Kinetic Study Of Degradation Research Articles

Development of a Validated Stability-Indicating HPLC/DAD Method for Determination of Vericiguat in the Pharmaceutical Formulation; Application to Degradation Kinetic Study

Development of a Validated Stability-Indicating HPLC/DAD Method for Determination of Vericiguat in the Pharmaceutical Formulation; Application to Degradation Kinetic Study

Kinetic Study of Hydrolytic degradation of Rivaroxaban by HPTLC

The main objective of a research involved kinetic study of hydrolytic degradation of Rivaroxaban and validation of stability indicating HPTLC Method for estimation of rivaroxaban as per ICH guidelines.The chromatographic separation was carried on Merck TLC aluminium sheets of silica gel 60 F254 (10×10cm) with mobile phase of Acetonitrile: Ethyl acetate (3:7 v/v) with densitometric scanning at 249nm. Acceptable peak parameters were obtained at the retardation factor of about 0.75±0.02. The proposed method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The results were acceptable for linearity and range, accuracy, precision, robustness, detection limit and quantitation limit. During stress degradation study, it was observed that the rivaroxaban is more sensitive to hydrolytic conditions. Degradation product peak was well resolved when the sample exposed to alkali catalysed hydrolysis for 72 hrs. was spotted on TLC plate and studied by the developed method. Such a product peak was not observed at 48 hrs. exposure, though there was reduction in drug peak area. This prompted us to study degradation kinetics under alkaline hydrolytic conditions, and the results of the degradation kinetic study indicates that the reaction follows first order kinetics. Interestingly there was no product peak under acidic hydrolytic condition. Results of thermal, oxidative and photolytic degradation studies show reduction in drug peak area.The developed method describes simple, sensitive, and specific stability indicating HPTLC method for estimation of rivaroxaban. This optimised method can be considered as good alternative for routine analysis of the rivaroxaban stability.

Study of Degradation Kinetics and Structural Analysis of Related Substances of Ceftobiprole by HPLC with UV and MS/MS Detection

Ceftobiprole is a novel β-lactam antibiotic, active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant S. aureus and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. To artificially generate potential degradation products (DPs) of ceftobiprole that may be formed under relevant storage conditions, acidic, alkaline, oxidative, photolytic and thermolytic stress tests were performed in both solution and solid state. A novel selective HPLC method was developed for the separation of ceftobiprole from its DPs and synthesis by-products (SBPs) using Kinetex Biphenyl column, ammonium acetate buffer pH 5.8 and acetonitrile. The kinetic studies demonstrated the low stability of ceftobiprole in alkaline solution, in the presence of an oxidising agent and under irradiation with near UV. In the solid state, ceftobiprole underwent oxidation when the powder was irradiated with visible light and UV. Based on mass spectroscopic analysis, 13 new structural formulas of SBPs and DPs were proposed, along with molecular formulas for three other DPs obtained in solution and four oxidative DPs characteristic of solid-state degradation.

Elucidations on the Performance and Reversibility of Treatment with Hyaluronic Acid Based Dermal Fillers: In vivo and in vitro Approaches.

The aim of this study was to investigate the performance and the reversibility of different classes of Hyaluronic Acid (HA) dermal fillers. We analysed 4 HA based fillers, belonging to 3 different chemical classes of products, commonly used in the field of wrinkles correction: linear HA 8 mg/mL (Viscoderm 0.8), thermically stabilized hybrid complexes of high and low molecular weight HA molecules at a concentration of 32 mg/mL and 45 mg/mL respectively (Profhilo and Profhilo Structura) and cross-linked HA 25 mg/mL (Aliaxin GP). The products were tested by a well-established animal model. The generated implants were analyzed through High-Frequency Ultrasound technology. Then, reversibility of the treatment was evaluated by enzymatic degradation kinetics studies, characterised by a combined approach of Carbazole assay and HP-SEC/TDA method. Implants generated by linear HA 8 mg/mL remained detectable by ultrasound acquisition for 4 weeks, whereas those generated by injection of HA hybrid complex 32 mg/mL were detectable for 10 weeks. HA hybrid complex 45 mg/mL and cross-linked HA 25 mg/mL were detectable for 29 and at least 33 weeks, respectively. Enzymatic degradation kinetics studies demonstrated that the HA content in HA hybrid complex 45 mg/mL was almost completely depolymerized and homogeneous after 3 h of treatment. For cross-linked HA 25 mg/mL, 24 h of incubation are needed to obtain the same degree of depolymerization. The study confirmed the ability of the experimental model to predict the behaviour of HA based dermal fillers in vivo and showed the innovative aspects of HA hybrid complex 45 mg/mL, that combines the high-safety profile, in terms of reversibility of the treatment, of the linear HA-based products with the durability of a high degree cross-linked gels, paving the way to the chance to be used for a wide range of applications in the field of aesthetic medicine.

