Degree Of Convergence Research Articles

The Electricity Policy Debate in Brazil’s Economic Epistemic Community: the 1945-1964 Period

This article scrutinizes the evolution of Brazilian thought on electricity policy from 1945 to 1964, focusing on the topics of planning of electricity supply expansion, the FDI vs. state ownership conundrum, and the relationship between electricity supply growth and inflation. The economic debate comprised two main concurring camps during this period, one monetarist/orthodox and another developmentalist/structuralist. This bipartisan division was also present in the electricity policy debate. It is argued that while there was some degree of convergence between the two camps regarding the issue of planning, in the other two core topics of the debate, divergence was the tonic. However, despite the marked division in the economic epistemic community regarding electricity policy, political and economic conditions favored policy experimentation with a pragmatic policy stance that combined features from states and markets- which combined ideas from both camps-, even after the 1964 coup, when the debate had been mostly neutralized.

Prediction of nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel exhaust gases when using composite fuel

BACKGROUND: The problem of using composite fuel (CF) in diesel engines consists in a wide variation of their physicochemical properties, which affect the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with ex-haust gases (EG). Therefore, the predictive assessment of the formation of NOx with EG when using CF is very relevant.
 AIMS: Predictive assessment of quantitative NOx emission with diesel EG when using various types and compositions of CF. Scientific novelty lies in development of the method of prediction of NOx emission by a diesel engine when using CF.
 METHODS: The method of prediction of quantitative NOx emissions with diesel EG regarding the use of various CF kinds and compositions has been developed. Predictive indicators of NOx emissions have been defined. Multi-parameter characteristics of NOx emission with EG of the D-245.582 diesel engine of 4ChN 11.0/12.5 size have been obtained experimentally. Degree of convergence of the experimental data with the calculated values is assessed.
 RESULTS: As a result of the carried-out studies, it was theoretically established that the load (pe) increase from 0.2 to 1.0 MPa, the engine speed (n) decrease from 1800 to 1400 min-1 and decrease of mass fraction of rapeseed oil (RO) and ethanol (E) in CF from 40 to 20% lead to increased NOx emissions with diesel EG from 131 to 2225 ppm and from 75 to 1450 ppm respectively. The increase in NOx emissions with the EG from 152 to 2125 ppm for CF consisting of DF and RO and from 175 to 1550 ppm for CF consisting of DF and E in the above mentioned operating modes experimentally confirmed. The degree of convergence of the experimental data with the calculated values is 90.14%, which in turn indicates the possibility of using the developed methodology as a predictive indicator.
 CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the studies, it was established that the developed method of prediction of quantitative NOx emissions with diesel EG is highly likely to use for preliminary assessment when various CF kinds and compositions are considered, as the degree of convergence of the experimental data with the calculated values, assessed with a statistical processing method and experimental error calculation, is 90.14%.

Context matters in genomic data sharing: a qualitative investigation into responses from the Australian public

BackgroundUnderstanding public attitudes to genomic data sharing is widely seen as key in shaping effective governance. However, empirical research in this area often fails to capture the contextual nuances of diverse sharing practices and regulatory concerns encountered in real-world genomic data sharing. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting public attitudes to data sharing through responses to diverse genomic data sharing scenarios.MethodsA set of seven empirically validated genomic data sharing scenarios reflecting a range of current practices in Australia was used in an open-ended survey of a diverse sample of the Australian public (n = 243). Qualitative responses were obtained for each of the scenarios. Respondents were each allocated one scenario and asked five questions on: whether (and why/not) they would share data; what sharing would depend on; benefits and risks of sharing; risks they were willing to accept if sharing was certain to result in benefits; and what could increase their comfort about sharing and any potential risk. A thematic analysis was used to examine responses, coded and validated by two blinded coders.ResultsParticipants indicated an overall high willingness to share genomic information, although this willingness varied considerably between different scenarios. A strong perception of benefits was reported as the foremost explanation for willingness to share across all scenarios. The high degree of convergence in the perception of benefits and the types of benefits identified by participants across all the scenarios suggests that the differentiation in intention to share may lie in perceptions of risk, which showed distinct patterns within and between the different scenarios. Some concerns were shared strongly across all scenarios, particularly benefit sharing, future use, and privacy.ConclusionsQualitative responses provide insight into popular assumptions regarding existing protections, conceptions of privacy, and which trade-offs are generally acceptable. Our results indicate that public attitudes and concerns are heterogeneous and influenced by the context in which sharing takes place. The convergence of key themes such as benefits and future uses point to core concerns that must be centred in regulatory responses to genomic data sharing.

