Degradation Of 4-nitrophenol Research Articles

Design of MgO/graphene nanocomposites for photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol and electrocatalytic oxidation of Methylene blue dye

The present study deals with the combustion synthesis of MgO/Graphene (MG) nanocomposites and investigates their photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and photo-electrocatalytic properties for efficient redox reactions. Techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, BET, and UV–vis-DRS were used to characterize MG nanocomposites. Both the photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) and the electrocatalytic results of the MG2 nanocomposite were studied under visible light. The results showed that the MG2 nanocomposite catalyst achieved 99.07% degradation of MB dye and kinetic degradation rates of 0.114 min−1 after 40 min, compared to the catalytic activity of MG0. Thus, facile modification can effectively improve the photocatalytic reduction (toxic 4-NP to beneficial 4-AP) and electrocatalytic degradation (MB) abilities of MG0. The functions of active species in the catalytic process were investigated using various scavengers. The ·OH radicals are the reactive species responsible for the 4-NP reduction, and a possible mechanism for improved catalytic activities was also provided. Incorporating graphene under visible light boosted the MG’s activity and confirmed it to be the most effective method for handling MB dye.

Effect of MoS2 Morphology on the Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol to Aminophenol

Nitroaromatic compounds are frequently detected as contaminants in industrial or agricultural wastewaters. Wastewater discharge contributes to nitrophenol pollution of the aquatic environment. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of 4-nitrophenol cause serious impact on water bodies. The present study is devoted to investigates the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol to aminophenol by MoS2 photocatalyst. MoS2 nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal process and further characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), High resolution transmission microscopy (HRTEM), UV-Visible spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). X-ray analysis revealed the presence of 2H phase of MoS2 and XPS analysis determined its various oxidation states. Fourier Transformation Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were used to study the functional group and thermal stability. UV-Visible spectroscopy was used to study the degradation of 4-nitrophenol and reaction kinetics. Investigation results showed a significant effect of nanosheets over nanoflower morphology for degradation efficiency of 4 nitrophenol to aminophenol under natural Sunlight.

Construction and performance of a novel 0D/2D PTCDI@BiVO4 S-scheme heterostructure for visible-light-induced 2-nitrophenol degradation

The creation of S-scheme heterostructures can overcome the problems of low carrier separation efficiency and reduced redox ability in traditional photocatalysis, and therefore has a wide range of applications in environmental remediation. In this work, a novel highly dispersed Perylene diimide nanoparticles encapsulated BiVO4 nanosheets S‐scheme heterostructure (PTCDI@BVO) was constructed using a simple hydrothermal technique for 2-nitrophenol degradation under visible light irradiation. The optimum 0.3%PTCDI@BVO can degrade 81.06% of 2-nitrophenol within 2 h and presented a high apparent rate constant (0.01413 min−1), which was respectively 14 and 1.8 times higher than that of pristine PTCDI (0.00101 min-1) and BiVO4 (0.00784 min-1). Meanwhile, the optimum sample also demonstrated good cycling performance over five cycles. By adding 200 μL of H2O2, the 2-nitrophenol degradation efficiency can be increased to 96.61%. Moreover, h+ was the primary contributor to the degradation process, followed by •O2- and •OH through the active species trapping tests. The superior photocatalytic activity of PTCDI@BVO has been ascribed to the built of S-scheme heterostructure between 0D PTCDI and 2D BiVO4, which accelerates the carrier transmission and separation efficiency. This study highlights a viable approach for designing and constructing high-performance organic/inorganic S-scheme heterostructures for multiple applications.