Facile synthesis of graphene quantum dots/ZSM-5 type metalosilicate composites and evaluating their performance in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and electrochemical water splitting

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)/ZSM-5 type cobaltosilicate and GQDs/ZSM-5 type chromosilicate composites were prepared by two methods; direct and solid state dispersion (SSD) method. The composites were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, UV–vis absorption, and SEM techniques. The photocatalytic activities of composites were evaluated by degradation of methylene blue (MB) under both UV and vis light irradiation. The composites prepared by direct method showed better photocatalytic activity and the GQDs/chromosilicate composite had a superior performance. This composite could remove about 96 % and 87 % of MB at first 30 min under UV and vis light, respectively. The results of photocatalytic degradation kinetic studies revealed that the composites follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.99) with rate constants ranging from 0.295 to 0.581 g mg−1 min−1 for different composites prepared by direct method. The GQDs/metalosilicate composites were also examined for the electrochemical water splitting. The GQDs/cobaltosilicate composites required lower overpotentials for HER and OER in comparison to the pure GDQs and cobaltosilicate. Moreover, the charge transfer resistance and Warburg impedance was lower than the corresponding values obtained for the pure cobaltosilicate and GQDs. These new GQDs-based composites are expected to open new windows in materials science and electrocatalytic-related processes.

Photocatalytic activity of prepared ZnO/CuO nanocomposites and kinetic degradation study of methylene blue

Photocatalytic activity of prepared ZnO/CuO nanocomposites and kinetic degradation study of methylene blue

Kinetics study of cold rolling lubricant degradation through advanced instrumental techniques

AbstractResearch was focused on understanding the degradation kinetics of cold rolling oil used in the rolling mill at Tata Steel. Aged rolling oil leads to various surface defects. Ageing phenomenon is influenced through thermo‐mechanical behaviour, oxidation, hydrolysis and presence of iron fines. Ageing of cold rolling oil in presence of iron fines was systematically performed at various temperature followed by thermo‐mechanical wear tests. With variation in intensity of ageing, change in physico‐chemical parameters and fatty acid distribution (FAD) within triglycerides could be observed. The impact of the controlled ageing on performance parameters like lubrication, evaporation kinetics and oxidative stability were also studied. Thermo‐oxidative ageing depletes antioxidant concentration within the rolling oil resulting in rapid oxidation of unsaturated fats. This leads to rapid build‐up of high molecular weight ingredients resulting in formation of fatty acid soaps or scum. The resultant scum negatively impacts the boundary lubrication and evaporation kinetics of rolling oil.

CO2 fixation and cultivation of Thermosynechococcus sp. CL-1 for the production of phycocyanin

Cultivation of Cyanobacteria is preferable for CO2 fixation process due to its efficiency and production of beneficial byproducts like phycocyanin. In this study, Thermosynechococcus sp. CL-1 (TCL-1) was cultivated in a 30 L flat panel photobioreactor using a 3-fold-modified Fitzgerald medium with 113.2 mM dissolved inorganic carbon. The highest CO2 fixation rate of 21.98 ± 1.52 mg/L/h was followed by higher lipid content (49.91 % dry weight content or %dwc) than the generated carbohydrate (24.22 %dwc). TCL-1 also potentially produced phycocyanin that was dominated by C-phycocyanin (98.10 ± 6.67 mg/g) along with a lower amount of allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin under extraction using various types of solvent. Stability of phycocyanin extract was further examined during storage under various temperatures and light illuminations. Extraction with 36 % glucose solvent presented a protective effect to phycocyanin from heat and photo-damage which was proven by the kinetics study of phycocyanin degradation in this study.

Transit Time index (TTi) as an adaptation of the humification index to illustrate transit time differences in karst hydrosystems: application to the karst springs of the Fontaine de Vaucluse system (southeastern France)

