Degree Of Cooperation Research Articles

Preparation and study of attapulgite reinforced PVA fiber with cross‐linking of boric acid

AbstractPolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers were manufactured by gel spinning with reinforcing of attapulgite (ATT) and cross‐linking of boric acid (PVA/B/ATT fibers), in order to improve the mechanical properties. Furthermore, the final fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), powder x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and tensile strength tester. In addition, when ATT amount was no more than 2.0 wt%, FTIR analyses suggested that the degrees of cooperation combining of ATT and boric acid with PVA macromolecules were enhanced. SEM images indicated that PVA/B/ATT fibers had smooth surfaces. DSC, TGA and XRD results illustrated that the melting temperatures and maximum thermal decomposition temperatures first increased and then dropped as the content of ATT increased. Moreover, mechanical properties results indicated that the optimal ATT amount was 2.0 wt%, and the tensile strength of PVA/B/ATT‐2 fiber reached the highest of 14.2 ± 0.3 cN/dtex. It was largely because that the cooperation combining of boric acid and ATT with PVA molecules improved the mechanical properties of PVA/B/ATT fibers.

교직 만족도 및 교사 효능감에 영향을 미치는 요인 탐색: 세대 간 비교를 중심으로

[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the factors affecting teacher satisfaction and efficacy of Generation X and millennial teachers. [Methods] To achieve this goal, the factors affecting teacher satisfaction and efficacy were analyzed using the Ordinary Least Square and Quantile regression for teacher data in the 6th year of the Gyeonggi Education Panel Study(GEPS) Elementary Panel. [Results] First, Factors affecting satisfaction in teaching jobs were found to be the degree of change in classes due to the expansion of open classes, satisfaction in current schools, participation in teaching improvement activities, and effect of training. In the case of millenials, the degree of change in classes due to the expansion of open classes, academic background, the leadership of school principals, and satisfaction in current schools. Second, the factors affecting teacher efficacy of the X-generation were the degree of class change due to the expansion of open classes, the degree of teacher cooperation, the current school climate, the degree of school satisfaction, the effect of training, community relationship, major education policy awareness, and in the case of millenials, gender, teaching career, teacher cooperation degree, principal leadership, participation in teaching improvement activities, and awareness of major education policies. [Conclusion] Through the analysis results, the teacher wage system, support for the principal's leadership, and the necessity of improving the senior teacher system were suggested

Research Trends and Hotspots in Food Bank: A Visualization Analysis Using CiteSpace

Using CiteSpace software and various statistical methods, this study analyzed 1000 pieces of literature from the Web of Science database spanning from 2012 to 2022. Through a visual econometric analysis of the existing research results, this study aimed to discern the research hotspots and development trends related to food banks. A visual map was constructed to highlight aspects, such as geographical distribution, author distribution, research fields, emerging words, and keyword clustering. The findings indicate that “food bank” is a burgeoning research direction within the realm of food loss and waste. Since 2012, there has been a consistent annual increase in the research output. Notably, there exists a collaborative dynamic among the authors, leading to the formation of a distinct core group. However, these collaborations tend to be localized, resulting in an overall low degree of cooperation. The prevailing research trends in this domain revolve around the challenges and synergies between food scarcity and food safety in food banks, strategies to ensure sustainable development of food banks, and methodologies to effectively evaluate their operational performance.

Cooperation objective evaluation in aviation: validation and comparison of two novel approaches in simulated environment.

