Degree Holders Research Articles

Perceived advantages and drawbacks of teleworking during the economic crisis and COVID-19: A cross-sectional study among university degree holders

This study aimed to identify the perceived advantages and drawbacks of teleworking and their correlates, including health problems, among Lebanese workers holding a university degree. A web-based cross-sectional self-report questionnaire created on Google Forms was used to survey 230 participants through snowball sampling between October 2022 and March 2023. The majority of respondents recognized both the advantages (67.03%) and drawbacks (66.34%) associated with teleworking, suggesting mixed feelings toward this format. Despite the limited satisfaction with teleworking, respondents acknowledged the advantages associated with remote working; in particular, younger, less physically active, and more educated participants valued teleworking more than their counterparts. The mean perception of advantages and drawbacks of telework did not significantly change with participants’ work status (hybrid, online, and in-person). The study revealed a high prevalence of consistent sleeping difficulty (35.7%), limited regular physical activity (60.4%), work-related musculoskeletal disorders (48.7%), back pain (5.7%), and visual disorders (48%) among Lebanese workers. Despite the limited satisfaction with teleworking, respondents acknowledged advantages such as cost and time savings. Older workers showed a preference against teleworking, potentially due to its impact on well-being. Factors such as education, career satisfaction, and prior teleworking experience influenced individuals’ perceptions of telework benefits.

Examination of Resilience and Self-esteem Levels of Parents of Children With Disability

In society's foundational structure, families play a crucial role in overall happiness. Parental influence on child health is pivotal. While health challenges bring social, economic, and psychological burdens, resilience emerges as key. Resilience engages with self-esteem, benefiting parental well-being and care for special needs children, offering a positive environment for both. This study aims to explore the relationship between psychological resilience and self-esteem levels of parents of children with special needs, suggesting a positive link between elevated psychological resilience and self-esteem in parents. The study employed a relational scale strategy to investigate psychological resilience and self-esteem among parents of children with special needs. The sample comprised 156 parents of children with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities in Ankara, Turkey. Measures included the "Short Psychological Resilience Scale (SPRS)" and the "Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS)." Data analysis encompassed descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and Multiple Linear Regression analysis (p<.05). In the study's results, the data demonstrated normal distribution. Employed parents demonstrated higher SPRS and RSS scores compared to unemployed parents. While parents with children engaged in sports displayed higher scores, the difference wasn't statistically significant (p>.05). Parents’ education level played a significant role; bachelor's degree holders had notably higher scores. Positive correlation was observed between SPRS and RSS scores (r=.411). Regression analysis confirmed a robust predictive relationship (R2=.169) between self-esteem and resilience. Raising special needs children requires elevated self-esteem and resilience due to multifaceted caregiving responsibilities. Traumatic experiences may impact self-esteem and resilience, prompting the need for a positive outlook for parental caregiving.

Parental separation and death during childhood as predictors of adult psychopathology: An examination of racial differences.

Parental separation and parental death during childhood are common but understudied forms of adverse childhood events (ACEs), thus little is known about the impact on psychological functioning in adulthood. We examined whether parental death and parental separation during childhood was associated with risk of diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or personality disorders during adulthood. Second, we compared parental separation and parental death and psychopathology across African Americans (N = 499) and Whites (N = 782). The sample consists of 1,211 participants (n = 669 females). Diagnostic interviews were administered by master's or doctorate-level degree holders in Clinical Psychology or Social Work. There was good to excellent interrater reliabilities (mean kappa of .84 ± .05; range: .79-.93) spanning anxiety, mood, anxiety, trauma, and personality disorders. White participants reporting parental separation during childhood were more likely to report depressive disorders (OR = 2.151, p < .001), PTSD (OR = 2.218, p < .01) and personality disorders (OR = 1.764, p < .001) during adulthood. African American endorsement of parental separation during childhood did not predict depressive disorders (OR = 1.21, p = .357), anxiety disorders (OR = 1.107, p = .659), PTSD (OR = 1.351, p = .425) or personality disorders (OR = 1.432, p = .098) during adulthood. Overall, participants who reported parental death did not have significantly higher rates of depressive disorders (OR = 1.100, p = .668), anxiety disorders (OR = 1.357, p = .207), PTSD (OR = 1.351, p = .425), and personality disorders (OR = 1.432, p = .098). Parental separation was a significant risk factor for adult psychopathology, but only for White participants. Parental death was not a risk factor for adult psychopathology no matter the person's race. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Impact of the Cityhood of Tabuk on Human Development

