Degree Of Familiarity Research Articles

SOCIO-PRAGMATIC PECULIARITIES OF APOLOGY UTTERANCES IN MODERN ENGLISH

In this article, consideration is given to the utterances of apology in Modern English. The utterances of apology belong to the post-event-acts, i.e. they signal that a certain type of event has already taken place. Moreover, the speaker recognizes the fact that a violation of a social norm has been committed and that the speaker is at least partially involved in its cause. The act of apologizing requires an action or an utterance that is intended to “set things right” between the apologizer and the recipient of the apology. The English language provides a range of accepted formulas for apologizing. Utterances of apology can be very short and direct, or longer and more complex. The expression of apology depends on the seriousness and importance of the thing which has happened, the social and cultural standards, the type of situation (official/non-official), the form of apology (written/oral), social relations of the speaker and the hearer (the degree of familiarity), the speaker’s feelings, and the degree of the speaker’s responsibility for what has happened. There are five possible strategies for making an apology: an expression of an apology, acknowledgement of responsibility, an explanation or account, an offer of repair, and a promise of non-recurrence.

Clasificación de las empresas familiares en base a sus valores

Tradicionalmente se ha clasificado a las EF en función de su estructura, tamaño, propiedad, etc.; pero han sido pocos los estudios basados en los valores de la empresa familiar, aspecto clave y determinante para establecer el grado de familiaridad de estas organizaciones. Por ello planteamos una tipología propia centrada en los valores del grupo familiar dominante sobre tres dimensiones fundamentales (propiedad, dirección y continuidad) que nos ha permitido clasificar a las EF en tres grandes grupos diferenciados: pura, mixta (propietaria y directiva) y profesionalizada. Utilizando una muestra de 112 empresas familiares españolas, nuestros resultados demuestran que las EF se diferencian en función de los valores del grupo familiar dominante, siendo la propiedad el atributo más definitorio. La importancia de esta clasificación radica en que de esta manera se facilita la homogeneización de las conclusiones en las investigaciones sobre EF permitiendo establecer conclusiones generales por tipos de empresa.

La stigmatisation sociale des personnes vivant avec la schizophrénie : une revue systématique de la littérature

ObjectivesWhile the social stigmatization of schizophrenia is an important public health issue, little research has addressed this question in the French context. A review was therefore conducted to identify the methods and criteria used in the international literature to study this phenomenon, and to synthesize the main findings on the factors associated with stigmatization. MethodWe conducted a systematic review of the literature in December 2016, on 113 articles on the social stigmatization of schizophrenia. ResultsMost of the articles used quantitative methods. We observed a significant relationship between the desire to establish a social distance from people with schizophrenia and a number of factors, such as the degree of familiarity with schizophrenia, the label “schizophrenic”, the neurobiological causalities attributed to schizophrenia, or the stereotype of dangerousness. Articles using qualitative methods are rare, and this points to the importance of taking the socio-cultural context and “lay” theories about schizophrenia into account in order to understand the phenomenon of stigmatization. DiscussionThese results suggest theoretical and methodological lines of approach to gain better understanding and tackle the problem of the social stigmatization of schizophrenia. They also stress the need for qualitative research in the French context. ConclusionThis review could provide practical guidance for French researchers and practitioners working on the de-stigmatization of schizophrenia and on socially stigmatized mental disorders more generally.