In operational environments, human interaction and cooperation between individuals are critical to efficiency and safety. These states are influenced by individuals' cognitive and emotional states. Human factor research aims to objectively quantify these states to prevent human error and maintain constant performances, particularly in high-risk settings such as aviation, where human error and performance account for a significant portion of accidents. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate and validate two novel methods for assessing the degree of cooperation among professional pilots engaged in real-flight simulation tasks. In addition, the study aimed to assess the ability of the proposed metrics to differentiate between the expertise levels of operating crews based on their levels of cooperation. Eight crews were involved in the experiments, consisting of four crews of Unexperienced pilots and four crews of Experienced pilots. An expert trainer, simulating air traffic management communication on one side and acting as a subject matter expert on the other, provided external evaluations of the pilots' mental states during the simulation. The two novel approaches introduced in this study were formulated based on circular correlation and mutual information techniques. The findings demonstrated the possibility of quantifying cooperation levels among pilots during realistic flight simulations. In addition, cooperation time is found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) among Experienced pilots compared to Unexperienced ones. Furthermore, these preliminary results exhibited significant correlations (p < 0.05) with subjective and behavioral measures collected every 30 s during the task, confirming their reliability.

The effect of Previous Dental Treatments on Dental Anxiety in Children Aged 4-12

Objective: The patient’s cooperation is crucial for the success of dental treatment. In addition to previous treatments, various factors such as socio-economic status, age, gender, and oral hygiene can influence dental anxiety. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of previous dental treatment experiences on dental anxiety. Material and Method: Children aged 4-12 years who applied for dental treatment, along with their families, participated in the study. During their children’s dental treatment, families completed a survey form containing sociodemographic data and information about previous dental treatments. Before the procedure, children were shown five pictures from the Facial Image Scale and asked to choose the picture that best represented their current emotion. The degree of cooperation during the procedure was assessed using the Frankl Behavior Scale. The interaction of patients’ dental anxiety with various factors was analyzed. ANOVA post-hoc analysis and Tukey’s test were used for multiple comparisons of normally distributed variables among continuous variation variables. Kruskal-Wallis post-hoc analysis and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for variables that did not follow a normal distribution. Results: Dental anxiety was found to be higher in girls and younger age groups, although this difference was not statistically significant. According to the Frankl scale, children who attended routine dental check-ups and had previous dental treatment experiences had higher scores, regardless of whether the previous treatment was favorable or unfavorable. Based on the Facial Image Scale, it was observed that children with no previous dental treatment selected more positive faces, whereas children with negative dental treatment experiences selected more negative faces. Conclusion: Previous dental treatment experiences and routine check-ups significantly impact reducing dental anxiety by familiarizing the child with the clinical environment and the dentist, as well as by reducing the need for invasive dental procedures. Therefore, to eliminate the negative effects of dental anxiety, preventive dental treatments should be emphasized by bringing children to regular dental check-ups at an early age, thus minimizing the need for invasive dental treatments.

Risk-dominant Equilibrium in Chicken and Stag-hunt Games with Different Dilemma Strengths

Objective: This study investigates how the strength of risk-averting and gamble-intending dilemmas can affect the risk-dominant equilibrium in chicken and stag-hunt games. The focus is on deriving conditions under which the risk-dominant equilibrium can maximize group benefit. Methods: Basic concepts of game theory were used to determine the Nash equilibria of each game.The Harsanyi-Selten theory was applied to determine the risk-dominant equilibrium. By manipulating the parameters related to risk-averting and gamble-intending dilemmas, different game scenarios are sim-ulated to observe the resulting equilibria. Results: The study found that for a given strength of the risk-averting dilemma, the risk-dominant equilibrium in the chicken game continuously shifts towards mutual cooperation as the strength of the gamble-intending dilemma decreases. In the SH game, the degree of cooperation of the risk-dominant equilibrium for a given strength of the gamble-intending dilemma decreases with increasing strength of the risk-averting dilemma and takes the discrete values: 1, 0.5 and 0. The results show the importance of understanding individual risk preferences to predict strategic decisions and equilibrium outcomes in these game settings. Conclusion: The risk-dominant equilibrium in chicken and stag-hunt games depends on the relative strength of the risk-averting and gamble-intending dilemmas. By taking these factors into account, researchers and policy makers can better predict the likely outcomes of strategic interactions in scenarios with conflicting interests and different risk tolerances. The risk-dominant equilibrium can provide reasonable solutions to real-world conflict situations, such as the Iran-Iraq conflict over shared oil and gas resources.