The study analysed the impact of Tabuk’s transition to cityhood on various aspects of development, including economic, socio-cultural, political, and environmental dimensions. It sought to understand the demographic profile of respondents, encompassing age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, and employment status. It examined the city government’s demographic profile, including population, land area, income, and internal revenue allocation. The study evaluated the city government’s delivery of services and facilities and assessed the level of impact of Tabuk’s cityhood on economic, social, cultural, political, and environmental development. The research employed percentage analysis for respondents’ demographic profiles, documentary analysis for the city government’s profile, mean to gauge service and facility delivery, and regression to determine the cityhood’s impact on economic, social, cultural, political, and environmental development. Data collection primarily relied on questionnaires. Diverse groups, including business, agriculture, healthcare, education, professionals, transportation sectors, and community groups, participated in the survey. Key findings revealed that a significant proportion of respondents were under 24 years old, with the majority being female, married, and holding at least a bachelor’s degree. A substantial portion of degree holders reported unemployment. The Internal Revenue Allotment of Tabuk City exhibited substantial growth, and local income sustained growth. Population increased, and land area expanded. The study affirmed the city government’s effective provision of services and facilities, fostering socio-economic, political, cultural, and environmental development. Respondents’ demographic profiles, particularly age and employment status, significantly influenced service delivery. Moreover, service and facility delivery significantly predicted the city’s impact, particularly in infrastructure, tourism, low-cost housing, tourism promotion, and support for education, police, and fire services. Based on these findings, recommendations were made, such as crafting comprehensive communication plans, developing public-private partnerships, investing in green initiatives, promoting waste segregation, supporting entrepreneurship, initiating reforestation projects, creating a cemetery office, and establishing a gender and development office to enhance gender equality and inclusion. Keywords: Tabuk cityhood, human development, service delivery, demographic profile, impact assessment

Knowledge and practice towards intravenous fluid therapy in children among nurses in the pediatrics emergency department of selected public hospitals

Morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients can be increased due to errors that are caused by inadequate knowledge and unsatisfactory practice of intravenous (IV) fluid therapy among healthcare workers. The knowledge and practice of nurses are very critical to IV fluid therapy because they are the cornerstone of a subject. This study assessed nurse's knowledge and practice of IV fluid therapy. A cross-sectional study design was employed at four selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data were collected from 112 nurses using a structured questionnaire for knowledge and using an observational checklist for practice. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 computer programs. Most respondents (67%) were males; the mean age of respondents was 31.2 ± 4.3. Among participated nurses, 42% (95% CI 32.8, 51.2) and 56.3% (95% CI 47.1, 65.6) had inadequate knowledge and satisfactory practice regarding IV fluid therapy in children, respectively. A significant association was observed between nurses' intravenous fluid therapy knowledge and in-service training that nurses who had training on fluid therapy in children had 4 times adequate knowledge than those who had no training (P = 0.01), an educational qualification that master degree holders had 4.8 times adequate knowledge than first-degree holders (P = 0.04) and training institution that nurse who had taken training in governmental teaching institution had 4 times adequate knowledge than who had taken training in private teaching institution (P = 0.011). No statistically significant association was found between practice level and independent variables regarding IV fluid therapy. Nurses’ knowledge of IV fluid therapy was inadequate and practice was relatively satisfactory. Continuous education and training of nurses on IV fluid therapy should be conducted regularly to improve their knowledge and practice. Further research should be employed involving other hospitals and focusing on risk factors for knowledge and practice inadequacy that are not discussed in this study.

