Degree Of Acclimatization Research Articles

Комплексна оцінка інтродукції, акліматизації та декоративності Ailanthus Altissima (Mill.) в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу і Степу України

Досліджено успішність інтродукції айланта найвищого Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу і Степу України методом інтегральної числової оцінки життєздатності та перспективності інтродукції дерев на основі візуальних спостережень, який враховує найважливіші для інтродукції показники: ступінь визрівання пагонів, зимостійкість, збереження габітусу, пагоноутворювальна здатність, регулярність приросту пагонів, здатність до генеративного розвитку, способи розмноження в культурі. Визначено ступінь акліматизації інтродукованого виду A. altissima методом встановлення акліматизаційного числа. За результатами оцінки успішності інтродукції A. altissima в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу і Степу, вид віднесено до І групи перспективності, а успішність акліматизації оцінено 100 балами – у Степу та 86 балами – у Правобережному Лісостепу. Досліджено декоративність рослин A. Altissima (Mill.) в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу і Степу України. Оцінено декоративність крони, листків, суцвіть, квіток і плодів, кольору та фактури кори стовбура, гілок і пагонів. Визначено комплексну і сезонну декоративності виду A. altissima. Наведено результати дослідження комплексної та сезонної декоративності виду А. altissima, які зростають у Національному дендрологічному парку "Софіївка" НАН України, Уманському НУС, в зелених насадженнях м. Умані та Уманського р-ну, дендрологічному парку Веселі Боковеньки Кіровоградської обл., смт Чечельник Вінницької обл., м. Одеса, м. Миколаїв. Підтверджено високу декоративність A. аltissimа – 5 балів у Степу та 4,5 балів у Лісостепу за п'ятибальною шкалою декоративності.

Особливості вирощування Sophora Japonica L. у садово-паркових господарствах

Наведено узагальнені результати літературного огляду інтродукції і використання в Україні Sophora japonica L. Оцінено перспективність та успішність інтродукції Правобережному Лісостепу та Степу України. Досліджено успішність інтродукції Sophora japonica L. в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу і Степу України методом інтегральної числової оцінки життєздатності та перспективності інтродукції дерев на підставі візуальних спостережень, який враховує найважливіші для інтродукції показники: ступінь визрівання пагонів, зимостійкість, збереження габітусу, пагоноутворювальна здатність, регулярність приросту пагонів, здатність до генеративного розвитку. Визначено ступінь акліматизації інтродукованого виду Sophora japonica L. методом встановлення акліматизаційного числа. Досліджено декоративність рослин Sophora japonica L. в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу і Степу України. Оцінено декоративність та запропоновано практичні рекомендації щодо перспектив використання Sophora japonica L. у зеленому будівництві. Відзначено високі адаптаційні можливості виду. Встановлено, що Sophora japonica L. є перспективною рослиною для інтродукції на цій території. Sophora japonica L. не має широкого впровадження в озелененні, оскільки недостатньо повно висвітлено науково обґрунтовані дані з вивчення її інтродукції в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу України. Тому виникає необхідність виконання роботи, що полягає в узагальненні досвіду інтродукції Sophora japonica L. в цьому регіоні.

Комплексна оцінка інтродукції, акліматизації та декративності Ailanthus Altissima (Mill.) в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу і Степу України

Досліджено успішність інтродукції айланта найвищого (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)) в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу і Степу України методом інтегральної числової оцінки життєздатності та перспективності інтродукції дерев на основі візуальних спостережень, який враховує найважливіші для інтродукції показники: ступінь визрівання пагонів, зимостійкість, збереження габітусу, пагоноутворювальна здатність, регулярність приросту пагонів, здатність до генеративного розвитку, способи розмноження в культурі. Визначено ступінь акліматизації інтродукованого виду A. altissima методом встановлення акліматизаційного числа. Досліджено декоративність рослин A. altissima в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу і Степу України. Оцінено декоративність крони, листків, суцвіть, квіток і плодів, кольору та фактури кори стовбура, гілок і пагонів. Визначено комплексну і сезонну декоративності виду A. altissima. Наведено результати дослідження комплексної та сезонної декоративності виду А. altissima, які зростають у Національному дендрологічному парку "Софіївка" НАН України, Уманському НУС, у зелених насадженнях Умані та Уманського району, дендрологічному парку Веселі Боковеньки Кіровоградської обл., смт Чечельник Вінницької обл., м. Одеса, м. Миколаїв.

