Degradation Of Cationic Dyes Research Articles

Photon-independent NaOH/H2O2‒based degradation of rhodamine-B dye in aqueous medium: Kinetics, and impacts of various inorganic salts, antioxidants, and urea

The present study reports an advantageous approach over the photon-dependent advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as UV or visible light dependent homogeneous or heterogeneous photocatalysis. Herein, we investigated the potential of a homogeneous cum alkali-catalyzed H2O2 decomposition based oxidation process (NaOH/H2O2 process) for the degradation of rhodamine-B (RhB) dye present in aqueous medium. The degradation of RhB follows pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics with rate constant (kavg.) = 0.0745 min−1 (R2 ≥ 0.99) for 0.15 M NaOH and 1500 ppm (about 0.044 M) H2O2 concentrations. In addition, the degradation of RhB via NaOH/H2O2 process is found to be significantly influenced by the concentration of H2O2 as per the correlation: kobserved min-1=5.55×10-5min-1.ppm-1×CH2O2ppm, at a fixed dose of NaOH (0.15 M) that controls the total reaction pH (>11). Moreover, compared with other AOPs, this method requires moderate conditions with low-cost raw materials, and there are no temperature gradients and H2O2 stabilizers’ requirements. However, this process has shown selective effectiveness for the degradation of cationic dyes. Besides this, NaOH/H2O2 process is hardly influenced by the presence of inorganic anions (Cl−, PO43−, SO42−, NO3−, and CO32−), except bicarbonate ions (HCO3−) that have shown a significant decrement in the RhB degradation efficiency. Furthermore, the typical doses of antioxidants and urea are also found to be quite impuissant to diminish this process.

Mesoporous CuS nanospheres decorated rGO aerogel for high photocatalytic activity towards Cr(VI) and organic pollutants

Mesoporous CuS nanospheres (CuS-NS) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) aerogel composite (3D CuS-NS/rGO) was prepared by chemical reduction process and used for the synergistic removal of Cr(VI) and cationic dyes. The porosity of the as prepared samples was determined by Bruner-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface Area. Structural and morphological properties were studied by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). These analysis revealed that the as obtained hybrid CuS-NS/rGO composite with three dimensional (3D) structure was composed of mesoporous CuS nanospheres clearly induced onto the interconnected network of rGO sheets. The photocatalytic performance of 3D CuS-NS/rGO composites was studied against the reduction of Cr(VI) and degradation of cationic dyes (MB and RhB) under visible light spectrum. Excellent photocatalytic performance was observed with 3D CuS/rGO hybrid composites as compared to the as prepared CuS nanospheres. This high photocatalytic activity was attributed to the efficient charge transfer from the mesoporous CuS nanospheres to nanosheets of rGO, which was confirmed by UV–Vis spectrometry (UV–Vis). Electrical conductivity of the prepared samples was also investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Additionally, the as prepared hybrid composites was easy to recycle by using simple tweezers and can be a best candidate for industrial applications.

Optimization of MoSe2 nanostructure by surface modification using conducting polymer for degradation of cationic and anionic dye: Photocatalysis mechanism, reaction kinetics and intermediate product study

In the present work, optimum nanocomposites of MoSe2-PANI (polyaniline) were successfully synthesized by modifying the surface of MoSe2 with PANI to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency. A series of MoSe2-PANI nanocomposites with different MoSe2 to PANI weight percent ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 2:1) were prepared by in-situ oxidative polymerization method to study the effect of variation of surface charge on photocatalytic efficiency. Samples were characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Diffuse Reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), zeta potential measurements, Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC). Comparative photocatalytic degradation of cationic dye (Rhodamine B) and anionic dye (Congo red) were performed. The mechanism of degradation was explained using active species trapping experiments. Intermediate products formed during the degradation process were determined using Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Reaction kinetics for the adsorption of dyes were also studied. MoSe2-PANI nanocomposite having MoSe2:PANI in 2:1 ratio showed the most significant charge separation and optimized surface charge for photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dye.