Impact of Communication Gap on Nurse Patient Interaction: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study Design

Communication is a process of exchanging information by spoken and nonverbal signals, in which People interact with one another to form relationships. Without it, no one could survive. Communication is a crucial and necessary part of existence. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of the communication gap on nurse-patient interaction from nurses’ perspectives. The descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted at SKBZ/ Combine Military Hospital Rawalakot Azad Kashmir. A non-probability convenient sample of 50 nurses both male and female nurses greater than two year working experience and age 25 – 60 years were consented to participate in the study and a structured questionnaire was used. Nurses working at clinical bedside were included in the study and those nurses working as administrator were excluded. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 22. There were 12% male and 88% females’ nurses, where the mean age and standard deviation was 31.32 Years ± 7.446 SD. Among 50 nurses, sixty-two (62%) participants belong to young age group between 25 – 30 years. Out of 50 nurses 62% were BScN degree holders and seventy percent (70%) nurses were experienced from less than 05 years to 10 years. The major communication gaps identified by respondents were 90% patient illiteracy,68% non-native language,78% inexperience nurses, 76% rotational duties 84% language barriers and 64% respondent were in favor of higher professional education. This study concludes that predominantly gaps identified by the Nurses perspectives effect on Nurse – Patient interaction is different language barrier, illiteracy of patient, gender differences, frequent visits of visitors, rotation duty and inexperienced nurses; hence, some areas need to be address for the improvement. Also, it was revealed that there was a communication gap between nurses and patients, which contributed to patient dissatisfaction.

Geographic Disparities in Access to Neurologists and Multiple Sclerosis Care in the United States.

A shortage of neurology clinicians and healthcare disparities may hinder access to neurologic care. This study examined disparities in geographic access to neurologists and subspecialty multiple sclerosis (MS) care among various demographic segments of the United States. Neurologist practice locations from 2022 CMS Care Compare physician data and MS Center locations as defined by the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers were used to compute spatial access for all U.S. census tracts. Census tract-level community characteristics (sex, age, race, ethnicity, education, income, insurance, % with computer, % without a vehicle, % with limited English, and % with hearing, vision, cognitive, and ambulatory difficulty) were obtained from 2020 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Rural-urban status was obtained from 2010 rural-urban commuting area codes. Logistic and linear regression models were used to examine access to a neurologist or MS Center within 60 miles and 60-mile spatial access ratios. Of 70,858 census tracts, 388 had no neurologists within 60 miles and 17,837 had no MS centers within 60 miles. Geographic access to neurologists (spatial access ratio [99% CI]) was lower for rural (-80.49%; CI [-81.65 to -79.30]) and micropolitan (-60.50%; CI [-62.40 to -58.51]) areas compared with metropolitan areas. Tracts with 10% greater percentage of Hispanic individuals (-4.53%; CI [-5.23 to -3.83]), men (-6.76%; CI [-8.96 to -4.5]), uninsured (-7.99%; CI [-9.72 to -6.21]), individuals with hearing difficulty (-40.72%; CI [-44.62 to -36.54]), vision difficulty (-13.0%; [-18.72 to -6.89]), and ambulatory difficulty (-15.68%; CI [-19.25 to -11.95]) had lower access to neurologists. Census tracts with 10% greater Black individuals (3.50%; CI [2.93-10.71]), college degree holders (-7.49%; CI [6.67-8.32]), individuals with computers (16.57%, CI [13.82-19.40]), individuals without a vehicle (9.57%; CI [8.69-10.47]), individuals with cognitive difficulty (25.63%; CI [19.77-31.78]), and individuals with limited English (18.5%; CI [16.30-20.73]), and 10-year older individuals (8.85%; CI [7.03-10.71]) had higher spatial access to neurologists. Covariates for access followed similar patterns for MS centers. Geographic access to neurologists is decreased in rural areas, in areas with higher proportions of Hispanics, populations with disabilities, and those uninsured. Access is further limited for MS subspecialty care. This study highlights disparities in geographic access to neurologic care.