Дендросозофіти ботанічного саду Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича

Встановлено, що у ботанічному саду Чернівецького національного університету в умовах відкритого ґрунту зростає 211 видів дендросозофітів із 87 родів, 37 родин, 2 відділів. Серед них із відділу Pinophyta провідними за кількістю видів є роди Pinus L., Abies Mill., Picea Dietr., Juniperus L., а із Magnoliophyta – Rhododendron L., Magnolia L., Acer L., Quercus L., Malus Mill. У Червоному списку МСОП досліджувані види віднесено до 6 категорій раритетності; з них переважає група таксонів з низьким рівнем ризику зникнення (82,9 % видів). До групи під загрозою зникнення (категорії CR, EN, VU) входить 20 видів. До Європейського Червоного списку внесено 9 із досліджуваних видів. 7 видів внесено до Червоної книги України (2009), а Syringa josіkaea – також до Додатку І Бернської конвенції. Показано, що в умовах ботанічного саду Чернівецького національного університету 174 із досліджуваних дендросозофітів формують життєздатне насіння, а у 42 із них відзначено самосів. Виявлено, що 192 види повністю пристосувалися до умов культивування і мають найвищий ступінь акліматизації (І). Виділено види, які в Чернівецькій області стали інвазійними (Robinia pseudoacacia L., Acer negundo L., Quercus rubra L.), а також типові для Буковини види; всі вони мають категорію LC у Червоному списку МСОП. Успішна акліматизація та здатність до насіннєвого розмноження більшості видів свідчать про те, що колекційні фонди ботанічного саду Чернівецького національного університету є потенціалом для ефективного збереження дендросозофітів ex-situ.

PECULIARITIES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH HAZELNUT (CORYLUS COLURNA L.) IN STANDS OF THE GREEN ZONES OF KHARKIV NATIONAL AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER V. V. DOKUCHAEV

The growth, development, selection structure, and condition of Turkish hazelnut in the plantations of the parks of the Kharkiv National Agrarian University were studied in conditions of Kharkiv region. The article analyzes the growth of 22 to 40 years old Turkish hazelnut trees by height and diameter on five sites. In all cases, the hazelnut trees considerably exceeded the oaks by diameter and were slightly behind by the height. The Turkish hazelnut stands had a good selection structure and condition. An integrated approach to assessing the selection value of stands was used. Three of the five observed stands were found to be perspective by a combination of characteristics, i. e. suitable for the forest planting, protective stands creation, and landscaping. In all the surveyed plots, the trees produced viable seeds and seedlings and had a high degree of acclimatization in the Kharkov region.

The Effect of Low Altitude on the Performance of Lung Function in Alaghwar Region, Dead Sea, Jordan

Background: Alaghwar region is the lowest area in the world inhabited by permanent population at the level of the Dead Sea area, which is -420 m (-1,378 ft) below sea level. The reduced barometric pressure, density of air and the degree of acclimatization are associated with the low altitude. These factors are essential for the evaluation of a lung function tests at different altitudes. Objectives: The main aim of this study was to assess the effect of this unique feature of very low altitude (LA) on the performance of lung function. Methods: A comparative cross sectional design was chosen as the epidemiological design, and the standard cluster sampling technique was used to select the study population. Study was conducted on 1493 subjects (319 exposed to LA, and 1174 living at HA). Data were collected using predesigned questionnaire on personal and sociodemographic characteristics and smoking habit; as well as measurements of forced spirometry [time-volume curve and flow volume curve), and anthropometric measurements, using standard techniques and equipment. The data was analyzed using SPSS software (IBM, version 22), and multiple regression statistical subroutine, was used. Level of significance for the present study was 0.05. Results: After allowing for the effect of age, height, gender and smoking habit, people residing in low altitude area had significantly higher lung function indices compared to those residing at high altitude areas. Smoking was found to have significant negative effect on the different indices of lung function mainly of obstructive type. Conclusions: The increased barometric pressure, decreased density of air and the degree of acclimatization have shown an increment in most pulmonary function indices at low altitude. Basically high altitude may play a role in altering ventilatory function. However, additional factors like smoking should be considered.