Highly selective surface adsorption-induced efficient photodegradation of cationic dyes on hierarchical ZnO nanorod-decorated hydrolyzed PIM-1 nanofibrous webs

Selectivity of catalysts toward harmful cationic pollutants in industrial wastewater remains challenging but is of crucial importance in environmental remediation processes. Here, we present a complex network of a hydrolyzed polymer of intrinsic microporosity (HPIM)-based electrospun nanofibrous web with surface functional decoration of ZnO nanorods (NRs) as a hierarchical platform for selective and rapid degradation of cationic dyes. Over a single species or binary mixtures, cationic dyes were selectively adsorbed by the HPIM surface, which then rapidly degraded under simultaneous photoirradiation through the ZnO NRs. Both HPIM and ZnO exhibited high electronegative surfaces, which induced the selectivity towards the cationic dyes and rapidly degraded the pollutants with the production of reactive oxygen species under photoirradiation. Further, as a free-standing web, the catalytic network could be easily separated and reused without any significant loss of catalytic activity after multiple cycles of use. The hierarchical platform of ZnO/HPIM-based heterostructures could be a promising catalytic template for selective degradation of synthetic dyes in mixed wastewater samples.

Porphyrin-based porous organic polymer, Py-POP, as a multifunctional platform for efficient selective adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of cationic dyes

Abstract In this study, the porphyrin based porous organic polymer, Py-POP, is estimated to be an efficient multifunctional platform integrating adsorption and photocatalysis. For model dyes of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) which are with same cationic charge and little difference in size, Py-POP exhibits excellent selective adsorption capacity for MB. Furthermore, Py-POP exhibits good photocatalytic ability in the degradation of both RhB and MB/RhB mixture under visible light source irradiation. The adsorption kinetics can be fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the photocatalytic mechanism study reveals that singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical simultaneously act as reactive species in photodegradation. As a stable, recyclable, multifunctional platform integrating selective adsorption and photocatalysis, Py-POP provides the material basis for novel industrial route design for dye wastewater treatment technique. Our findings highlight an appealing opportunity for porous organic polymers with their potential application as multifunctional platform for efficient dye separation and treatment.

ZnCo binary hydroxide nanostructures for the efficient removal of cationic dyes

The decontamination of organic dyes in waste water needs efficient and simple adsorbent systems. Bimetallic hydroxides would be a kind of potential adsorbents. A ZnCo binary hydroxide nanostructure has been synthesized through microwave irradiation method. The pristine pure ZnCo binary hydroxide without any additional modification shows the unique and high performance as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes. Microwave irradiation with the excess base aids the formation of homogeneous lamellar ZnCo binary hydroxide with divalent metals Co2+ and Zn2+ involved. The ZnCo binary hydroxide has high specific surface area (84.2 m2 g−1) and negative charged surface with high zeta potential. Organic cationic dyes can be removed from water solution with high efficiency in the wide pH range of 2–10. The saturated adsorption capacities for cationic dyes methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV) and malachite green (MG) reached 460, 1100 and 2200 mg g−1, respectively. The adsorption behaviors of the ZnCo binary hydroxide fit well with Langmuir isotherm and can be well described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The calcined ZnCo binary hydroxide with the adsorbed dyes can be reused for further removal adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of cationic dyes.

Investigations on Cationic Dye Degradation Using Iron-Doped Carbon Xerogel

Iron-doped carbon xerogels were prepared using sol-gel synthesis, with potassium-2,4-dihydroxybenzoate and formaldehyde as starting materials, followed by an ion exchange step. The obtained samples were characterized (XRD, FTIR, SED-EDX, TEM) and investigated as catalysts in heterogeneous Fenton and catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) processes. Experiments were conducted in the same conditions (0.1 g catalysts, 25 mL of 100 mg/L dye solution, 25 °C, initial solution pH, 3 h) in thermostated batch reaction tubes (shaking water bath, 50 rpm) at atmospheric pressure. A series of three cationic dyes were considered: Brilliant green (BG), crystal violet (CV), and methyl green (MG). Dyes and TOC removal efficiencies up to 99% and 92%, respectively, were obtained, in strong correlation with the iron content of the catalyst. Iron content measured in solution at the end of the reaction, indicated that its amount was less than 2 ppm for all tested catalysts.