Nationwide, County-Level Analysis of the Patterns, Trends, and System-Level Predictors of Opioid Prescribing in Surgery in the US: Social Determinants and Access to Mental Health Services Matter.

The diversion of unused opioid prescription pills to the community at large contributes to the opioid epidemic in the US. In this county-level population-based study, we aimed to examine the US surgeons' opioid prescription patterns, trends, and system-level predictors in the peak years of the opioid epidemic. Using the Medicare Part D database (2013 to 2017), the mean number of opioid prescriptions per beneficiary (OPBs) was determined for each US county. Opioid-prescribing patterns were compared across counties. Multivariable linear regression was performed to determine relationships between county-level social determinants of health (demographic, eg median age and education level; socioeconomic, eg median income; population health status, eg percentage of current smokers; healthcare quality, eg rate of preventable hospital stays; and healthcare access, eg healthcare costs) and OPBs. Opioid prescription data were available for 1,969 of 3,006 (65.5%) US counties, and opioid-related deaths were recorded in 1,384 of 3,006 counties (46%). Nationwide, the mean OPBs decreased from 1.08 ± 0.61 in 2013 to 0.87 ± 0.55 in 2017; 81.6% of the counties showed the decreasing trend. County-level multivariable analyses showed that lower median population age, higher percentages of bachelor's degree holders, higher percentages of adults reporting insufficient sleep, higher healthcare costs, fewer mental health providers, and higher percentages of uninsured adults are associated with higher OPBs. Opioid prescribing by surgeons decreased between 2013 and 2017. A county's suboptimal access to healthcare in general and mental health services in specific may be associated with more opioid prescribing after surgery.

Counterfactual mobility network embedding reveals prevalent accessibility gaps in U.S. cities

Living in cities affords expanded access to various resources, infrastructures, and services at reduced travel costs, which improves social life and promotes systemic gains. However, recent research shows that urban dwellers also experience inequality in accessing urban facilities, which manifests in distinct travel and visitation patterns for residents with different demographic backgrounds. Here, we go beyond simple flawed correlation analysis and reveal prevalent accessibility gaps by quantifying the causal effects of resident demographics on mobility patterns extracted from U.S. residents’ detailed interactions with millions of urban venues. Moreover, to efficiently reveal micro neighborhood-level accessibility gaps, we design a novel Counterfactual RANdom-walks-based Embedding (CRANE) method to learn continuous embedding vectors on urban mobility networks with confounding effects disentangled. Our analysis reveals significant income and racial gaps in mobility frequency and visitation rates to sports and education venues. Besides, bachelor’s degree holders experience greater mobility reduction during the COVID-19 crisis. With extensive experiments on neighborhood-level accessibility prediction and visualizing accessibility gaps with embeddings vectors, we demonstrate that the counterfactual mobility network embeddings can improve the explanatory capacity and robustness of revealed accessibility gaps by extending them from aggregate statistics to individual neighborhoods and allowing for cross-city knowledge transfer. As such, urban mobility networks can reveal consistent accessibility gaps in the U.S., calling for urgent urban design policies to fill in the gaps.

Teaching Design Process for Modules Belonging to the Specialized Knowledge Block of Information Technology for University Students According to the Competency Approach

The article begins by summarizing the content of “Teaching through a Competency-based Approach”, analyzing the curriculum of specialized courses in Information Technology, emphasizing the crucial role of this field in various aspects of life and national development. The focus of the article is on the training objectives in the field of Information Technology, particularly the aim to educate bachelor’s degree holders with sufficient knowledge, skills, and political qualities to meet industry requirements. The article lists key Information Technology courses such as databases, computer networks, system analysis and design, programming, information security, artificial intelligence, and software development. Subsequently, the article describes important factors in the teaching process, including teaching tools and methods. This encompasses the necessity of using tools such as simulation software, instructional videos, and diverse teaching methods such as problem-based learning, project-based learning, and case study-based teaching. Finally, the article presents a detailed design process following the competency-based approach, from establishing training outcome standards, aligning objectives with standards, to identifying conditions and criteria for competency implementation in real-world professional settings. The article proposes a specific teaching plan for each specialized course, ensuring the integration of knowledge, skills, and attitudes, as well as the integrity of the teaching process. The article serves as a comprehensive guide on how to design teaching in the field of Information Technology using a competency-based approach. It highlights challenges and opportunities for improving the quality of education in this field in Vietnam.