Enhanced Photocatalysis via Inverse Opal Structures: Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2/ZnO and ZnO/TiO2 Composites Using Plasma-Enhanced ALD

Inverse opals (IO) based functional materials show potential in photocatalysis due to their unique light interaction properties. This study presents a low-temperature plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) method for synthesizing TiO2, ZnO, and composite IOs using a polystyrene nanoparticle-based opal template. We comprehensively characterized the obtained materials using SEM-EDX, TSEM, TG, FTIR, XRD, Raman, ellipsometry, photoluminescence (PL), and UV-Visible spectroscopy. SEM analysis confirmed the successful formation of PEALD IOs with a periodically ordered structure, enabling conformal coating while preserving their original architecture. XRD and Raman analysis also confirmed that the IOs consisted of anatase for TiO2 and hexagonal wurtzite for ZnO. UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy revealed strong UV absorption and modified photonic bandgaps (PBGs) for all materials. The bare and composite IOs exhibited PBGs in the visible region, suggesting that the arising "slow photon" effect might enhance photocatalysis. This study explored the photocatalytic degradation of 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) and Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) using pristine and composite IO photocatalysts under UV and visible light irradiation. Pristine TiO2 and ZnO IOs demonstrated superior performance for 4-NP degradation under UV light. This can be attributed to two key factors: their highly ordered macroporous structure (with a large surface area for efficient dye adsorption, and their band gaps (3.0 eV for TiO2 and 3.2 eV for ZnO) that enable strong absorption of UV light photons for effective pollutant degradation. Conversely, composite IOs (TiO2/ZnO and ZnO/TiO2) displayed higher activity for both test molecules under visible light due to a synergistic effect between bandgap harmonization and the PBG effect.

Unveiling the power of g-C3N4@CR composite photocatalyst in simulated solar light-assisted degradation of fast green dye and nitrophenol

A novel and efficient method has been developed for synthesizing the g-C3N4@CR composite using a simple mingling and heating technique. This method involves the decoration of one-dimensional carmine (CR) onto graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The light-harvesting composites produced through this process underwent characterization using various spectroscopic techniques, including UV, XRD, FT-IR, Raman, and XPS spectroscopy. To assess the photocatalytic activity of the g-C3N4@CR Composite, its degradation efficiency was investigated by examining its performance in degrading fast green and nitrophenol dyes under outdoor solar light irradiation. The mechanism of degradation for these dyes by the newly designed g-C3N4@CR composite was elucidated through degradation kinetics analysis, involving the determination of parameters such as half-life time, rate constant, and degradation efficiency.

Regulating Hydroxyl Radicals (•OH) and Hydrated Electron (eaq) for Enhanced Radiolytic Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol by Addition of H2O2

Regulating Hydroxyl Radicals (^•OH) and Hydrated Electron (e_aq) for Enhanced Radiolytic Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol by Addition of H₂O₂

Synthesis of Au/Co3O4/PVA hybrid nanocomposites via eco-friendly method based on pulsed laser ablation process for water treatment

A portable nanostructured nanocomposite film, based on cobalt oxide and gold nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in a polyvinyl alcohol structure (PVA), Au/Co3O4/PVA, was prepared via a novel way based on pulsed laser ablation to be applied as an effective catalytic degradation material for a hazardous chemical structure as nitro compounds. Au/Co3O4/PVA was investigated by the techniques of UV–Vis, FT-IR, SEM, and XRD. From XRD, the decrease in crystallinity of PVA is attributed to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between PVA and Au/Co3O4. In addition, there are five interplanar peaks, with three shared peaks by both phases and one unique peak for each phase of Au and Co3O4. From FT-IR, the modes observed at a 500–1200 cm-1 wavenumber range correspond to the stretching vibration modes of Au/Co3O4. From UV–VIS, as the embedding of Co3O4 on Au-PVA structure increases, the energy band gap is shifted to a lower value. This is due to the embedding of Co3O4 NPs. From SEM, in the case of embedding PVA with Au NPs, the bright semi-spherical shape of the nanostructured materials has a bright semi-spherical light area. Moreover, in the case of the embedded PVA with Co3O4 NPs, the faint semi-spherical form of the nanostructured materials is discernible. Besides, the catalytic activity performance is tested for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol, which reveales that the reaction followed first-order kinetics, as indicated by linear regression analysis. The results shows that the sample completely convertes 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol within 6 min.