Graphene oxide clay nanocomposite as an efficient photo-catalyst for degradation of cationic dye

Development of nanocomposite for remediation of environmental pollutants like dye is essential in present day world. In this work, we successfully prepare graphene oxide–clay nanocomposite by different methods. The nanocomposite was characterized using various characterization techniques viz. Uv–visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transformed Infra-red spectroscopy, Dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The graphene oxide-clay nanocomposite was very effective catalyst against photodegradation of exclusively cationic dye like methylene blue. But the prepared nanocomposite was not found to be effective catalyst against degradation of other anionic dyes like methyl orange and Eosin yellow. The graphene-oxide clay nanocomposite was found to be an efficient photocatalyst in degradation of methylene blue when compared with only clay or graphene oxide. It is also demonstrated in the work that the nanocomposite catalyst can be reused several times without effecting its efficiency, the percentage degradation was 85%, 75% and 75% for first, second and third cycle respectively.The mechanistic insight of clay-graphene oxide as a catalyst for only cationic dye is also discussed in the paper.

Photocatalytic activity of pure, Zn doped and surfactants assisted Zn doped SnO2 nanoparticles for degradation of cationic dye

The present work is mainly focused on synthesis and characterization of pure, zinc doped and surfactant assisted Zn doped SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) using co-precipitation method. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and UV–Vis spectroscopy and Photoluminescence (PL). The photocatalytic activity of synthesized NPs on degradation of methylene blue dye under UV light irradiation was measured. The rutile tetragonal phase in surfactants assisted Zn doped SnO2 nanoparticles were identified by X-ray diffraction pattern. The crystallite size of Zn doped SnO2 NPs were found to be 9.34 nm and size was increased to 10.58 nm by adding non-ionic surfactant (TRITON). Moreover, a decrease in size of nanoparticles (7.61 and 8.31 nm) was observed while adding cationic (CTAB) and anionic (SDS) surfactants. SEM photographs confirm spherical and quasi spherical shape of NPs. The EDAX analysis indicated the presence of tin and zinc ions. The UV–visible and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy analysis showed the shift around 430 nm nearer to the absorption edges. The surfactants assisted Zn doped SnO2 nanoparticles revealed a great shift from 3.292 eV to 3.695 eV in the band gap values estimated from the Tauc’s plot. Triton assisted Zn doped SnO2 nanoparticles were found to have high photocatalytic activity (80%) and better optical property among the synthesized NPs.

Novel nanocomposite derived from ZnO/CdS QDs embedded crosslinked chitosan: An efficient photocatalyst and effective antibacterial agent.

A novel nanocomposite (cl-Ch-pMAc@ZnO/CdSQDs) has been developed under microwave irradiation via fabrication of ZnO/CdS quantum dots on anionically functionalized chitosan [i.e. poly (methacrylic acid) crosslinked chitosan (cl-Ch-pMAc) in the presence of diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) crosslinker]. The structural, morphological and chemical/physical properties of crosslinked chitosan and the nanocomposites have been investigated using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR spectroscopy), high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The nanocomposite demonstrates outstanding efficacy towards the photocatalytic degradation of cationic dyes [malachite green (MG), and safranin (SF)] and toxic organic molecule 2,4-dichloro phenol (2,4-DCP) under the exposure of sunlight. Liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) studies predict that small molecules are produced by degradation. Moreover, the composite exhibits excellent antibacterial activity towards E-coli and B. subtilis. Finally, the nanocomposite can be regenerated effectively with changing the solution pH and also shows 5 times reusability without significant reduction on its efficiency.