O ENCONTRO INFÂNCIA E POESIA: LUDICIDADE, IMAGINAÇÃO E (CO)AUTORIA

A poesia nasce com o ser humano. Ou melhor, nasce quando ele começa a falar. Ela é o nosso ancestral em termos de linguagem, é intrínseca ao ser humano. Quanto mais precocemente as crianças interagem com essa forma de linguagem, maior é o grau de familiaridade e maiores são as possibilidades de constituir uma relação fecunda e prazerosa entre ambas. O presente texto objetiva, de modo geral, refletir sobre a relação infância e poesia; e, especificamente, destacar a ludicidade, a imaginação e a (co)autoria como aspectos que se sobressaem nessa relação. É parte de uma pesquisa realizada no âmbito do doutorado em Educação da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), cujo ponto de partida é a escuta sensível na pesquisa com crianças. A empiria ocorreu entre outubro de 2013 e junho de 2014, em uma escola da rede pública estadual de Criciúma- SC, Brasil, e contou com a participação de vinte crianças, oito meninos e doze meninas, com idade entre oito e doze anos. A metodologia utilizada é denominada espaços de narrativa (LEITE, 2008), procedimento caracterizado pela realização de encontros sistematizados entre observador e sujeitos, empregando estratégias de natureza etnográfica e o uso de diferentes instrumentos para captura de dados, especialmente a gravação em vídeo. A problematização e a compreensão da temática possibilita vislumbrar ações que podem promover o encontro poesia e criança e potencializar a presença do texto poético na escola, especialmente nos anos iniciais da Educação Básica.

Effect of familiarity and mixing method on gestating sow welfare and productivity in large dynamic groups.

The objectives of this study were twofold: first, to investigate the effects of sow familiarity prior to mixing into a larger dynamic group of gestating sows and, second, to examine the impact of how the sows entered the pen during this mixing event. The cohort of sows was either familiar with each other because of premixing (PMIX) or unfamiliar (UMIX). This PMIX or containment of sows in a stall (UMIX), occurred from weaning until the sows were mixed into the large gestation pen 8 d later. The cohort of incoming sows was introduced either as a batched unit (BAT) or new sows were introduced into the dynamic group singly (IND) though the electronic sow feeder. Lesion severity and quantity score, lameness, and body condition score (BCS) were tracked throughout the entire gestation period for 213 sows. Overall, there was little effect of the treatment but a strong impact of parity on the outcomes. Younger animals had significantly higher risk for lesions (P < 0.001) and higher risk for more severe lesions (P < 0.001) than higher parity animals. Lower parity had an association with the risk of lameness (P < 0.05), but it had no significant effect on BCS (P > 0.05). The risk of lameness increased on days 15 and 62 compared to weaning (P < 0.001). Risk of low BCS decreased on days 62 and 113 relative to scores at weaning (P < 0.001). A degree of familiarity by day interaction was present for lesion quantity (P < 0.001) and lesion severity (P < 0.001). The risk of more lesions was higher in the premixed groups before going into the dynamic group, but equilibrated with the unmixed group after day 11, 3 d in the large dynamic pen. The highest risk for the greatest quantity of lesions peaked at day 11 then declined, but never reached the lowest level again which was measured at weaning. Despite the variability in the welfare measures, there was no significant impact of treatment or parity on sow productivity. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that a period of premixing sows and varying the method of entering sows into the pen did not have a long-term impact on the welfare of the sows or on their productivity.

History of Russian Political Languages

This article presents methodological foundations for the history of Russian political languages. Authors draw on the key insights of the Cambridge school of intellectual history while highlighting some new methodological moves based on applying this approach to the studies of the Russian history. The article provides definitions of the key methodological concepts and reviews selected illustrative cases from the Russian and Western history. In general the history of political philosophy in this perspective combines two imperatives: (a) privileged attention to available (sub)languages and idioms of the given period; (b) analysis of authors’ intentions and rhetoric moves in the historical context, framed by linguistic conventions and discourses of other participants in the debate. While applying this methodology to the Russian past (and present) we have identified several relevant issues which were mostly taken for granted by the main founders of the Cambridge school: the degree of familiarity and trust of the ruling elites with the written tradition of the political philosophy; institutions of public debate; and, finally, regimes of publicity structuring political discussions.