Facile construction of a novel dual Z-scheme mixed phases BiFeO3 heterojunction: For peroxymonosulfate activation toward efficient photodegradation of 4-nitrophenol and mechanistic insights

This study proposes a novel approach for preparing bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3, BFO) with controlled crystal phase purity and morphology via a one-pot hydrothermal process using specific mineralizers (NaOH or KOH). The effects of these mineralizers on the crystal purity and photocatalytic efficiency of the catalyst were investigated. The XRD results revealed that KOH produced pure BFO, whereas NaOH yielded mixed-phase BFO (m-BFO) with secondary phases, including Bi2O3 and Bi2Fe4O9. SEM analysis revealed that m-BFO exhibited a flake-like structure assembled into cubes, whereas pure BFO consisted of irregularly shaped agglomerated nanoparticles. The photocatalytic efficiency of the two catalysts was evaluated for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The results showed that m-BFO exhibited outstanding photocatalytic degradation performance (92%) for 4-NP compared with pure BFO (22%). The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency of m-BFO was attributed to the construction of a dual-heterojunction Z-scheme within its structure and the presence of abundant surface oxygen vacancies. This study provides valuable insights into the synthesis of efficient dual-heterojunction Z-scheme photocatalysts via one-pot hydrothermal synthesis.

Influence of Sulfur Addition on The Physical and Photocatalytic Properties Biosynthesized Se-doped ZnO Nanoparticles

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of Sulfur (S) addition to selenium-doped zinc oxide (Se-ZnO) nanoparticles on their physical properties and photocatalytic activity. S,Se-ZnO sample was prepared by adding 1wt% sulfur onto 4%Se-ZnO nanoparticles. In the synthesis procedure, microwave irradiation was used as heating power and matoa leaf extract was used as a bioreductor. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The calculated band gap energies of Se-ZnO and 1% S,Se-ZnO are 2.38 eV and 2.62 eV, respectively. Both samples exhibit a hexagonal wurtzite structure. FESEM image of addition S reveals flower petal flake formations and decrease particle size of 187 nm. The photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles was evaluated through 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) degradation under UV-C irradiation. 1% S,Se-ZnO exhibits high photocatalytic efficiency compared to Se-ZnO, with a degradation percentage of 85.09% after 60 min and a reaction rate of -0.0315 min−1. Based on these results, the addition of S on Se-ZnO biosynthesized shows improve physical properties and efficient photocatalytic materials for pollutant removal.

Magnesium incorporation-mediated formation of oxygen vacancies in zinc ferrite for PMS activation toward effective photocatalytic 4-nitrophenol degradation

Developing highly effective heterogeneous photocatalysts for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in the photodegradation of chemical effluents remains challenging. In this study, ZnFe2O4 (ZFO) nanoparticles (NPs) incorporated with different magnesium ratios were prepared using a cost-effective microwave process. The resulting Mgx:ZFO catalysts were characterized by several analysis techniques, and the effect of Mg incorporation on the photocatalytic 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) degradation was studied. The results revealed that incorporating Mg into the ZFO structure substantially improved the photocatalytic removal efficiency of 4-NP from 62 % to 89 %. Compared with pure ZFO, Mg:ZFO contained more surface oxygen vacancies (SOVs), which can facilitate the generation and transfer of photocarriers, promote PMS activation, and improve photocatalytic performance. The ZFO catalysts exhibited larger surface areas after Mg incorporation, which provided more active sites for 4-NP removal. Finally, the bandgap energy of ZFO was widened from ∼ 1.67 eV to ∼ 1.80 eV after Mg incorporation, which could reduce photocarrier recombination and result in higher photocatalytic removal efficiency.

Atomically dispersed ternary FeCoNb active sites anchored on N-doped honeycomb-like mesoporous carbon for highly catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

In the last decades, 4-nitrophenol is regarded as one of highly toxic organic pollutants in industrial wastewater, which attracts great concern to earth sustainability. Herein, atomically dispersed ternary FeCoNb active sites were incorporated into nitrogen-doped honeycomb-like mesoporous carbon (termed FeCoNb/NHC) by a two-step pyrolysis strategy, whose morphology, structure and size were characterized by a set of techniques. Further, the catalytic activity and reusability of the as-prepared FeCoNb/NHC were rigorously examined by using 4-NP catalytic hydrogenation as a proof-of-concept model. The influence of the secondary pyrolysis temperature on the catalytic performance was investigated, combined by illuminating the catalytic mechanism. The resultant catalyst exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic features with a normalized rate constant (kapp) of 1.2 × 104 min-1g−1 and superior stability, surpassing the home-made catalysts in the control groups and earlier research. This study provides some constructive insights for preparation of high-efficiency and cost-effectiveness single-atom nanocatalysts in organic pollutants environmental remediation.