Dual Functional S-Doped g-C₃N₄ Pinhole Porous Nanosheets for Selective Fluorescence Sensing of Ag⁺ and Visible-Light Photocatalysis of Dyes.

This study explores the facile, template-free synthesis of S-doped g-C3N4 pinhole nanosheets (SCNPNS) with porous structure for fluorescence sensing of Ag+ ions and visible-light photocatalysis of dyes. As-synthesized SCNPNS samples were characterized by various analytical tools such as XRD, FT-IR, TEM, BET, XPS, and UV–vis spectroscopy. At optimal conditions, the detection linear range for Ag+ was found to be from 0 to 1000 nM, showing the limit of detection (LOD) of 57 nM. The SCNPNS exhibited highly sensitive and selective detection of Ag+ due to a significant fluorescence quenching via photo-induced electron transfer through Ag+–SCNPNS complex. Moreover, the SCNPNS exhibited 90% degradation for cationic methylene blue (MB) dye within 180 min under visible light. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the SCNPNS was attributed to its negative zeta potential for electrostatic interaction with cationic dyes, and the pinhole porous structure can provide more active sites which can induce faster transport of the charge carrier over the surface. Our SCNPNS is proposed as an environmental safety tool due to several advantages, such as low cost, facile preparation, selective recognition of Ag+ ions, and efficient photocatalytic degradation of cationic dyes under visible light.

Ag/Ag2O/BiNbO4 structure for simultaneous photocatalytic degradation of mixed cationic and anionic dyes

In principle, n-type and p-type semiconductors are respectively responsible for photo-catalytic degradation of cationic dyes (e.g., methylene blue) and anionic dyes (e.g., acid red 1), governed by photoelectrons in the former and photo-holes in the later system. Hence, we present a new strategy: design and fabrication of photocatalytic structures to match the redox potentials of mixed basic/acidic dyes as well as the reactive oxygen species (ROS). For the first time Ag/Ag2O/BiNbO4 structure is (1) designed to match the redox potentials of basic/acidic dyes as well as ROS, (2) fabricated using photoreduction to control the Ag/Ag2O/BiNbO4 interfaces, and (3) able to simultaneously degrade 84% methylene blue dye (MB) in 240 min and 88% acid red 1 (AR) in 25 min under LED light irradiation, corresponding to 7 wt% Ag loading. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first photocatalytic degradation study on mixed basic and acidic dyes using a single catalyst. We also tested the new redox potential matching strategy in mixed basic dyes (MB and rhodamine B (RhB)). As expected our experimental results reproduced well our model predictions: in particular, results support our proposed hydroxyl radical (OH) mechanism, which is initiated by photo-holes. Therefore, this new design strategy, which consists of matching band structures of the photocatalyst with redox potentials of dyes and ROS, has immediate implications to general photocatalytic applications beyond dye degradation and water-splitting.

Novel composite functional photocatalytic fuel cell assisted by Fenton-like reactions

Photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) is a newly developed cell device that can effectively convert chemical energy resulted from photocatalytic process into electrical energy. In this research, a novel composite functional dual-chambered photocatalytic fuel cell is designed and optimized. In the cathode chamber, the Fenton-like reaction is introduced to produce strong oxidizing OH radicals, which thereby enhances the advanced oxidation of wastewater and is much faster than the anode reaction. Meanwhile, photo-induced charge transfer as well as electronic generation ability can be further improved compared with the system only with O2 pumped in. With the help of this special PFC device, the electrode reactions can occur in two chambers independently, thus different types of organic substances can be degraded, accompanying with the generation of electrical energy simultaneously. According to the degradation of various dyes, it is found that the anode reaction is more suitable for the degradation of cationic dye rather than anionic dye, and just reverses for the cathode reaction. Among four selective types of dyes, the PFC shows the best purification effect to X3B, while the highest enhancement of electric output is found when methylene blue (MB) is employed.