The Relations Between an Inventory-Based Measure of Executive Function and Impulsivity Factors in Alcohol- and Cannabis-Relevant Outcomes.

While the lack of relation between performance- and inventory-based executive function (EF) measures is well documented, there remains ambiguity between self-report EFs and closely related constructs (e.g., impulsivity) assessed via the same method. The degree of convergence between purported EF measures with similar yet distinct constructs contain important theoretical implications for available EF assessment strategies and their construct validity. A newer measure of EF, the Behavior Regulation Inventory of Executive Functions-Adult (BRIEF-A), allows for more direct comparisons to self-reported measures of impulsivity, such as the commonly used Urgency, Planning, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking-Positive Urgency (UPPS-P) assessment. The present study used factor analysis and hierarchical regression to explore the associations between the BRIEF-A and UPPS-P, using alcohol and cannabis consumption across various outcomes (i.e., quantity-frequency and consequences) as an external criterion. Participants were 339 undergraduate students (Mage = 19.35; Female = 63%) from a large southwestern university. The BRIEF-A and UPPS-P demonstrated strong correlations at both higher- and lower order facets. While the BRIEF-A was a significant correlate to many substance use outcomes, these relations were generally weaker than those seen with the UPPS-P. Hierarchical regression suggested limited contributions of the BRIEF-A over and above the UPPS-P. Overall, this study suggested substantial overlap between impulsigenic factors and EFs when measured by self-report, and limited utility of EF measures to account for unique variance with substance use outcomes in this sample.

SATISFACTION TOWARDS NURSING SERVICES AMONG ADMITTED PATIENTS AT A TEACHING HOSPITAL, CHITWAN, NEPAL

Background: Patient satisfaction with nursing care is the degree of convergence between the patient’s expectation with the ideal nursing care and their perception of the nursing care they received. Patient satisfaction with nursing care is an important determinant of quality of care in healthcare facility settings. The objective of this study was to assess satisfaction towards nursing services among admitted patients in Chitwan Medical College & Teaching Hospital (CMCTH).Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional research design was conducted among 157 patients admitted in medical and surgical units of CMCTH. Data were collected by non-probability, convenience sampling technique using structured interview schedule and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The study revealed that 45.9% of patients were young adults, 51% were male, 86.6% were Hindu, 44.6% were Brahmin/ Chhetri, 61.8% were from municipality and 42% had studied up to secondary education and above. More than half (52.2%) of patients had good satisfaction towards nursing services and association between level of satisfaction towards nursing services and mode of admission was statistically significant (p=0.036).Conclusions: Considerable proportion of respondents are dissatisfied with nursing services. Therefore, effective strategies need to be planned and implemented to improve quality of nursing services so that level of satisfaction towards nursing services can be improved.

Прямые методы моделирования движения автотранспорта в окрестности подкрепленного склона

The dynamic impact of moving vehicles can cause effects leading to landslide processes in slopes. Even insignificant displacements and speeds lead to a relative displacement of the layers. In this case, the physical and mechanical parameters of the soils that make up the slope can change significantly. For example, the decrease in adhesion C may be analogous to the decrease in the force of static friction by the transition to sliding friction. This is due to the fact that the mutual movement leads to slippage of small soil fragments relative to each other. The influence of vehicles on possible landslide processes increases with an obvious tendency to increase the speed and mass of the rolling stock. This, as well as the complex geological structure of the slopes and the need to take into account the reinforcing structures, leads to the need to build refined mechanical and mathematical models for the joint operation of road structures, the slope and the reinforcing structures in a dynamic formulation.
 The creation of a refined model of the slope geometry, the highway and the slope reinforcement structures are today solved mainly by the finite element method (FEM). The problem of constructing a numerical solution of such problems based on direct methods of integrating the equations of motion is topical. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the change in the distribution of masses when moving vehicles along the road at different speeds.
 In any of works of the author [1-6], an explicit absolutely stable scheme for integrating the equations of motion of the FEM was used to solve this problem.
 This article considers testing of the method by comparing numerical solutions with known ones for problems that are simpler in terms of topological structure. Namely, the comparison of the method with the solutions of the classical problem "movement of a massive load along a massive beam" was carried out. V.V. Bolotin's solution [7-9] was adopted as a "reference" one. Numerical solutions showed a high degree of convergence of results by the proposed and "reference" methods.