Improvement in Altitude Performance Test After Further Acclimatization in Pre-Acclimatized Soldiers

The Altitude Performance Test is a measure designed to assess an individual's degree of acclimatization to reduce the risk of acute mountain sickness during high-altitude activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that test results will improve in pre-acclimatized soldiers after several days of further acclimatization. The Altitude Performance Test consists of an uphill run at high altitude. The event is timed and performed with continuous oxygen saturation (SpO2) monitoring. The individual's time and lowest SpO2 measurement are recorded. This test was performed on the first day of arriving at 11,060 ft, and after 9 days at the same location. The 37 male soldiers were all pre-acclimatized before arrival. The sleeping altitude remained constant at 11,060 ft, and the daytime altitudes increased up to a maximum of 15,775 ft. Test results improved significantly after a further 9 days of acclimatization (time, -11 s; SpO2, +5%-points; p ≤ 0.001). This is remarkable because all soldiers were pre-acclimatized and showed only minor acute mountain sickness symptoms during the entire stay. This indicates that the acclimatization process is not finished after amelioration of altitude symptoms. The demonstrated improvement in physical performance could prove very important, particularly during military missions performed at high altitude.

IMPROVEMENT IN ALTITUDE PERFORMANCE TEST AFTER FURTHER ACCLIMATIZATION

Introduction: The Altitude Performance Test is a measure designed to assess an individual’s degree of acclimatization in order to reduce the risk of acute mountain sickness (AMS) during high altitude activities. Objective: To investigate the hypothesis that test results will improve in a pre-acclimatized population after several days of further acclimatization. Methods: The Altitude Performance Test consists of an uphill run at high altitude. The event is timed and performed with continuous oxygen saturation (SaO2) monitoring. The individual’s time and lowest SaO2 measurement are recorded. This test was performed on the first day of arriving at Turin Hut (Mt. Blanc massif, Aosta Valley, Italy; elevation 3371 m), and after nine days at the same location. The 37 male participants of the German Army mountain guide course were all pre-acclimatized prior to arrival at Turin Hut. The sleeping altitude remained constant at 3371 m, and the daytime altitudes increased up to a maximum of 4808 m (Mt Blanc peak). The results of the first and second tests were compared using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: Test results improved significantly after a further nine days of acclimatization (Time: -11 sec, P ≤ 0.001; SaO2: +5%-points, P ≤ 0.001). This is remarkable because all soldiers were pre-acclimatized and, in general, showed only minor high altitude symptoms during the entire stay, even at the summit of Mt. Blanc. Conclusions: This indicates that the acclimatization process is not finished after amelioration of altitude symptoms. The demonstrated improvement in physical performance could prove very important, particularly during rescue or military missions performed at high altitude. Therefore, it is recommended that the additional time necessary for improved acclimatization be scheduled.

Nonindigenous species in the Far Eastern seas of Russia

Purposeful studies of alien species were performed in the Sea of Japan (Russian territory) in recent decades; however, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea received less attention, and the studies there were occasional, so the data are scarce. An annotated list of 66 nonindigenous species of various degree of acclimatization is presented for the first time for the Far Eastern Seas of Russia. A scale for assessing alien species status is also presented.

The ability of the skin to absorb heat; The effect of repeated exposure and age

SummaryBackgroundWhen heat is applied to the skin, it is dissipated due to conductive heat flow in the tissue and the blood. While heat flow has been studied after applying a single heat exposure, the physiology of repeated exposures to local heat has not been well investigated.Material/MethodsTwenty male and female subjects in the age range of 20–65 years old participated in a series of experiments during which a thermode was placed on their leg above the quadriceps muscle for 20 minutes, and on 3 sequential days, to see the effect of repeated local heat on skin blood flow, skin temperature, and on caloric transfer from a thermode used to raise skin temperature.ResultsThe results of the experiment showed that, for young subjects, to raise skin temperature to 40 degrees C required more than double the calories required in older subjects. Further, in the younger subjects, the blood flow response in the first 20 minutes of heat exposure was over 30% higher than that seen in the older subjects. However, on the 2nd and 3rd day, the blood flow response of the younger subjects, was not significantly different between day 2 and 3, but was significantly less than day 1. There was no statistical difference in the blood flow response between day 1, 2 and 3 in the older subjects. In the younger subjects, in the 2 and 3rd day, the number of calories needed to warm the skin was also significantly less than that seen in the first day.ConclusionsIn younger subjects but not older subjects, there appears to be some degree of acclimatization with an enhanced blood flow response in the first day that was protective to the skin which was not seen in repeated heat exposure.

Non-native and translocated fish species in Serbia and their impact on the native ichthyofauna

A total of 22 fish species have been introduced into the inland waters of Serbia, either intentionally or accidentally. This paper provides a summary of data concerning time and reason of introduction, mode of expansion, degree of acclimatization, impact on native fish and estimated area of recent distribution. Four of the non-native fish species currently occupy more than 51% of Serbian territory while 5 of them occupy between 21–50% of territory. This paper reviews impacts of introduced freshwater fish in Serbia based on collected data.