Crowdsourced Data for Informed Urban Development: A Social Media Crowdsourcing Test

This data-intensive study examined civic engagement in urban environments, and we found a varied participant sample with ages ranging from 22 to 40 (mean age 31.4), nearly equal gender distribution (52% female, 48% male), and a range of educational backgrounds, including postgraduates (35%), high school graduates (25%), and bachelor's degree holders (40%). A rich tapestry of civic activities was found throughout our inquiry, with 15% making financial contributions, 35% attending, and 45% actively volunteering. Social network research revealed that participants with a wider range of social connections had higher levels of engagement, underscoring the critical function that social networks play in promoting civic participation. Informed urban development and community cohesiveness depend on understanding the complex interactions between demographics, participation roles, and social networks, all of which are shaped by this research.

Research on Technical Approaches of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms to Simulate Complex Human Interactions in Virtual Reality Environments

Abstract In the era of rapid technological development, the integration of artificial intelligence and virtual reality technology has gradually become a research hotspot. Interpersonal interaction, as an important part of virtual reality, also presents opportunities and challenges. The study builds the virtual interpersonal interaction model using the emotion model and hierarchical emotion as the learning algorithm after exploring the key technology of virtual interpersonal interaction based on the UGC model. Finally, the complex interpersonal interaction in virtual reality is simulated to examine the use of virtual community users and the factors affecting interpersonal interaction in virtual communities. According to the results, the percentage of female users of virtual communities is 14.28 percentage points higher than that of male users. The majority of people aged 18-40 who use virtual communities account for 88.01% of the population. In terms of education distribution, the group of bachelor’s degree holders is the group that uses virtual communities the most frequently, accounting for 66.52%. The study concluded that 8 out of the 11 hypotheses it proposed were valid. Among them, hypothesis 3 and hypothesis 11 were supported by 0.01 significance, and hypothesis 9 had a significance of 0.017, which reached 0.05 significance level.

Assessment of self-medication practices among educated population of South India – A questionnaire-based study

Background: Self-medication, the practice of individuals diagnosing, obtaining, and administering medications to themselves without professional guidance, has become a pervasive phenomenon with potential implications for public health. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the patterns and perceptions surrounding self-medication among the educated population of South India. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of self-medication and predictors associated with self-medication among educated population of south India. Materials and Methods: It is a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. Participants were degree holders from the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Pondicherry, and Andhra Pradesh. Participants were selected through convenient sampling. Data were collected using structured pre-validated questionnaires through a Google Forms link. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 29.0 and results are expressed as proportions. Results: A total of 300 people were included in the study, among them 54.25% graduates and 45.75% were postgraduates that the prevalence of self-medication was 61.4%. The most common reason for self-medication was minor illness (67.1%). About 54% of study participants used antipyretics for self-medication and the source of information for self-medication was from previous illness 71.4%. Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication in this study was high. Antimicrobials were not taken for appropriate length of time. It is very important to understand the motivations and perceptions surrounding self-medication for developing targeted interventions, educational programs, and policy measures that promote responsible self-care while safeguarding public health.

Analysing Urban Social Networks for Civic Participation: Data-Intensive Insights from the Civic Participation Test

This research delves into the dynamics of civic engagement in urban settings. The sample of participants was broad, with ages ranging from 22 to 40 years, nearly equal gender distribution (52% female, 48% male), and a range of educational backgrounds, including postgraduates (35%), bachelor's degree holders (40%), and high school graduates (25%). Numerous chances for participation exist in urban environments, as seen by our examination of data on civic activities. These include voter registration campaigns, town hall meetings, and community clean-up initiatives. In addition, members' responsibilities in these activities varied: 35% attended events, 15% made financial contributions, and 45% actively volunteered. Our results highlight the significance of social networks in urban civic engagement by showing that individuals with a wide range of social connections were more likely to participate in civic activities. The study's findings highlight the complex nature of civic participation in cities and have applications for encouraging diversity and community building in urban environments.