Influence of plasma synthesis parameters on the magnetic, structural and photocatalytic properties of copper ferrite

CuFe2O4 cubic copper ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by a new plasma method, the advantage of which is the short duration of processing and cost-effectiveness. To select optimal synthesis conditions, central compositional rotatable experimental planning was used. Using the methods of X-ray phase analysis, vibration magnetometry, electron microscopy, and UV spectroscopy, the sizes of crystallites, the intensity of peaks in X-ray diffraction patterns, dislocation density, saturation magnetization, coercive force, and the degree of degradation of 4-nitrophenol were determined. To study the effect of pH on the composition of the resulting copper ferrites, cyclic voltammetry was used. The kinetics of the ferritization process under the influence of a plasma discharge has also been studied. A mechanism for ferritization in the Cu2+-Fe2+-SO42--OH- system has been proposed.It was found that single-phase nanodispersed powders of cubic copper ferrites with a saturation magnetization Ms 78–93 Emu/g can be obtained by plasma treatment at 300 s and pH 12. Copper ferrite with an admixture of Cu2O is formed at pH = 8.The maximum values of the coercive force correspond to regimes in which the minimum dislocation density is observed. The saturation magnetization depends on the crystallite size. The crystallite size of the resulting powders is in the range of 225–500 A. The results showed that the processing time is the parameter that has the greatest impact on the structural and magnetic characteristics of copper ferrite; the pH of the reaction medium affects them to a lesser extent.

Utilizing Pometia Pinnata leaf extract in microwave synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: Investigation into photocatalytic properties

In this work, ZnO photocatalyst has been synthesized using matoa (Pometia pinnata) leaf extract under various microwave irradiation powers at 360, 540, and 720 Watts for 3 minutes on each. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of ZnO exhibited a peak in the ultraviolet region 300-360 nm. UV-Vis absorption analysis revealed a decrease in the band gap energy from 3.15 eV to 3.10 eV as the irradiation power increased. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images displayed spherical and nanoplatelet morphology with a decrease in particle size observed from 773 to 709 nm with increasing irradiation power. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO with crystallite sizes in the range of ~18-20 nm. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles was successfully employed as a photocatalyst in 4-nitrophenol degradation, achieving the highest degradation percentage of 82.7% at 540 Watts with a corresponding reaction rate constant of 0.0126/min. In conclusion, the microwave-assisted synthesis of ZnO using on matoa leaf extract demonstrated significant potential for the degradation of organic pollutants, thereby contributing to water purification efforts.

Smart and responsive nano copper oxide–PDMS composite for “three-in-one” synergistic adsorptive–oxidative / reductive degradation of the persistence of organic pollutants, elimination of nanoparticles and heavy metal ion

Copper-and silica-based materials have been used globally as environmental catalysts and adsorbents for centuries. Despite their differences in their properties and roles in the participation of environmental activity, both have been combined to create various types of functional materials, ranging from copper oxides and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponge (PS) cores to advanced hybrid composite materials. In this work, CuO was incorporated onto SiO2 (CPC) by calcination of PDMS-Cu2O sponge, and the physicochemical properties and application of CPC were investigated. The CPC was homogeneous in a surface area (326.69 m2g-1), pore size (33.16 Å), pore volume (0.056 cm³g−1), and particle size (183.66 Å). This CPC has been used for the degradation (oxidation/reduction) and adsorption of azithromycin (AZM), 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB), rhodamine B (RB), methylene blue (MB), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and chromium (VI). Efficiencies of CPC for the above persistence of organic pollutants (POPs) and adsorption of AuNPs and Cr(VI) were ∼72–100% under optimized conditions. CPC followed the pseudo-second-order (PSO) degradation kinetics with a higher r2 (>0.99) with eight cycles of reusability. Moreover, this synthetic strategy can be tailored to produce nanostructured composite materials and/or those associated with other species for diverse environmental and industrial applications.