Effet d’un assèchement édaphique sur la croissance, l’allocation de biomasse et les relations hydriques chez Casuarina glauca

Tunisia has vast land tracts that are marginal, arid, semiarid, or desert (about three quarters of the surface of the country). Reforestation of these regions is one of the methods being used to rehabilitate degraded areas. Casuarina glauca Sieber, a fast-growing tree species that is widely used outside of its native range, was tested in the present study with respect to its degree of acclimatization and hardening in response to drought. Three water regimes, simulating the conditions of the reforestation sites, were applied to C. glauca seedlings. These regimes included a control treatment (T : predawn water potential Ψb = –0.2 MPa), a moderate stress treatment (M : Ψb = –0.5 MPa), and a severe stress treatment (S : Ψb = –1.0 MPa). Water relations parameters, estimated by pressure–volume curves through a repeat pressurization method, as well as accumulated dry mass were measured at the beginning of the experiment and 2, 4, and 6 months following treatment imposition. The total dry mass of M and S plants was significantly affected by the treatments. However, water stress favoured dry mass allocation to roots and decreased the shoot turgid mass / dry mass ratio (TM/DM). The evolution of water relations parameters under M or S regimes revealed an adaptive capacity of C. glauca seedlings, as expressed by a significant decrease of the osmotic potentials at full turgor (Ψπ100) and at the turgor loss point (Ψπ0), an osmotic adjustment in water-stressed plants reaching 0.31 and 0.56 MPa, and a significant increase in εmax reaching 26 % and 68 % of that of the control plants, respectively, at the end of the drought period. A reduction in shoot TM/DM combined with increases in εmax during water stress suggests the presence of a cell wall adjustment. These effects were more pronounced under the severe stress. Our results suggest that preconditioning seedlings to drought under nursery conditions by applying a moderate or severe stress, depending on the conditions of the planting site, for 4 months prior to outplanting, possibly will allow the seedlings to adapt morphologically and physiologically and improve their chance of survival in arid and semiarid zones.

A brief review of non-native freshwater fishes in Slovenia

Summary Since 1891, 16 fish species have been introduced, either intentionally or accidentally, to the inland waters of Slovenia, beginning with the introduction of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. In this paper, we summarize information on the introduction of each non-native fish species, including the year of introduction to Slovenia, the reason for their introduction, the mode of recent expansion, the degree of acclimatization, potential impacts on the native fishes and the area of recent distribution. The most abundant and widely spread species is rainbow trout, which occupies more than 51% of Slovene territory.

Central and obstructive sleep apnoea during ascent to high altitude.

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between central sleep apnoea (CSA) at high altitude and arterial blood gas tensions, and by inference, ventilatory responsiveness. Fourteen normal adult volunteers were studied by polysomnography during sleep, and analysis of awake blood gases during ascent over 12 days from sealevel to 5050 m in the Nepal Himalayas. Thirteen subjects developed CSA. Linear regression analysis showed tight negative correlations between mean CSA index and mean values for sleep SaO2, PaCO2 and PaO2 over the six altitudes (r2 > or = 0.74 for all, P < 0.03). Paradoxically there was poor correlation between the individual data for CSA index and those parameters at the highest altitude (5050-m) where CSA was worst (r2 < 0.12 for all, NS), possibly due to variation in degree of acclimatization between subjects. In addition, CSA replaced mild obstructive sleep apnoea during ascent. Obstructive sleep apnoea index fell from 5.5 +/- 6.9/h in rapid eye movement sleep at sealevel to 0.1 +/- 0.3/h at 5050 m (P < 0.001, analysis of variance), while CSA index rose from 0.1 +/- 0.3/h to 55.7 +/- 54.4/h (P < 0.001). There was a general relationship between decreasing PaCO2 and CSA, but there were significant effects from variations in acclimatization that would make hypoxic ventilatory response an unreliable predictor of CSA in individuals.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF IN VITRO APPLE PLANTS DURING ACCLIMATIZATION

The experiment was conducted with plantlets of the apple-rootstock MM 106 propagated in vitro. The transpiration of the plantlets was examined and the changes followed by SEM analysis. Data about the transpiration intensity of the acclimatized plants, of its value under different conditions of relative humidity and influenced by the existence of roots, as well as by the degree of acclimatization are presented. Leaves were also examined and it was found that stomata of in vitro developed leaves closed slowly and the number of stomata of newly developed leaves decreased. It was also shown that in vitro propagated roots generally lose their hairs during acclimatization, but these roots are still important because new fully functional roots develop from them.