Electrospun TiO2 nanofibers coated with polydopamine for enhanced sunlight‐driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic dyes

Controlled polydopamine (PDA)‐coated TiO2 composite nanofibers (NFs) were successfully fabricated via a facile electrospinning process and exposing TiO2 NFs into a slightly alkaline dopamine solution. Chemical composition, structural morphology, and photocatalytic degradation property of as‐prepared TiO2 NFs and PDA‐coated TiO2 composite NFs were characterized by Fourier transfer infrared, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, transmission electron microscopy, UV‐vis diffuse reflectance spectra, and photocatalytic degradation experiments. The results indicated that the core‐shell TiO2@PDA composite NFs were successfully prepared and the thickness of PDA shell was highly controlled within several nanometers. And obtained TiO2@PDA composite NFs exhibited improved photocatalytic performance after PDA coating, which is attributed to the photosensitization of PDA shell. Moreover, with increased pH values of initial solution, both absorption capacity in the dark and photocatalytic performance of TiO2@PDA composite NFs showed significant improvement. Additionally, the obtained composite NFs showed different degrees of enhancement in photocatalytic performance based on different dyes, which is related to the “bait” effect of PDA shell. Comparing with anionic dyes, TiO2@PDA composite NFs tended to adsorb and degrade more cationic dye molecules. It is anticipated that the fabricated composite NFs with controlled core‐shell structure have great potential to be applied for organic pollutants removal, especially cationic dyes.

A new magnetic hybrid based on a unique sulfur rich cadmium coordination polymer used for high selective photocatalytic degradation of cationic dyes

Abstract In the present work, a new kind of magnetic hybrid based on a unique sulfur rich cadmium coordination polymer (CdII-CP) has been prepared with a facile and efficient method via ultrasonic condition. The nano-structure of CdII-CP namely, [Cd (SCN)2L]n [where L = 1, 1-(1,4-butanediyl)bis(1,3-dihydro-3-methyl-1H-imidazole-2-thione] has been synthesized and fully characterized. The X-ray analysis shows the formation of an undulated polymeric two-dimensional network parallel to the (0 01) plane. The CdII centers adopt a trigonal bipyramidal geometry which is an uncommon core for a cadmium CP with CdS3N2 nodes. We have immobilized the CdII-CP with CoFe2O4 nanoparticles to build up CdII-CP @CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 @CdII-CP hybrids by sonochemical procedure. The photocatalytic efficiency was tested by monitoring the photocatalytic oxidation of cationic and anionic dyes under ultraviolet irradiation. In the dark condition, the CdII-CP shows a selective adsorption of anionic dye, while adsorption of the cationic dyes were negligible. Consequently, two independent studies have been performed. For the anionic dye adsorption/desorption behavior were examined, while for the cationic dyes, photo degradation phenomena was investigated. It is worth to note that the nanostructure of CdII-CP shows more photoresponse than the bulk CdII-CP .The direct excitation of nodes within the CdII-CP caused an electron transfer which is responsible for the photocatalytic degradation of dyes. A close inspection on the structure of CdII-CP revealed that the presence of nodes greatly improved the electron–hole separation and effectively convert the photo generated active ·OH radicals.

Synthesis of MoO3 microrods via phytoconsituents of Azadirachta indica leaf to study the cationic dye degradation and antimicrobial properties

This work is to report an environmental benign route for the fabrication of MoO3 (MO) microrods using leaf extract of Azadirachta indica. The optical, structural, compositions and specific surface area properties of the MO microrods were characterized by UV-DRS, PL, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and BET technique. Methylene blue (MB) dye was used to assess the photocatalytic activity of Azadirachta indica leaves modified MoO3 (AzI-MO) microrods under visible irradiations. Controlling various parameters such as AzI-MO dosage, initial MB concentration, and pH value of (cationic dye) MB solution can lead to the enhancement of the photocatalytic degradation of the microrods. The pseudo-first order kinetics was followed by AzI-MO. The antimicrobial performance of MO and AzI-MO were tested, and it shows tremendous activity against gram positive, gram negative and fungal strain.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of La3+ doped Bicrystalline Titania Prepared via Combustion method for the Degradation of Cationic dye Under Solar Illumination