High-elevation-induced decrease in soil pH weakens ecosystem multifunctionality by influencing soil microbiomes

Plant environmental stress response has become a global research hotspot, yet there is a lack of clear understanding regarding the mechanisms that maintain microbial diversity and their ecosystem services under environmental stress. In our research, we examined the effects of moderate elevation on the rhizosphere soil characteristics, microbial community composition, and ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) within agricultural systems. Our findings revealed a notable negative correlation between EMF and elevation, indicating a decline in multifunctionality at higher elevations. Additionally, our analysis across bacterial and protistan communities showed a general decrease in microbial richness with increasing elevation. Using random forest models, pH was identified as the key environmental stressor influencing microbial communities. Furthermore, we found that microbial community diversity is negatively correlated with stability by mediating complexity. Interestingly, while pH was found to affect the complexity within bacterial networks, it did not significantly impact the ecosystem stability along the elevation gradients. Using a Binary-State Speciation and Extinction (BiSSE) model to explore the evolutionary dynamics, we found that Generalists had higher speciation rates and lower extinction rates compared to specialists, resulting in a skewed distribution towards higher net diversification for generalists under increasing environmental stress. Moreover, structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis highlighted a negative correlation between environmental stress and community diversity, but showed a positive correlation between environmental stress and degree of cooperation & competition. These interactions under environmental stress indirectly increased community stability and decreased multifunctionality. Our comprehensive study offers valuable insights into the intricate relationship among environmental factors, microbial communities, and ecosystem functions, especially in the context of varying elevation gradients. These findings contribute significantly to our understanding of how environmental stressors affect microbial diversity and ecosystem services, providing a foundation for future ecological research and management strategies in similar contexts.

The logic of China–US rivalry

Behind the struggle and game between China and the United States are four sets of overlapping and mutually causal logics, namely the growth and decline of the two countries’ strength, ideological differences, changes in the international environment, and domestic political influence. Sino–US relations will not be able to return to the depth of exchanges and level of cooperation at the beginning of the twenty-first century for a long time. However, the long-term interests and strategic considerations of the two countries determine that the two countries must avoid war with each other and maintain a certain degree of economic cooperation and social exchanges. The biggest uncertainty in Sino–US relations in 2024 is the chaos that may be caused by domestic political struggles in the United States. However, the official and non-governmental contacts between China and the United States since 2023 have made the upper limit of the development of bilateral relations and the bottom line of conflict clearer. Sino–US relations are difficult to improve, but they are expected to be basically stable.

Retrospective Study Regarding the Correlation between Dental Anxiety and Color Preferences in Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries.

Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is recognized as a significant chronic disease which affects the quality of life starting at very young ages and has a very rapid evolution towards pulp complication and loss of dental tissue. Children with a high caries index DMFT are more likely to develop high levels of dental anxiety, which will influence the degree of cooperation during dental procedures. Emotions play an important role in the psychosomatic development of children, and all the factors that contribute to the modeling of these emotional states must be known and taken into consideration. The aim of this study was to assess the association between dental anxiety in children with S-ECC and the color preferences for the components of the dental environment to reduce the levels of dental anxiety during medical visits. For this study, 91 children between 3 and 6 years of age diagnosed with S-ECC were selected from the Pediatric Dentistry Department of UMFST from Targu Mures and from a private dental office. The level of dental anxiety was determined by measuring the pulse rate, and a questionnaire was completed to establish the color preferences for the dental office environment and the dentist's attire. For this purpose, six different colors and their variants with three shades less intensity were chosen by using RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) identification codes for each color. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the age of the subjects and dental anxiety levels, but there was no significant correlation between the DMFT score and dental anxiety. Also, the results showed that there was no significant difference between girls and boys when choosing the colors preferred by them for the dental office, but when comparing the colors that represented happiness, significant statistical difference was found between the girls' and boys' groups (p = 0.0039). For all the subjects, the colors associated with happiness were light yellow and pink, while the colors associated with anxiety were red and dark blue. The data obtained showed that dental anxiety is strongly influenced by age, and an important role in inducing positive emotions is played by the dental environment if dressed in specific colors in order to reduce dental anxiety and create familiar conditions, especially for young children with S-ECC.