Application of the convergent education model in the development of a smart learning environment

The article presents a scientific and practical approach to the development and implementation of the concept of convergent learning in the framework of building an open educational platform to manage the process of training specialists. The presented concept of convergence education is based on the integration of educational programs, learning content, competency matrices, methods and technologies for training specialists and personalized learning trajectories in smart learning environment. To implement the model and the convergent approach, it is vital to make use of an information and educational environment with mechanisms to support convergent learning based on regional labor market analysis, actualizing of educational programs and resources, harmonization and synchronization life-cycle models thereof, adaptive customization and personalization of specialist training trajectories. The article presents the developed convergence model of educational programs and employer vacancies as a weighted graph to illustrate the relationship between competence requirement vectors of educational programs and sought-after employment. To isolate the convergence model components and evaluate the convergence degree thereof, a graph clustering algorithm based on the Louvain method has been developed. A method for synthesizing a convergence model of educational content organized as a fuzzy weighted graph has been presented, and sets of topics and sections of electronic learning resources being its vertices. Search and extraction of convergence educational content sections have been implemented by means of an algorithm for extracting fuzzy isomorphic subgraphs, and assessing the convergence degree thereof. The results of the study are used to synthesize an information and educational environment with intelligent mechanisms for supporting learning processes based on an analysis of the requirements of labor markets and actualizing educational content and training programs, as well as adaptive customization and personalization of specialist training trajectories. The architecture of the educational environment includes a set of software and tools for managing the components of the information space of the university with support for mobile, cloud and blended learning technologies.

Convergence of economic growth and health expenditures in OECD countries: Evidence from non-linear unit root tests.

The relationship between human capital, health spending, and economic growth is frequently neglected in the literature. However, one of the main determinants of human capital is health expenditures, where human capital is one of the driving forces of growth. Consequently, health expenditures affect growth through this link. In the study, these findings have been attempted to be empirically tested. Along this axis, health expenditure per qualified worker was chosen as an indicator of health expenditure, and output per qualified worker was chosen as an indicator of economic growth. The variables were treated with the convergence hypothesis. Due to the non-linear nature of the variables, the convergence hypothesis was carried out with non-linear unit root tests. The analysis of 22 OECD countries from 1976 to 2020 showed that health expenditure converged for all countries, and there was a significant degree of growth convergence (except for two countries). These findings show that health expenditure convergence has significantly contributed to growth convergence. Policymakers should consider the inclusiveness and effectiveness of health policies while making their economic policies, as health expenditure convergence can significantly impact growth convergence. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind this relationship and identify specific health policies most effective in promoting economic growth.

Editorial Convergence Equals Lower News Content Diversity? A Mixed-Methods-Study Assessing Organization and Reporting of German Newspapers

ABSTRACT This study focuses on two central elements of news journalism: editorial convergence and the diversity of news content. The goal was to examine a potentially negative impact of a more centrally organized newsroom on structural and content diversity in news journalism. Therefore, we examined three German newspapers with different degrees of editorial convergence to assess their organizational development as well as their reporting’s development regarding content diversity. Our results do not support a direct impact of editorial convergence on diversity. Independent of changes to editorial organization, the diversity of news content has remained the same on a high level.