Construction of mechanically robust and recyclable catalytic hydrogel based on hydroxypropyl cellulose-supported by montmorillonite/ionic liquid with different anions for pollutants(4-NP, MB, CR, Rhb) degradation

Dye wastewater poses a serious threat to the environment and human health, necessitating sustainable degradation methods. In this study, Na-based Montmorillonite (MMT) was exfoliated using different ionic liquids ([C16MIM][Cl], [C16MIM][BF4], [C16MIM][PF6]), and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were green-synthesized using hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). The HPC significantly enhanced the dispersion of MMT in the hydrogel. By introducing lauryl methacrylate (LMA), a hydrophobic associative network was constructed in PAM/LMA/HPC/MMT@ILs&Ag NPs hydrogel. This hydrogel demonstrated outstanding mechanical properties, with a stress of 833.21 kPa, strain of 3300 %, and toughness of 14.36 MJ/m3. It also exhibited excellent catalytic activity, with a rate constant of 0.83 min−1 for 4-nitrophenol degradation at 28 °C. The effects of temperature and catalyst concentration on the catalytic reaction were systematically investigated. This study presents a simple green synthesis approach for Ag NPs using HPC, achieving superior mechanical performance and stable MMT dispersion in aqueous solutions.

Spatial confinement and erbium-mediated electronic modulation for enhanced 4-nitrophenol destruction through peroxymonosulfate activation

The development of efficient strategies to modulate the electron structure of active sites in heterogeneous catalysts is crucial but remains challenging for enhancing peroxomonosulfate (PMS) activation to degrade organic contaminants. In this study, Co-Er-N-doped carbon black materials are successfully synthesized by pyrolyzing the CB@Er/Co-complex precursor. Er-doping does not enhance the defect level or graphitization degree of the carbon matrix, but rather regulates the electronic structure of Co sites, thereby generating abundant metallic Co species for activating PMS and yield increased reactive oxygen species towards 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) degradation. The optimal Er/Co@NCB-0.6 catalyst exhibits a removal efficiency of 97.9 % in 20 min. Furthermore, this catalyst exhibits broad degradation capabilities against various organic contaminants. Due to the spatial confinement effect from carbon layers, the encapsulated Co nanoparticles in the Er/Co@NCB-0.6 catalyst demonstrate excellent stability and reusability for the reaction. Radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance results indicate that the Er/Co@NCB-0.6/PMS system involves radical and non-radical pathways, and 1O2 and SO4•− play essential role in degrading 4-NP. The pollutant is degraded into seventeen intermediates via two plausible pathways. This study provides a valuable rare metal-mediated strategy to regulate the electronic structure of Co-based catalytic materials towards activating PMS in removing persistent organic pollutants.

Facile one-pot fabrication of multifunctional silver nanoparticles utilizing biowaste for efficient pollutant degradation, heavy metal sensing, and bactericidal activity

Citrus peels constitute around 8–10 % of total fruit biomass and are an abundant source of functional organic compounds, however, they are commonly regarded as waste and discarded. This study presents a facile one-pot synthesis method for the fabrication of multifunctional silver nanoparticles using the biowaste as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent for the synthesis. The utilization of biowaste not only aligns with sustainable practices but also imparts unique characteristics to the nanoparticles for diverse functionalities. Extensive spectroscopic and microscopic characterization validate the stability of the resulting AgNPs with an average diameter of 40 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibit enhanced catalytic activities for complete degradation of toxic nitroaromatic pollutant 4-nitrophenol within 21 min. Additionally, the sensing capabilities of AgNPs render them highly sensitive to heavy metal mercury, offering potential applications in environmental monitoring. Furthermore, the AgNPs demonstrate comprehensive bactericidal properties tested against S. aureus at 0.0625 mg/mL, highlighting their potential in biomedical applications. Moreover, density-functional theory (DFT) studies were performed to compare the reducing and stabilizing characteristics of the main components present in the fruit peel extract, with ferulic acid identified as theoretically the most potent compound. This research introduces a promising avenue for the development of versatile nanoparticles with multifaceted properties utilizing the potential of biowaste to address crucial challenges in environmental remediation.