Discussion on implementation of public health standards adopted in centers for disease control and prevention

As the most important phase in standardization activity, implementation saves as the essence. CDC in China are the major institutions undertaking disease control and prevention. Implementing the standards of public health provides technical basis for CDC to complete the task of disease control and prevention. In the study, spot conversation and questionnaire were used to investigate the implementation of standards on public health in CDC. Results showed that the staff of CDC got to know the standards through the Internet. The departments of CDC which conducted training and sent staff to attend training courses accounted for 50.00%(25/50) and 34.00%(17/50), respectively. State mandatory rule is still the main reason for relevant departments to implement the standards of the public health. Government promotion activities facilitate the implementation of Standards, and the degree of familiarity with Standards affects the implementation as well. The paper summarizes the existing problems, such as the lack of coordination between departments of public health at provincial level or below, lack of access to standards, and the need to strengthen the training of the standard implementation etc. It puts forward some suggestions to strengthen the implementation of public health Standards.

The Investigation of Pragmatic Transfer in the Speech Act of Congratulations by Punjabi EFL Learners

This paper investigates pragmatic transfer in Punjabi EFL learners’ realization of the speech act of congratulations. For this purpose, 120 participants were asked to take part in the study, who were divided into four groups having 30 participants in each group: 30 native English (NE) speakers, 30 Punjabi EFL learners of the elite class, 30 Punjabi EFL learners of the middle class and 30 Punjabi EFL learners of the lower class. To elicit the data, a DCT having 12 situations based on social power and distance was used and for perception data, these situations were analyzed on the basis of four contextual variables (degree of familiarity, power, difficulty, and obligation in expressing congratulations) in the form of SRQ. The criteria for the analysis of negative pragmatic was set on the differences found in the responses of the participants and the positive pragmatic transfer was based on the similarities between the responses of the participants. The data was coded and analyzed under the taxonomy of congratulations proposed by Elwood (2004). The results of the study indicated the presence of negative pragmatic transfer in three different strategies of congratulation (IFID, OOGW and Overlapped) and the remaining of the strategies indicated the existence of positive pragmatic transfer. The findings of the study show the cultural influence on the use of congratulation strategies by Punjabi EFL learners. The results of the study might be pedagogical significance and could prove helpful for policymaker and syllabus designer as well within Pakistani context.

Exploring the Effect of Familiarity and Advisory Services on Innovation Outcomes in Outsourcing Settings

Innovation through outsourcing can be hindered as a result of opportunistic behaviour. As a remedy, the extant literature encourages firms to enhance familiarity between the parties and/or consider using advisory services. In this paper, we seek to examine the effect of knowledge familiarity (client-supplier and supplier-client) and relational familiarity on innovation outcomes. Further, we also examine whether the presence of advisors improves innovation outcomes. Our results suggest that a higher degree of relational familiarity and client-supplier knowledge familiarity are associated with better innovation outcomes. We also reveal that client-supplier knowledge familiarity mediates the effect of supplier-client knowledge familiarity on innovation outcomes. We did not find support for the direct effect of advisors on innovation outcomes. Instead, the presence of advisors moderates the effect of supplier-client and relational familiarity on innovation outcomes. We consider the implications for the IS outsourcing literature and practice.

Italian and Arabic

AbstractThis article focuses on Italian and Arabic language contact in the Mediterranean until early modern times. Particular emphasis will be placed on lexical exchange with Italian as the recipient language. The most important contact zone between Arabic and Italian was southern Italy. Numerous Arabic elements also appear in texts and documents of pilgrims, merchants and diplomats who traveled to Arabia as well as in translations from Arabic. Special features of those contacts are dealt with in separate chapters: Arabic as the intermediate language for borrowings with a different remote etymology (Greek, Persian), the various channels of transmission of genuine Arabic elements, the number and status of the borrowings, the degree of familiarity of the travelers with Arabic, basic patterns of formal adaptation and corrupt spellings, and finally, in a brief excursus, Italian elements in Arabic. Additional chapters deal with the strengths and weaknesses of editorial philology, the lexicological and lexicographical treatment of Arabisms and remaining desiderata.

