of the Andean highlands that is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN. Six adult male specimens of C. nationi from Huachipa Zoological Park in Lima, Peru were anesthetized three times between February and December 2009. A combination of 15 mg/kg ketamine, 1 mg/kg xylazine, and 0.4 mg/kg midazolam was administered by intramuscular (IM) injection. The protocol was partially antagonized with 0.22±0.05 mg/kg yohimbine IM at 50 min post-induction. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were recorded every 10 min after the initial application. The induction time, recovery time, degree of muscle relaxation and the presence of defensive reflexes were evaluated. A short induction time (5±1 min) and a rapid and smooth recovery after administration of the antagonist were observed. Recovery t...

Development of quantitative evaluation factors for determining the level of facial muscle relaxation in rabbits using facial muscle electromyography

Permanent facial nerve damage is one of the most critical complications that can occur during otologic and neurosurgical procedures. As a result, facial nerve monitoring equipment is now used in most of otologic surgeries. The monitoring devices used for this purpose usually evaluate the activity of facial muscle in response to stimulation to the facial nerve. For these purposes, electromyography and the train-of-four (TOF) method is commonly used clinically, but these approaches have an important limitation: this qualitative method only depends on visual information of finger movement. Thus, in this study, a new factor that can be used to quantitatively the stage of muscle relaxation at the facial nerve was developed based on the degree of muscle relaxation and electro-stimulation. Ketamine intravenous anesthesia and isoflurane inhalation anesthesia was given to 13 rabbits. A 28 G unipolar needle-electrode was inserted at an exposed facial nerve, and stimulated (0.1 mA–5.0 mA) with an electrical stimulator. Also, the degree of muscle relaxation based electromyographic signal acquisition was performed while increasing the dose of neuromuscular blockades. After data noise reduction and normalization, the collected EMG signals were divided into 33 variables, and a new evaluation factor was developed using statistical methods based on multiple linear regression models and principal component analysis. A new evaluation factor was identified that can be used to quantitatively estimate each phase in muscle relation. The evaluating factors that were calculated in accordance with the electrical simulation resulted in improved results (r = 0.96) when compared to the existing assessment methods. (T1 ratio r = 0.72; T4/T1 ration r = 0.52).

Effects of total intravenous anesthesia without muscle relaxants on motor evoked potential monitoring during scoliosis surgery

Objective To evaluate the effects of total intravenous anesthesia without muscle relaxants on motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring during scoliosis surgery.Methods Fifty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 18-25 yr,scheduled for posterior spinal fusion surgery,were randomly divided into 2 groups with 25 patients in each group: muscle relaxants combined with total intravenous anesthesia group (group Ⅰ) and total intravenous anesthesia without muscle relaxant group (group Ⅱ).In both groups,a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg was infused over 20 min,followed by infusion at 0.2 μg· kg-1 · h-1.After the loading dose of dexmedetomidine was given,anesthesia was induced,the patients were tracheal intubated and mechanically ventilated.Anesthesia was maintained with remifentanil 0.2μg· kg-1 · min-1 and propofol 80-120 μg· kg-1 · min-1.The bispectral index value was maintained at 40-60.Train of four stimulation of ulnar nerve was used to monitor the neuro-muscu-lar block.Cisatracurium was infused at 0.5-1.5 μg·kg-1 ·min-1,T1 was maintained at 45％-55％,and the infusion was stopped 30 min before the isolation of paraspinal muscles was completed in group Ⅱ.MEP were monitored and recorded during the period when the administration of the muscle relaxation was stopped,and the degree of muscle relaxation was assessed by the surgeon.The successful wake-up test was recorded.Results The incidence of successful MEP monitoring was significantly higher in group Ⅱ than in group Ⅰ (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the degree of muscle relaxation between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).All the patients were successfully woken up.Conclusion Total intravenous anesthesia without muscle relaxants can provide satisfactory muscle relaxation for scoliosis surgery and increase the probability of successful MEP monitoring simultaneously. Key words: Neuromuscular blocking agents; Evoked potentials,motor; Monitoring,intraoperative; Anesthesia,general; Scoliosis

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESTRAINT OF RED-FOOTED TORTOISES USING COMBINATIONS OF KETAMINE, MIDAZOLAM AND BUTORPHANOL

The present study tested the association of ketamine, midazolam and butorphanol on the pharmacological restraintof red-footed tortoises. Eight animals were used, which were submitted to three different intramuscular treatments every 15 days: ketamine 30 mg/kg (C); ketamine 30 mg/kg + midazolam 1 mg/kg (CM) e ketamine 30 mg/kg + butorphanol 1 mg/kg (CB). The variables evaluated were: period of restraint, degree of analgesia and muscle relaxation, skin temperature and recovery time. There were no significant differences among treatments for the onset of anesthesia and the degree of muscle relaxation. None of the treatments provided surgical anesthesia. Recovery was prolonged in treatments using CM and CB. However, only the CM treatment differed significantly (p &lt; 0.05) in comparison to treatment C. The temperature did not change over 60 minutes for all treatments. Under the conditions of this study, the combination of midazolam or butorphanol did not result in better analgesia and muscle relaxation of red-footed tortoises, and it prolonged their recovery period.

A comparative study between using of Midazolam-Ketamine and Diazepam-Ketamine combinations as anaesthetic program in sheep

The present study was designed to compare the efficacy for using of the two anesthetics combinations (Midazolam-Ketamine and Diazepam-Ketamine). The effect of combinations on the length of surgical anesthesia, degree of flank analgesia, degree of muscle relaxation, respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature were assayed in sheep.The experiment was conducted on ten apparently healthy adult sheep of either sex weighting (24-33kg). Sheep were divided in two equal groups, Diazepam (1mg/kg BW) +Ketamine (10mg/kg BW) group (D+K), Midazolam (1mg/kg BW) +Ketamine 10mg/kg BW group (M+K), was used by intramuscular injection, benzodiazepine derivative (diazepam or midazolam) injected first and then followed by ketamine 10minutes later.The following parameter were recorded at 3minutes before injection of drug and 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 and 75 minutes (min.) respectively after administration of anaesthetic drug (Rectal Temperature , Respiratory Rate , Heart Rate , Degree of Analgesia , Degree of Muscle relaxation), the induction time, surgical anaesthesia and recovery time also were recorded.The experiment showed that the anaesthesia with Midazolam + Ketamine combination in sheep was suitable compared with Diazepam + Ketamine as it produced reliable surgical anaesthesia, good analgesia and muscle relaxation.