Tannic Acid-Decorated Bimetallic Copper-Gold Nanoparticles with High Catalytic Activity for the Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol and Rhodamine B.

In this study, tannic acid (TA) was applied as a stabilizing agent for synthesizing bimetallic copper-gold (CuAu) nanoparticles. Cu(NO3)2 and NaAuCl4 were used as the sources of copper and gold ions, respectively, and NaBH4 was employed as a reducing agent. The prepared TA-CuAu nanoparticles were extensively characterized via ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and zeta potential analyses. To evaluate their catalytic activity, the TA-CuAu nanoparticles and NaBH4 were applied in the degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and rhodamine B (RB) individually and in a mixture. The individual degradation of 4-NP and RB was completed within 10 min, and the apparent rate constants were calculated as 0.3046 and 0.2628 min-1, respectively, emphasizing the efficient catalytic activity of the TA-CuAu nanoparticles. Additionally, controlled experiments were performed for the degradation of 4-NP and RB in the absence of catalysts or NaBH4 to investigate the kinetic feasibility of the catalytic reactions. A mixture of 4-NP and RB was successfully degraded within 10 min using the TA-CuAu nanoparticles as catalysts. Furthermore, the reuse of the catalysts after five successive cycles demonstrates an outstanding performance with no significant loss in the catalytic activity. Finally, the successful treatment of the tap and lake water samples spiked with 4-NP and RB using the TA-CuAu nanoparticles further confirmed their application potential as catalysts in environmental water remediation.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of Ni-doped europium hydroxide for photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

Microwave-assisted synthesis method was used to prepare europium hydroxide (Eu(OH)3) and different percentages of 1, 5, and 10 % nickel-doped Eu(OH)3 (Ni–Eu(OH)3) nanorods (NRs). X-ray diffraction study showed a hexagonal phase with an average crystallite size in the range of 21 – 35 nm for Eu(OH)3 and Ni–Eu(OH)3 NRs. FT-IR and Raman studies also confirmed the synthesis of Eu(OH)3 and Ni–Eu(OH)3. The synthesized materials showed rod-like morphology with an average length and diameter between 27 – 50 nm and 8 – 13 nm, respectively. The band gap energies of Ni–Eu(OH)3 NRs were reduced (4.06 – 3.50 eV), which indicates that the doping of Ni2+ ions has influenced the band gap energy of Eu(OH)3. The PL study exhibited PL quenching with Ni doping. The photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) by the synthesized materials under UV light irradiation was investigated, in which 10 % Ni–Eu(OH)3 NRs showed the best response. A kinetic study was also conducted which shows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Based on this, Ni–Eu(OH)3 NRs have shown a potential to be a UV-light active material for photocatalysis.

Unlocking the Power of Solar Synergy: Enhanced Nitrophenol Degradation using ADGCAAQ Photocatalyst

The remarkable mechanical and chemical characteristics of graphene have garnered significant interest in scientific investigations aimed at addressing severe environmental problems and energy shortages. A concerning problem is the careless disposal of industrial wastes that contain a variety of organic contaminants in water bodies. In order to create the ADGCAAQ light harvesting photocatalyst, a simple and extremely effective condensation process involving 1, 4-diamino anthraquinone (AAQ) and graphene generated from aloe vera (ADG) has been urbanized. Several approaches are used to analyze the newly constructed photocatalyst, indicating that it has the requisite potential to degrade 4-nitrophenol. By analyzing the degradation rate and order reaction of the degradation process, the kinetics of the degradation route have been used to analyze the mechanistic pathway for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol using a reducing agent and the ADGCAAQ photocatalyst. Under outside solar spectrum conditions, the photocatalytic activity of ADGCAAQ photocatalyst tested with 4-nitrophenol shows significant degradation efficiency with reducing agent H2O2.