Degree of convergence of Fourier series in Besov spaces

Degree of convergence of Fourier series in Besov spaces

Convergent coexpression of autism-associated genes suggests some novel risk genes may not be detectable in large-scale genetic studies

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interactions and communication. Protein-altering variants in many genes have been shown to contribute to ASD; however, understanding the convergence across many genes remains a challenge. We demonstrate that coexpression patterns from 993 human postmortem brains are significantly correlated with the transcriptional consequences of CRISPR perturbations in human neurons. Across 71 ASD risk genes, there was significant tissue-specific convergence implicating synaptic pathways. Tissue-specific convergence was further demonstrated across schizophrenia and atrial fibrillation risk genes. The degree of ASD convergence was significantly correlated with ASD association from rare variation and differential expression in ASD brains. Positively convergent genes showed intolerance to functional mutations and had shorter coding lengths than known risk genes even after removing association with ASD. These results indicate that convergent coexpression can identify potentially novel genes that are unlikely to be discovered by sequencing studies.

Has health care financial expenditure accelerated the convergence consistency of health care resource allocation efficiency in China?

This study measures the efficiency of health care resource allocation in each region of China using the global undesirable output from the Data Envelopment Analysis - Slacks Based Measure (DEA-SBM) model, on the basis of which the concept of economic convergence is introduced to analyze the convergence of health care resource allocation efficiency in China as a whole and in each region. The study found that although the overall health care resource allocation efficiency in China is relatively weakly effective, the trend is U-shaped, and since 2015, the overall health care resource allocation efficiency in China has shown an upward momentum and an overall positive performance. Second, the overall health care resource allocation efficiency in China has obvious characteristics of absolute convergence, and each region shows different degrees of absolute convergence, specifically the eastern region, which has the fastest convergence rate followed by the western region, and the central region has the slowest convergence rate. Third, after controlling for health care expenditure, the convergence rate of health care resource allocation efficiency in China as a whole and in the eastern and western regions increases to different degrees, while the convergence rate of health care resource allocation efficiency in the central region shows a small decrease.

Die Übertragbarkeit von IIEF-5 (International Index of Erectile Function 5 Item Short Form) auf EPIC-26 (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite 26)

In the past, the IIEF‑5 (International Index of Erectile Function5 ) was predominantly used to measure erectile function in prostate cancer patients. Following international developments, the domain "sexuality" of the EPIC-26 (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite26) is increasingly used in Germany. The aim of this work is to create apracticable comparison of the domain "sexuality" of the EPIC-26 with the IIEF‑5 for treatment in Germany. This is particularly necessary for the evaluation of historical patient collectives. For the evaluation, 2123patients with prostate cancer confirmed by biopsy from 2014-2017 who completed both the IIEF‑5 and the EPIC-26 were considered. Linear regression analyses are calculated to convert IIEF‑5 sum scores to EPIC-26 sexuality domain scores. The correlation between IIEF‑5 and the EPIC-26 domain score "sexuality" was 0.74, suggesting ahigh degree of content convergence between the constructs measured. While the standard error of the predicted values is relatively small, the prediction intervals are very wide. For example, for the critical IIEF‑5 value of22, the predicted value is 78.88 with a95% prediction interval of 55.09 to 102.66. IIEF‑5 and the Sexuality scale of the EPIC-26 measure asimilar construct. The analysis shows that conversion of individual values is associated with great uncertainty. However, at the group level, the observed EPIC-26 "sexuality" score could be predicted quite accurately. This opens up the possibility of comparing the erectile function of cohorts of patients/test persons, even if this was collected with different measuring instruments.

Patent-Based Analysis of China’s Emergency Logistics Industry Convergence

Technology and innovation have promoted industry convergence and brought new opportunities for industrial development, and a degree of convergence exists in the emergency logistics industry. The purpose of this study is to explore the convergence of the emergency logistics industry and the change in convergence degree among related industries, so as to find a solution to the lack of robustness of the emergency logistics system. This study measures the technical relationship between industries and analyzes the overall trend of emergency logistics industry convergence using the consistency between patent co-classification analysis and patent categories and technical fields. The dominance index and relative strength index are used to assess the strength of industry nodes and the convergence of the emergency logistics industry. Social network analysis is used to investigate the industries and technical fields that are important in the convergence industry. The findings indicate that there is significant convergence between the technical fields of the emergency logistics industry. Twelve industries are actively involved in the emergency logistics industry convergence, and nine industry pairs have strong convergence relationships between them. The information industry is critical to the convergence of the emergency logistics industry. Industry convergence is assisting in the coordinated growth of the emergency logistics sector, lowering informational barriers between sectors, and boosting the system’s resilience. This study contributes theoretical significance to the development of the emergency logistics industry and enriches the emergency logistics industry’s research system.