The effect of topic familiarity on the complexity, accuracy, and fluency of second language writing

Abstract The purpose of the current study is to examine the role of topic familiarity in the complexity, accuracy, and fluency of second language (L2) writing. Topic familiarity was operationalized as whether writers are writing about a common, everyday subject matter in relation to themselves (+ familiar) or to a group they are not familiar with (–familiar), and a learner survey was used to test the validity of the construct. A total of 123 Chinese EFL college students participated in the study, with 61 writing on a familiar topic and 62 writing on a less familiar topic. Their writing performance was analyzed for lexical complexity, syntactic complexity, accuracy, and fluency. Data analyses revealed that the students produced essays with significantly lower lexical complexity for the less familiar topic than for the familiar topic, while the performance areas of accuracy, fluency, and syntactic complexity were not affected by the degree of familiarity. The study findings are discussed in terms of their implications for task selection and sequencing for L2 teaching and assessment purposes.

КОММУНИКАТИВНЫЕ НЕУДАЧИ КАК СЛЕДСТВИЕ НАРУШЕНИЯ ТАБУ

The article considers one of the reasons for communication failures - taboos violation. Dialogues in English from the full-length feature films of the British cinema of the XXI century, on the basis of which the author analyzes the influence of taboos on the success of communication, serve as material for the study. The researcher comes to the conclusion that effective communication is provided by many factors: external conditions of communication, personality, age, status of communicants, degree of acquaintance, and, by all means, knowledge and compliance with the norms of communicative etiquette, as violation of these norms, where taboo is one of the forms of their expression, brings an undesirable emotional effect in the process of communication and leads to the emergence of communication failures.

The current influence of the CEFR in secondary education: teachers’ perceptions

ABSTRACTThe Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) began to have an influence on language teaching some 20 years ago. However, in spite of the title referring to learning, teaching and assessment of languages, the CEFR has had a far more pronounced impact on language testing than on any other aspect of language learning/teaching. In contrast, this article focuses on the impact of the CEFR on teachers by analysing the beliefs about and perceptions of the CEFR held by a group of Spanish teachers about to take a Masters course module on the CEFR. A 35-item questionnaire was administered to these in-service teachers online to analyse their familiarity with the CEFR, their perceptions of the impact of the CEFR and their knowledge of the contents of the CEFR. The analysis shows that teachers’ degree of familiarity with the CEFR as a whole was superficial. They reported a high degree of familiarity with levels of competences, but limited knowledge of changes that the CEFR proposes, despite the fact that they perceived the general impact of the CEFR on syllabi, curricula and methods to be substantial. There are clear implications for teacher education to ensure more thorough understanding of the CEFR.

Blinded by Gold: Toronto Sports Community Ignores Negative Legacies of 2015 Pan Am Games

Event organizers and city officials often justify the high costs of hosting an event by highlighting its legacies. Legacies are a topic of contentious discourse among event researchers, over definition, measurement, and significance. The bid for the Toronto 2015 Pan Am Games highlighted sport legacies as a priority. Thirteen semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with organizers, city officials, and members of the Toronto sports community. These interviews were analyzed using a thematic coding method. The degree of familiarity with "event legacies" among respondents varied, as did the definitions they offered. Multiple positive legacies were highlighted, most frequently: new or improved sports facilities and equipment (11/13 respondents), increased awareness of sport and sport opportunities (9/13), and inspiration factor (7/13). No respondent named negative legacies. Two major themes emerged: 1) there is no universal understanding of legacies as a term or concept; and 2) organizers are biased when asked about legacies, favoring the positive, and ignoring the negative.

Dependence of behavioral performance on material category in an object-grasping task with monkeys.