The significance of water in sport and weight control.

Intake of food and drink during exercise can be effective in enhancing performance, in so far as it prevents or ameliorates exercise-induced changes to body homeostasis. Loss of body fluids containing water and electrolytes during exercise is mostly by sweating. Sweat rates during a sporting event or activity will vary according to a number of factors, including the size of the athlete and his or her degree of acclimatization, the intensity of exercise, environmental conditions and the clothing worn. The mismatch of fluid intake and fluid losses may lead to a body water deficit. It has generally been considered that decreases in performance become apparent when hypohydration exceeds 2% of body weight; that performance decrements become substantial when fluid losses exceed 5% of body weight; and that when fluid losses approach 6-10% of body weight, heat stroke and heat exhaustion become life-threatening. Hypohydration also affects mental functioning. Therefore, the effect of hypohydration on real-life sport may be greater than that shown in laboratory studies of physiological performance.

Further information to the acclimatization of "in vitro" plants

The experiment was carried out with in vitro propagated 'MM 106' apple-rootstock plantlets. The transpiration of the plantlets was examined, and the changes followed by SEM analysis.&#x0D; Data about the transpiration intensity of the acclimatized plants, of its value under different conditions of relative humidity and influenced by the existence of roots, as well as by the degree of acclimatization are presented.&#x0D; Leaves were also examined and it was found, that stomata of in vitro developed leaves closed slowly, and the number of stomata of newly developed leaves decreased.&#x0D; It is also shown, that in vitro propagated roots, generally, lose their hairs during acclimatization, but these roots are all the same important, as new roots of full value develop out of them.&#x0D;

Stomatal and Cuticular Water Loss from Apple, Cherry, and Sweetgum Plants After Removal from in Vitro Culture

Abstract The relative contributions of stomatal and cuticular water loss to desiccation of tissue-cultured apple (Malus domestica Borkh), cherry (Prunus avium × P. pseudocerasus), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) leaves after removal from culture were studied. Conductance from both abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces was measured on plants immediately after removal from culture, after acclimatization, and after being subjected to water stress. In all species, stomatal conductance decreased significantly after acclimatization. Cuticular conductance was significant under some conditions and may have been due to damage resulting from tissue dehydration. The three species had quite different responses to imposed water stress. Responses appeared to be related to differences in stomatal functioning, cuticular integrity, and degree of acclimatization.

Pulse rate-rectal temperature relationships during prolonged work.

Forty-six industrial workers performed a total of 653 1-h work bouts over a wide range of work rates )142-273 W/m2) and environmental temperatures (11-35 degrees C corrected effective temperature) in the summer and winter seasons. Simultaneous measurements of heart rates and rectal temperatures were made at the end of each work period, and the relationship between heart rate and rectal temperature was computed with standard multiple linear regression techniques. The overall regression equation is: heart rate (beats/min) = 29.3 (beats/min. degrees C) x rectal temperature (degrees C) - 988.6 (beats/min). The relationship is significantly altered by work rate and job- and season-acquired acclimatization of the subjects. These data suggest that the average heart rates of industrial workers during prolonged work can be predicted from rectal temperatures with a reasonable degree of confidence if the degree of acclimatization and work rates are known. For a rectal temperature of 38.0 degrees C the expected heart rate during prolonged work ranges from 109 beats/min in acclimatized men working at low rates to 143 for unacclimatized men working at heavy rates.

Alkaline shift in lumbar and intracranial CSF in man after 5 days at high altitude.

In six healthy male volunteers at sea level (PB 747-759 Torr), we measured pH and PCO2 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and in arterial and jugular bulb blood; from these data we estimated PCO2 (12) and pH for the intracranial portion of CSF. The measurements were repeated after 5 days in a hypobaric chamber (PB 447 Torr). Both lumbar and intracranial CSF were significantly more alkaline at simulated altitude than at sea level. Decrease in [HCO3-] IN lumbar CSF at altitude was similar to that in blood plasma. Both at sea level and at high altitude, PCO2 measured in the lumbar CSF was higher than that estimated for the intracranial CSF. At altitude, hyperoxia, in comparison with breathing room air, resulted in an increase in intracranial PCO2, and a decrease in the estimated pH in intracranial CSF. With hyperoxia at altitude, alveolar ventilation was significantly higher than during sea-level hyperoxia or normoxia, confirming that a degree of acclimatization had occurred. Changes in cerebral arteriovenous differences in CO2, measured in three subjects, suggest that cerebral blood flow may have been elevated after 5 days at altitude.