Unveiling the evolutionary relationships and the high cryptic diversity in Andean rainfrogs (Craugastoridae: Pristimantis myersi group).

Pristimantis is the most diverse genus of terrestrial frogs. Historically, it has been divided into several phenetic groups in order to facilitate species identification. However, in light of phylogenetic analysis, many of these groups have been shown to be non-monophyletic, denoting a high degree of morphological convergence and limited number of diagnostic traits. In this study, we focus on the Pristimantis myersi group, an assemblage of small rainfrogs distributed throughout the Andes of Ecuador and Colombia, whose external morphology is highly conserved, and its species diversity and evolutionary relationships largely unknown. We inferred a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the frog genus Pristimantis, including all available sequences of the mtDNA 16S rRNA, as well as new DNA sequences from 175 specimens. Our sampling included 19 of the 24 species currently recognized as part of the Pristimantis myersi group. Our new evolutionary hypothesis recovered the P. myersi group as non-monophyletic and composed of 16 species. Therefore, we exclude P. albujai, P. bicantus, P. sambalan, and P. nelsongalloi in order to preserve the monophyly of the group. We discovered at least eight candidate species, most of them hidden under the names of P. leoni, P. hectus, P. festae, P. gladiator, and P. ocreatus. Our results reveal the occurrence of a high level of cryptic diversity to the species level within the P. myersi group and highlight the need to redefine some of its species and reassess their conservation status. We suggest that the conservation status of six species within the group need to be re-evaluated because they exhibit smaller distributions than previously thought; these species are: P. festae, P. gladiator, P. hectus, P. leoni, P. ocreatus, and P. pyrrhomerus. Finally, given that the Pristimantis myersi group, as defined in this work, is monophyletic and morphologically diagnosable, and that Trachyphrynus is an available name for the clade containing P. myersi, we implement Trachyphrynus as a formal subgenus name for the Pristimantis myersi group.

Prediction of ignition time delay in a diesel engine when using composite fuel

BACKGROUND: Analytical determination of ignition time delay (ITD) which would give a prediction of ignition in diesel engines of various types using composite fuel (CF) of various kinds and compositions depending on loading and speed operation modes is a relevant issue.
 AIMS: Determination of the ITD values for a diesel engine at all loading and speed operation modes with using various kinds and compositions of CF.
 METHODS: In order to determine ITD, theoretical and experimental studies of the D-245.582 tractor diesel engine of 4ChN 11.0/12.5 size with using compositions of CF including diesel oil (DO) and rapeseed oil (RO) or ethanol (E) were carried out. As a result of the studies, the diesel engine ITD predictive indicators determination method considering dependence on loading and speed operation modes and CF kind and composition has been developed.
 RESULTS: Calculated values of the ITD numerical relationships revealed that the load (pe) increase from 0.2 to 1.0 MPa, the engine speed (n) decrease from 1800 to 1400 min-1 and decrease of mass fraction of rapeseed oil (RO) and ethanol (E) in CF from 40 to 20% lead to diesel engine ITD decrease from 7.69 to 4.82 degrees of crankshaft rotation and from 11.70 to 7.92 degrees of crankshaft rotation respectively. It was experimentally found that the load (pe) increase from 0.2 to 1.0 MPa, the engine speed (n) decrease from 1800 to 1400 min-1 and decrease of mass fraction of rapeseed oil (RO) and ethanol (E) in CF from 40 to 20% lead to diesel engine ITD decrease from 7.59 to 4.22 degrees of crankshaft rotation and from 11.20 to 7.72 degrees of crankshaft rotation respectively. The degree of convergence of the experimental data with the calculated values, assessed with a statistical processing method and experimental error calculation, is 94.04%.
 CONCLUSIONS: Practical value of the study lies in prediction of diesel engine ITD with using composite fuels of various kinds and compositions at all loading and speed operation modes.