Evaluating the knowledge and attitudes towards radiation protection in portable radiological examinations among nurses in pediatric intensive care units

This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitudes towards radiation protection among nurses in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), where portable radiological examinations are frequently conducted. In this study, we employed a descriptive cross-sectional research design using a 17-item self-administered questionnaire. The study comprised 160 nurses, mostly female (91%), with an even split in educational background between diploma and bachelor’s degree holders. The majority had 1–5 years (39%) and 6–10 years (33%) of experience, while only a small fraction (6.2%) had undergone training in radiation protection. The overall scores of knowledge and attitudes were 2.9 ± 1.4 out of 7 and 3.1 ± 0.9 out of 4, respectively. A statistically significant variation in knowledge scores was noted between those with a Bachelor’s degree (3.2 ± 1.4) and a Diploma (2.7 ± 1.3) (p = 0.044). A positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores was statistically validated (Spearman’s rho = 0.19, p = 0.014), and training in radiation protection was identified as a significant factor affecting these scores (estimate = –1.38, p = 0.025). The study reveals a poor level of knowledge and a good attitude towards radiation protection among PICU nurses in the Jizan Region. This emphasizes the need for targeted educational interventions and training programs in radiation safety to enhance the quality of care in pediatric radiological procedures.

Unemployment after Higher Education in India: A Statistical Analysis

Unemployment is a global problem as across the world no Country is untouched with this problem this is a basic problem which affects the development of any country and a challenge to every government. In India also Unemployment can be seen at every stage and in every age group of people due to one or other reasons. Although all types of employment prevail in our country yet unemployment after higher education is a big issue to deal with. This paper focussed on the growth of universities and colleges, enrollment of students in higher education as well as studying the gap between degree holders and job holders. Secondary sources like data and Statistics from the internet like census CIME report, newspapers, Higher Education Profile 2018-19 and 2019-20, a report on higher education by Ministry of Education Government of India etc, UGC Annual Report (2019-20) were used to collect data. On the basis of empirical data analysis method, it was found that although the number of educational institutes as well as students in higher education increased at a high speed at all levels i.e. Ph.D., PG and UG during 2016-20, yet there is a huge gap between UG/PG and PhD degree holders and job holders Thus, many eligible citizens of our country are able to find the jobs suited to their eligibility. Manishsiq (2023), Khamo (2023), Anusree and Gangadharan (2022), Agarwal (2019), Das and Paul (2018) also revealed in their studies that increase in education resulted in decreased unemployment and found that excess supply of educated graduates, rapid enrollment expansion, lack of skills and low quality of education are the reasons for this mismatch.

Quality of Prenatal Care Among Mothers in Selected Barangays in Davao City, Philippines

Prenatal care encompasses medical attention provided to pregnant women from conception to childbirth. This study aimed to determine the association between the respondents' sociodemographic profiles and the quality of prenatal care. A descriptive, correlational research method was used in this study. Utilizing the "a priori power analysis," 120 respondents were randomly selected using the following criteria: mothers who had prenatal checkups in selected barangay health centers in a District in Davao City, of legal age, and were willing to participate in the study, after giving birth one to three months. Data were collected from March to April 2024. Results revealed that most respondents were young adult, primigravida, multiparous, with full-term babies, high school graduates, and family monthly income of 7,000 – 10,000. The quality of prenatal care was high, particularly the "information sharing," anticipatory guidance, sufficient time, approachability, availability, and support and respect. Furthermore, educational attainment, particularly undergraduates, high school graduates, and baccalaureate degree holders, and with term babies, was noted to have a statistically significant association with their quality of prenatal care. Hence, having a good educational attainment and a "term baby" reciprocates good prenatal care among the respondents. The quality of prenatal care upholds standards of giving good services and approaches that participants experience during their prenatal checkups.