Material perception is an essential part of our cognitive function that enables us to properly interact with our complex daily environment. One important aspect of material perception is its multimodal nature. When we see an object, we generally recognize its haptic properties as well as its visual properties. Consequently, one must examine behavior using real objects that are perceived both visually and haptically to fully understand the characteristics of material perception. As a first step, we examined whether there is any difference in the behavioral responses to different materials in monkeys trained to perform an object grasping task in which they saw and grasped rod-shaped real objects made of various materials. We found that the monkeys' behavior in the grasping task, which was measured based on the success rate and the pulling force, differed depending on the material category. Monkeys easily and correctly grasped objects of some materials, such as metal and glass, but failed to grasp objects of other materials. In particular, monkeys avoided grasping fur-covered objects. The differences in the behavioral responses to the material categories cannot be explained solely based on the degree of familiarity with the different materials. These results shed light on the organization of multimodal representation of materials, where their biological significance is an important factor. In addition, a monkey that avoided touching real fur-covered objects readily touched images of the same objects presented on a CRT display. This suggests that employing real objects is important when studying behaviors related to material perception. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We tested monkeys using an object-grasping task in which monkeys saw and grasped rod-shaped real objects made of various materials. We found that the monkeys' behavior differed dramatically across the material categories and that the behavioral differences could not be explained solely based on the degree of familiarity with the different materials. These results shed light on the organization of multimodal representation of materials, where the biological significance of materials is an important factor.

Drugs’ Life: Accessibility and Use of Biomedical Drugs in Myanmar

Based on the ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Rakhine State (Western Myanmar), this article aims to define the local accessibility of biomedical drugs and the use people make of them. Following the ‘biographical’ approach developed by Van der Geest and his colleagues (1989, 1996, 2002), the article shows how the appropriation by local people of biomedical drugs is very much determined by the social, cultural and economic reality in which people live, their personal biographies, their past experiences, as well as the relation they have with the medicines deliverers and the degree of trust, familiarity, socio-cultural affinity and geographical proximity characterizing relations. This analysis intends to fill a gap in the anthropological literature on contemporary Myanmar where the topic of biomedical drugs remains largely unexplored.

Statistical Models for Predicting Threat Detection From Human Behavior.

Users must regularly distinguish between secure and insecure cyber platforms in order to preserve their privacy and safety. Mouse tracking is an accessible, high-resolution measure that can be leveraged to understand the dynamics of perception, categorization, and decision-making in threat detection. Researchers have begun to utilize measures like mouse tracking in cyber security research, including in the study of risky online behavior. However, it remains an empirical question to what extent real-time information about user behavior is predictive of user outcomes and demonstrates added value compared to traditional self-report questionnaires. Participants navigated through six simulated websites, which resembled either secure “non-spoof” or insecure “spoof” versions of popular websites. Websites also varied in terms of authentication level (i.e., extended validation, standard validation, or partial encryption). Spoof websites had modified Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and authentication level. Participants chose to “login” to or “back” out of each website based on perceived website security. Mouse tracking information was recorded throughout the task, along with task performance. After completing the website identification task, participants completed a questionnaire assessing their security knowledge and degree of familiarity with the websites simulated during the experiment. Despite being primed to the possibility of website phishing attacks, participants generally showed a bias for logging in to websites versus backing out of potentially dangerous sites. Along these lines, participant ability to identify spoof websites was around the level of chance. Hierarchical Bayesian logistic models were used to compare the accuracy of two-factor (i.e., website security and encryption level), survey-based (i.e., security knowledge and website familiarity), and real-time measures (i.e., mouse tracking) in predicting risky online behavior during phishing attacks. Participant accuracy in identifying spoof and non-spoof websites was best captured using a model that included real-time indicators of decision-making behavior, as compared to two-factor and survey-based models. Findings validate three widely applicable measures of user behavior derived from mouse tracking recordings, which can be utilized in cyber security and user intervention research. Survey data alone are not as strong at predicting risky Internet behavior as models that incorporate real-time measures of user behavior, such as mouse tracking.