The european green deal: shaping the future of the eastern partnership

The article has focused on the European Green Deal [EGD], its goals, key tasks and components. Particular attention has been paid to the specifics of the implementation of the EGD in the partner countries of the Eastern Partnership [EaP]. The author’s approach to singling out clusters of the EaP countries on the integration of their green policies, taking into account the level of convergence of the EaP countries environmental and climate policies and the peculiarities of the implementation of the EGD, has been presented. The potential of the countries of the region in terms of readiness to switch to green energy has been identified on the basis of the Energy Transition Index and the dynamics of the EaP Environmental and Climate Policy Sub-Index. The degree of correlation between the general degree of convergence of the EaP countries to the European Union and the degree of convergence of the EaP countries environmental and climate policies to the EGD has been determined. The ways of transformation of the strategy of formation and implementation of the EGD for the Eastern Partnership countries, taking into account the current challenges, have been outlined. Thorough conclusions and recommendations for the EaP countries in the context of EGD implementation have been presented.

Measurements of and influencing factors in the deepening of the convergence of manufacturing and the internet: evidence from China

ABSTRACT Based on a manually collected data of listed companies in China's manufacturing industry from 2009 to 2020, this paper calculates the degree of technology convergence, business convergence, and market convergence, and empirically analyzes the effect of R&D investment, consumption-structure upgrading, and Internet development on deepening convergence. The results show that although the degree of convergence at each stage is gradually deepening, problems remain, such as the low degree of market convergence and difficulties in deepening from the business-convergence phase to the market-convergence stage. Furthermore, we find that R&D expenditure and R&D personnel investment are key factors that drive the deepening convergence of the manufacturing industry and the Internet. Consumption-structure upgrades and the development level of the Internet development are important factors. In addition, we find that compared to low-tech industries, such factors play a more important role in the high-tech industries.

The influence of normal distribution dispersion of fracture size on blockiness and REV of fractured rock masses

The fractures of different sizes in rock masses are important for describing rock fragmentation. The distribution dispersion of fracture size influences the blockiness level of the rock masses. Based on a normal statistical distribution, the volume ratio of blocks to rock (B) was obtained to describe the blockiness level. For exploring the effect of the dispersion of fracture size on blockiness level and the representative elementary volume (REV) of rock masses, the laboratory model and numerical simulation were established, and the theory of statistics and the method of analytical solution were applied. In addition, 4,525 practical rock models were established to qualitatively reproduce the behavior of B with changing domain size. The results show that by comparing the degree of convergence, the REV of a rock mass is determined by the fracture size rather than the degree of fracture dispersion. The value of B increases with the distribution dispersion of fracture size, indicating a higher blockiness level. From the experimental analysis of coin tossing, when the number of trials exceeds 69, the random results are nearly stable. In this study, 100 calculations were performed. A formula to calculate the blockiness by considering the dispersion degrees of fracture size was obtained. Moreover, a positive linear correlation between B and the coefficient of variation of fracture size was obtained. The rate of increase in B has a parabolic relationship with the ratio of fracture size to fracture spacing (L).

New insights into the currently available questionnaire for assessing impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (IAH) among insulin-treated type 2 diabetes- A key risk factor for hypoglycaemia

BackgroundGold and Clarke questionnaire are originally developed to assess impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (IAH) in type 1 diabetes. Present study examined the similarities and differences between the two questionnaires when administered to insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients. MethodsA total of 153 insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with mean age of 61.0±9.4 years and mean HbA1c of 8.4±1.5% completed questionnaire in diabetes outpatient clinics of tertiary-care hospital. Factor analysis was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of Clarke questionnaire. Spearman's correlation was used to examine convergent validity of Clarke questionnaire with Gold method. ResultsBifactorial structure for Clarke questionnaire was identified, namely Awareness of Hypoglycaemia (Factor 1) and Experience of Hypoglycaemia (Factor 2). Clarke Factor 1 correlated strongly with Gold scores (rs=0.77, p<0.001), and yielded 22.9% prevalence of IAH using cut-off score of ≥2.5, which is comparable to Gold method of 19.6%. ConclusionsGold single-item questionnaire assesses hypoglycaemia awareness only while Clarke questionnaire assesses both hypoglycaemia awareness and severe hypoglycaemia events. There is a high degree of convergence between Gold and Clarke in hypoglycaemia awareness assessment among insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Hence, these two questionnaires are similar but not interchangeable due to bifactorial nature of Clarke questionnaire.