The accreditation transition of Canadian medical schools: Possible implications for graduates applying for residency positions in the United States

The Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) has accredited Canadian medical schools for over 50 years. This agency also serves as the accrediting body for medical colleges in the United States. Thus, graduates of Canadian medical programs seeking residency training in the United States are not considered international medical graduates. Due to this fact, degree holders of Canadian medical programs who wish to pursue residency training in the United States do not require Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduate (ECFMG) certification to attain medical licensure. By mutual agreement with the Committee on Accreditation of Canadian Medical Schools, the LCME accreditation of Canada’s 17 medical schools will end on June 30th, 2025. Beyond this date, Canadian medical graduates seeking training within the United States will be considered international medical graduates. As a result, this will require ECFMG certification to enter postgraduate training. Possible implications of this decision could mean fewer Canadian graduates attaining competitive specialties and the social stigma of being labeled an international medical graduate.

Maternal education and childhood immunization status in Saudi Arabia

Background: It has been hypothesized that mothers&amp;apos; education levels are crucial in promoting health-seeking behaviors that enhance child vaccination. This study aimed to estimate the association between maternal education and childhood immunization status in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and to identify other possible factors that influence childhood immunization. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to November 2022 using an online questionnaire structured into three main sections. 385 mothers residing in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and with children aged between birth and 6 years old, completed the survey and were included in the statistical analysis. Results: Mothers who were bachelor&amp;apos;s degree holders constitute 61.3%. Most of them were married (89.4%), and 42.6% were government employees. Mothers&amp;apos; most common source of information was a child pediatrician (48.8%). The prevalence of children who were up to date with immunization status was 87%. Among those who were delayed/unvaccinated (n = 50), the most common reason was the inconvenient opening hours of the immunization site (46%). When measuring the relationship between child immunization status and the socio-demographic characteristics of participants, it was revealed that child immunization uptake was significantly more common among mothers who had better education (p = 0.009), married mothers (p = 0.022), mothers with a child aged 3-6 years (p = 0.002), and having a child without a medical condition (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusion: This study has revealed a positive association between educated mothers and increased children&amp;apos;s vaccination uptake, as well as the importance of the healthcare provider&amp;apos;s role in carrying reliable and trusted information to mothers, contributing to higher child immunization rates.

페루 대졸자의 노동시장 이행 과정 분석

[Purpose] Despite their strong academic capabilities, the graduates of national universities in Peru tend to face more difficulties when searching a job or tend to find employment at workplaces that offer lower wages compared to those with similar abilities from private universities. This research aims to examine the factors associated with disparity in the labor outcomes of bachelor’s degree holders across socioeconomic status.&#x0D; [Research Methods] We first reviewed the history, finance, and admissions system of Peruvian higher education institutions to ruminate on the divided higher education system where the high school to college pipelines differ depending on socioeconomic status. Next, we examined the factors associated with the disadvantages national university graduates experience in the context of racial discrimination, prejudice stemming from terrorism, and social capital.&#x0D; [Results] First, college pipeline is divided across the level of socioeconomic background where students with higher status, predominantly white, are more likely to attend private universities. They achieve better labor outcomes due to the inequality in career opportunities favoring white candidates. Second, the history of national universities involved in the terrorist activities of radical communist guerrilla groups serves as a sort of stigma disadvantaging the graduates from national universities in labor market. Third, job seekers with higher socioeconomic status are able to effectively use their social networks, putting students from national universities at a disadvantage compared to private university graduates.&#x0D; [Conclusion] Peruvian society is divided in terms of the student access to colleges depending on socioeconomic status, and this stratification extends to the labor market, resulting in the limitations on social mobility based on one's Alma mater. In order for Peruvian higher education to contribute to social mobility, these unfair employment factors arising from individual socioeconomic backgrounds need to be addressed, and diversity and equity in student access should be improved.