La3+ doped TiO2 photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by combustion method in the presence of urea and were characterized by various physico-chemical techniques. Further, the photocatalytic performance of the synthesized catalysts was monitored by photocatalytic degradation of synthetic cationic dye-Methylene Blue (MB) under solar illumination. The bicrystalline phase of anatase and rutile was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Moreover, the transformation from anatase to rutile phase proceeds at a slower rate in the La3+ doped TiO2 catalysts. Effective separation of charge carriers, a synergistic effect in the bicrystalline framework of anatase and rutile, smaller crystallite size, and higher concentration of surface adsorbed hydroxyl groups helped these catalysts to show improved activity for the dye degradation.

Photocatalytic studies of electrochemically synthesized polysaccharide-functionalized ZnO nanoparticles

The present work reports the electrochemical synthesis of polysaccharide-functionalized ZnO nanoparticles using sodium hydroxide, starch, and zinc electrodes for the degradation of cationic dye (Rhodamine-B) under sunlight. Physiochemical properties of synthesized sample have been characterized by different techniques such as XRD, TEM, FESEM, EDS, IR, and UV–visible spectroscopic techniques. The influence of various factors such as effect of dye concentration, contact time, amount of photocatalyst, and pH has been studied. The results obtained from the photodegradation study showed that degradation rate of Rhodamine-B dye has been increased with increase of amount of photocatalyst and decreased with increase in initial dye concentration. Furthermore, the kinetics of the degradation has been investigated. It has been found that the photodegradation of Rhodamine-B dye follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and prepared photocatalyst can effectively degrade the cationic dye. Thus, this ecofriendly and efficient photocatalyst can be used for the treatment of dye-contaminated water. This catalyst also showed the antibacterial activity against Bacillus pumilus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains, so the synthesized nanoparticles also have the pharmaceutical properties.

Polyoxometalate-intercalated ZnAlFe-layered double hydroxides for adsorbing removal and photocatalytic degradation of cationic dye

New polyoxometalate (POM)-intercalated layered double hydroxides (LDH) were prepared by aqueous ion exchange of a ZnAlFe LDH precursor with the POM anions [P2W17] 10− and [CoW12] 5−. The physicochemical properties of the as-prepared products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction method and infrared spectroscopy. These two POM-LDH materials, having both the adsorption and photocatalytic capacities, could be used for the removal of cationic dye methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The intercalation of large cluster anion into ZnAlFe LDH could endow with not only the adsorption function to cationic dye but also the photocatalytic performance of ZnAlFe LDH materials. Therefore the POM-LDH shows much higher adsorption capacity than the pure LDH and the adsorbed MB could be degraded by photocatalysis. Furthermore, their sorption isotherms and photocalalytic performance were investigated theoretically and experimentally.

Aqueous Mechanical Oxidation of Zn Dust: An Inventive Technique for Bulk Production of ZnO Nanorods

Metal to bulk metal oxide nanoparticles have been successfully processed via a sustainable, facile, and ecofriendly (green) approach, namely, aqueous mechanical-oxidation. Micron-sized zinc (Zn) dust (∼45 μm) was directly wet-milled using ceramic milling media for 72 h, resulting in the production of bulk monocrystalline ZnO nanorods (aspect ratio ∼5.2, hydrodynamic diameter of 315 nm) and voluminous H2 gas by catalyst-free water-splitting reaction. The mill-induced surface oxidation and the chemical purity of the synthesized nano ZnO were carefully studied using the XPS analysis. Other standard analytical tools were also employed to understand the crystallinity, phase purity, morphology, and surface area of the final artifact. The photocatalytic activities of these mechanically grown ZnO nanorods were ascertained from two cationic dye-degradation experiments, using the dyes methylene blue and rhodamine 6G. In a nutshell, the study throws a new insight into a cost-effective, zero-effluent, single-step, an...