Evolutionary trends and research hotspots in electrochemical machining: A bibliometric analysis from 2010 to 2023

Electrochemical Machining has played an important role in solving manufacturing scenarios with difficult-to-machine materials, complex shapes, special requirements, and many other aspects. To systematically grasp the evolutionary trends, current status, and hotspots of research in the field of Electrochemical Machining, data analysis and mining of literature big data in the field of Electrochemical Machining from 2010 to 2023 were conducted, and graph visualization analysis was carried out. The research results indicate that: 1) Electrochemical Machining is highly valued by research institutions in various countries, with steady growth in research results and relatively high funding for research projects. China is in a leading position in terms of the number of papers and funding;2) A certain degree of cooperation has been formed globally around the research of Electrochemical Machining, and the cooperation between research institutions has obvious regional characteristics; 3) The research level of Electrochemical Machining has gradually deepened from theoretical research to interdisciplinary application research in materials science, energy, engineering, technology, and other fields. Research on machine learning based Electrochemical Machining has received increasing attention, and artificial neural networks have achieved new results in processing optimization applications. Artificial intelligence is the key technology and cutting-edge direction in the next stage of Electrochemical Machining research.

Mixed strategy approach destabilizes cooperation in finite populations with clustering coefficient.

Evolutionary game theory, encompassing discrete, continuous, and mixed strategies, is pivotal for understanding cooperation dynamics. Discrete strategies involve deterministic actions with a fixed probability of one, whereas continuous strategies employ intermediate probabilities to convey the extent of cooperation and emphasize expected payoffs. Mixed strategies, though akin to continuous ones, calculate immediate payoffs based on the action chosen at a given moment within intermediate probabilities. Although previous research has highlighted the distinct impacts of these strategic approaches on fostering cooperation, the reasons behind the differing levels of cooperation among these approaches have remained somewhat unclear. This study explores how these strategic approaches influence cooperation in the context of the prisoner's dilemma game, particularly in networked populations with varying clustering coefficients. Our research goes beyond existing studies by revealing that the differences in cooperation levels between these strategic approaches are not confined to finite populations; they also depend on the clustering coefficients of these populations. In populations with nonzero clustering coefficients, we observed varying degrees of stable cooperation for each strategic approach across multiple simulations, with mixed strategies showing the most variability, followed by continuous and discrete strategies. However, this variability in cooperation evolution decreased in populations with a clustering coefficient of zero, narrowing the differences in cooperation levels among the strategies. These findings suggest that in more realistic settings, the robustness of cooperation systems may be compromised, as the evolution of cooperation through mixed and continuous strategies introduces a degree of unpredictability.

DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION IN EDUCATION:

The aim of this study is to present the research scenario involving MOOCS, a new learning format that has the potential to become a disruptive innovation when compared to traditional teaching-learning models. Descriptive and quantitative work, bibliometric in nature, seeks to raise the characteristics of academic production. For that, a bibliometric search was carried out in the Web of Science database, in which 2,079 articles published in the period from 2011 to 2020 were investigated, in the respective database, including the characterization of production, methodological aspects and related themes. Initially, the total number of publications was identified, characterized by their thematic areas, types of documents, year of publication, authors, funding agencies and institutions, countries and languages. The research was carried out using Excel tools and VOSViewer software. It is also observed that the degree of cooperation between the authors is significant. Among those that stand out more are Kloos C.D. and Hoyos A.C. It can be seen that the main authors in the area are Spanish, despite the fact that this education model emerged in the United States in 2008.

Indirect reciprocity with Bayesian reasoning and biases.