Overruled!: Implicit cues rather than an orthographic rule determine Dutch children's vowel spelling

This study addressed the question why vowel spelling acquisition is relatively difficult for young Dutch spellers. A spelling rule guides vowel spelling, but implicit cues could also play a role. We evaluated the role of phonology, morphology, and orthography. Grade 1 (N = 113) and 2 (N = 59) children were presented with dictations of real and pseudowords differing in the degree of consistency and familiarity. Correct scores of consistent vowel spelling in Grade 1 and 2 students were near ceiling, whereas those for inconsistent vowels were low, even in Grade 2 children, who have had explicit instruction of the spelling rule. Correct scores were affected by phonological and morphological consistency, and orthographic familiarity. Effects of these implicit cues were even more pronounced in Grade 2. Findings indicate that vowel length spelling is difficult to acquire because the explicit spelling rule is overruled by various sources of implicit information.

Integrated Care for NDIS Participants with Complex Needs

This presentation reviews the results of five recent Australian studies we have been involved with addressing the question of health and economic outcomes and the optimal model of service for this population. Through these studies the authors propose an integrated model of care and are developing a service for roll out with the NDIS to adress these critical issues. Health professionals in hospitals are poorly prepared to work effectively with individuals with disability who present with health needs. Their primary focus on acute care means there is a lesser degree of experience and familiarity with the disability support needs of patients. Some of the consequences of this poor understanding include communication difficulties leading to misdiagnosis, poor access to services, variable treatment outcomes and negative quality of life for individuals. Increased costs for the health system can also result from poor interactions with health professionals and increased use of health resources. The use of Integrated Care Principles assures the best possible clinical outcomes for this population. Nonetheless these priciples are rarely utilised and these individuals fall in the chasm between disabiltiy services and health services. Integrated Care involves partnering with a patient’s service provider, primary care provider, specialists, and both private and public hospitals as well as dental, allied health and disability care providers to enable disability and health workers to continue providing support to patients with disability alongside hospital healthcare professionals. This model promises to deliver the following benefits Attending to the patient’s disability needs supports his/her health improvement and recovery while in hospital. Maintenance of improved health and well being outcomes post discharge from acute care to the community including Improved coordination and delivery of health responses in the acute setting. Improved health outcomes at discharge. Enhanced capacity in the disability sector workforce to manage the complex health needs of individuals in community settings. Improved understanding and management of the health needs of individuals with disability. Improved health service practice for people with complex needs within the acute care setting. Improved inpatient health outcomes. Through input of disability support workers, reduced demand on scarce health resources to manage disability needs of inpatients. Reduced hospital readmission rates through improved health outcomes at discharge and in community settings. Improved collaboration with Disability Services/NDIS regarding discharge planning, discharge options and transition arrangements to community care for individuals with di Development of a disability workforce with skills and capacity to successfully manage More effective use of health resources to manage the complex health needs of individuals with disability. Reduced hospital readmission rates through improved health outcomes at discharge and in community settings. Identification and implementation of integrated services pathways that maintain established health and well being outcomes in community and residential settings post discharge. Improved management of complex health needs by disability service providers. Improved collaboration and partnership between health and disability/NDIS services including contribution of expertise and services as needed. Shorten hospital length of stay.

Understanding novelty: how task structure and tool familiarity moderate performance

ABSTRACT Consumers and corporate end users are regularly faced with the challenge of adapting to new technology tools and their user interfaces. Understanding the role of user experience in using these new interfaces is an important aspect of assessing and planning for how new innovations are received. Through a controlled laboratory experiment in the information retrieval domain, we find that the effect of task (web search) familiarity on performance depends on the task structure (open-ended versus closed-ended) and the degree of tool familiarity (a traditional textual list versus a novel graphical interface for presenting web search results). Our results show that task experience has a positive effect on performance when the task structure is closed-ended and the interface is familiar, and a negative effect when the task structure is open-ended and the interface is unfamiliar. This study not only adds to the literature on user experience in the context of IT use, but also has practical implications for the testing and adoption of new technologies, indicating that novices may be better, or at least an important group, for testing truly novel tools and their interfaces.