Reputations can foster cooperation by indirect reciprocity: if I am good to you then others will be good to me. But this mechanism for cooperation in one-shot interactions only works when people agree on who is good and who is bad. Errors in actions or assessments can produce disagreements about reputations, which can unravel the positive feedback loop between social standing and pro-social behaviour. Cooperators can end up punished and defectors rewarded. Public reputation systems and empathy are two possible mechanisms to promote agreement about reputations. Here we suggest an alternative: Bayesian reasoning by observers. By taking into account the probabilities of errors in action and observation and their prior beliefs about the prevalence of good people in the population, observers can use Bayesian reasoning to determine whether or not someone is good. To study this scenario, we develop an evolutionary game theoretical model in which players use Bayesian reasoning to assess reputations, either publicly or privately. We explore this model analytically and numerically for five social norms (Scoring, Shunning, Simple Standing, Staying, and Stern Judging). We systematically compare results to the case when agents do not use reasoning in determining reputations. We find that Bayesian reasoning reduces cooperation relative to non-reasoning, except in the case of the Scoring norm. Under Scoring, Bayesian reasoning can promote coexistence of three strategic types. Additionally, we study the effects of optimistic or pessimistic biases in individual beliefs about the degree of cooperation in the population. We find that optimism generally undermines cooperation whereas pessimism can, in some cases, promote cooperation.

Play fighting revisited: its design features and how they shape our understanding of its mechanisms and functions

Play fighting has been one of the most intensely studied forms of play and so has provided some of our deepest insights into the understanding of play in general. As the label implies, this behavior resembles serious fighting, in that the animals compete for an advantage over one another, but unlike true aggression, for play fighting to remain playful, it also incorporates a degree of cooperation and reciprocity – restrained competition seems to be its hallmark. Despite these common features, it should be noted that both the advantage competed over and the mechanisms by which restraint is achieved varies across species. Such variation mitigates simple generalities. For example, how empirical support for a proposed adaptive function in one species not being replicated in another, is to be interpreted. What has emerged over the past few decades is that play fighting is diverse, varying across several dimensions, some superficial, some fundamental, making choosing species to compare a challenge. In this paper, we explore various design features that constitute play fighting and the ways these can be modified across different species and lineages of species. Given that a major pillar of ethology is that description precedes explanation, having a good grasp of the behavioral diversity of play fighting is an essential starting point for detailed analyses of the mechanisms and functions of play. We show that commonalities across species likely involve different mechanisms than do species idiosyncrasies, and that different styles of play fighting likely afford different adaptive opportunities.

Analysis of EEG characteristics in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brings a heavy burden to society and families because of the high misdiagnosis rate, prevalence rate, and disability rate. At present, the treatment of AD still faces great challenges. Early intervention can effectively delay the disease progression and improve the burden of symptom care. However, the key to early intervention is accurately identifying and assessing the disease. The examination is difficult to be widely used because of its high invasive cost. There is an urgent need for a simple, convenient, and non-invasive diagnosis of AD. Studies have shown that the brain number of AD patients is slower than that of healthy people, and the complexity of EEG is disturbed. Clinical practice has proved that the specificity and sensitivity of α, β, δ, θ absolute power and α/θ absolute power ratio, especially θ absolute power and α/θ absolute power ratio in the model, are important electrophysiological indexes for AD diagnosis EEG. Non-invasive and economical electrophysiological techniques can characterize and identify the EEG characteristics of AD patients from different angles. They are relatively simple to implement, and patients have a high degree of cooperation. Therefore, EEG, as a diagnostic method of AD, can improve the accuracy of differential diagnosis and early detection of AD and quantify the severity of the disease. It has the advantage of non-invasive convenience and price, which is of great significance for early diagnosis of AD.

Global trends and research hotspots of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a bibliometric analysis from 1991 to 2022.

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) has been demonstrated to be an effective intervention for various shoulder disorders. The number of rTSA-related studies performed has increased annually over the past three decades. The Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery had the highest number of publications and citations in the rTSA-related research domain and is therefore considered to be the most influential journal in this field. The USA published the most publications and established a high degree of cooperation with many countries worldwide. The University of Florida, the Hospital for Special Surgery, and Rush University, Mayo Clinic were representative and active institutions in this field. It is anticipated that advancements in prosthesis design, specifically with regards to lateralized design concepts, expanding indications for rTSA, a trend toward younger patient populations, and the management of postoperative complications will emerge as research hotspots in the following years. The most valuable publications, influential journals, major researchers, and leading countries were analyzed. The findings of our study will help researchers gain insights into current research hotspots and frontiers and shape their research focus in the field of rTSA.

Strategic behaviour and decision making in competitive hospital markets: an experimental investigation

We investigate quality provision and the occurrence of strategic behaviour in competitive hospital markets where providers are assumed to be semi-altruistic towards patients. For this, we employ a laboratory experiment with a hospital market framing. Subjects decide on the quality levels for one of three competing hospitals respectively. We vary the organizational aspect of whether quality decisions within hospitals are made by individuals or teams. Realized monetary patient benefits go to real patients outside the lab. In both settings, we find that degrees of cooperation quickly converge towards negative values, implying absence of collusion and patient centred or competitive quality choices. Moreover, hospitals treat quality as a strategic complement and adjust their quality choice in the same direction as their competitors. The response magnitude for team markets is weaker; this is driven by non-cooperative or altruistic teams, which tend to set levels of quality that are strategically independent.

Evolution game model and simulation of enterprise R&D cooperative innovation network under network externalities

ABSTRACT Multi-agent cooperation, pooling innovative resources, helps to develop key technologies and major projects in enterprises. However, the multi-agent cooperation of enterprises makes the cooperative relationship unstable, and behaviours such as moral hazard, spillover of technology or information are more likely to occur, thereby increasing the risk of enterprises. In this research an enterprise R&D cooperative evolutionary game model is built to investigate the influence of Network externalities on enterprise R&D cooperation in innovation networks. Furthermore, the evolution of innovative network structure of game results is simulated by means of computer technology so that the effects of network externalities on corporation degree, agglomeration and network structure are analyzed. The results show that Network externalities led to a decrease of cooperated partners, a decline in cooperation degree and agglomeration of enterprises, and a shrinking enterprise R&D cooperation tendency. The influence of network externalities shows significant structural differences in the three types of enterprise networks: the degree of enterprise cooperation and agglomeration fluctuates greatly in the scale-free network, but slightly in the small-world network and the random network.

On breadth and depth of climate agreements with pledge-and-review bargaining

This paper analyzes the effects of partial cooperation on the breadth and depth of climate agreements in dynamic games in which countries emit, invest in green technology, decide to participate in a climate coalition and participants negotiate the contract duration. When choosing emissions reductions (pledges), coalition countries apply Harstad’s (2023a) pledge-and-review bargaining and partially cooperate. We distinguish between stock-independent and stock-dependent investment costs. It is shown that narrow-but-deep agreements may be welfare superior to broad-but-shallow agreements for signatories. In addition, if the degree of partial cooperation is sufficiently high, broad-and-deep agreements and even first best can be achieved.

Research Based on The Passenger’s Perspective to Airline Alliances, The Case of Turkish Airlines, A member of Star Alliance

There is a substantial degree of cooperation between two or more airlines in an alliance. Strategic alliances are formed for a variety of reasons. As a result of airline alliances (e.g., Star Alliance, Oneworld, Skyteam), airlines are able to increase profitability, reduce costs, and expand their flight networks. As part of its commitment to passengers, Turkish Airlines (hereinafter referred to as 'THY') offers flight check-in, baggage handling, a broad network, high-quality catering, in-flight comfort, and on-time departures and arrivals. An assessment of customer perceptions of THY's alliance was conducted to determine whether alliance strategies affected perceived service quality. Travelers who have flown with Turkish Airlines, the flag carrier of Turkey and a Star Alliance member, were surveyed to compare the impact of alliance strategies on service quality before and after joining the alliance. The survey was completed by 147 participants and analyzed using SPSS.