Abstract. Transit time can be estimated thanks to natural tracers, but few of them are usable in the 0–6-month range. The main purpose of this work is to analyze the potential of the ratio of heavy- to light-weight organic compounds (the humification index (HIX); Ohno, 2002; Zsolnay et al., 1999) as a natural tracer of short transit time (Blondel et al., 2012). Critical analysis of former studies shows that although the link between HIX and transit time seems consistent, the whole methodological approach needs to be consolidated. Natural organic matter fluorescence from 289 groundwater samples from four springs and 10 flow points located in the unsaturated zone of the Vaucluse karst system is characterized by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) thanks to the excitation–emission matrix (EEM), thus (i) allowing for the identification of main fluorescent compounds of sampled groundwater and (ii) evidencing the inadequacy of HIX 2D emission windows to characterize groundwater organic matter. We then propose a new humification index called the Transit Time index (TTi) based on the Ohno (2002) formula but using PARAFAC components of heavy and light organic matter from our samples instead of 2D windows. Finally, we evaluate TTi relevance as a transit time tracer by (i) performing a detailed analysis of its dynamics on a selected spring (Millet) and (ii) comparing its mean value over karst springs of the Vaucluse karst system. Principal component analysis (PCA) of TTi and other hydrochemical parameters monitored at Millet spring put in relief the different ranges of transit time associated with the different organic matter compounds. PCA results also provide evidence that TTi can detect a small proportion of fast infiltration water within a mix, while other natural tracers of transit time provide no or less sensitive information. TTi distributions at monitored karst springs are consistent with relative transit times expected for the small-scale, short average transit time systems. TTi thus appears as a relevant qualitative tracer of transit time in the 0–6-month range where existing tracers fail and may remain applicable, even in the case of anthropic contamination thanks to PARAFAC modeling. Transforming it into quantitative information is a challenging task which may be possible thanks to intensive studies of organic matter degradation kinetics in natural waters with the help of radiogenic isotope usage or an artificial tracer test.

The invasive Egeria densa macrophyte and its potential as a new renewable energy source: A study of degradation kinetics and thermodynamic parameters

The increase in global demand, along with environmental concerns, has led to the need for new sources that can supply the energy needed for socioeconomic development while reducing pollutant emissions. Aquatic biomasses, especially those of invasive aquatic macrophytes, can be potential energy sources, and this study evaluated the thermal degradation of the invasive Egeria densa macrophytes (EDM) in an inert environment at four heating rates to evaluate its potential as a low-cost biomass and bioenergy source. Pyrolysis experiments were performed using a thermogravimetric analyzer. The thermal profile of invasive EDM has three main events (multiple stages). Stages (i) and (ii) occur at a temperature range of 125–395 °C and represent the decomposition of carbohydrates such as hemicellulose and cellulose. Stage (iii) occurs between 395 and 500 °C and mainly relates to the decomposition of lignin. Thermal data have been used to analyze kinetic parameters through isoconversional methods, and the activation energy (Ea) value of EDM showed variation at different conversion points. The highest Ea values were observed for conversion rates of 0.3–0.6 due to the increased energy required to break down the lignocellulosic chains during decomposition. The small difference between the enthalpy change and Ea values for the different isoconversional methods can be due to a small potential energy barrier, which reflects the feasibility that the reaction can occur under the expected conditions. Gibbs free energy (137–145 kJ mol−1) and high heating value (13.40 MJ/kg) revealed a significant bioenergy potential for EDM biomass.

Nonlinear Mixed Models Applied to Ruminal Degradability Studies

This article presents an application of three classical models to studies of ruminal degradation kinetics, namely Ørskov and McDonald’s model (1979); Van Milgen, Murphy and Berger’s model (1991), and Richard’s model proposed in France, Dijkstra, and Dhanoa (1996). Our approach is focused on accounting for animal e ects given that measurements are repeated in the same animal. The models were studied under the perspective of nonlinear mixed-e ects (NLME) models. In this way, we intended to accommodate the problems of response variance heterogeneity and correlations between repeated measures. To apply the proposed method, we used data from an experiment conducted in a Latin square design to assess the dry matter degradability of the following three silages: Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) silage treated with bacterial inoculant, Elephant grass silage treated with enzyme-bacterial inoculant, and corn (Zea mays L.) silage. Samples were incubation for 0, 2, 6, 12 , 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. For these experimental data, the Van Milgen, Murphy, and Berger’s model showed better performance than the others. The proposed approach indicated that inclusion of animal e ects is important for obtaining more accurate information and can be considered in NLME modeling. Furthermore, it was also possible to perform an easy-to-interpret analysis of contrasts between treatments by using Tukey’s test.

Porphyrin-graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots decorated on titanium dioxide electrospun nanofibers for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants

Herein, we report on the development of an effective, environmentally benign and facile method for visible light driven photo-degradation of Rhodamine 6 G and 2,4-dichlorophenol using Zn-5-p-carboxyphenyl-10,15,20-(tris-4-pyridyl)-porphyrin (2) linked to graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (g-C3N4 QDs) and anchored on TiO2 fibers (represented as 2@g-C3N4 QDs-TiO2 fibers). The results suggest that the porphyrin acts as a photosensitizer, g-C3N4 QDs function as both photosensitizer and electron mediator, whereas the TiO2 fibers supporting matrix is a photocatalyst and a stabilizer. Anchoring 2@g-C3N4 QDs onto TiO2 fibers resulted in enhanced catalytic activity and thermal stability. Singlet oxygen (1O2) was the main reactive species responsible for degradation of Rhodamine 6 G and 2,4-dichlorophenol. The degradation kinetic studies follow pseudo first-order kinetics. The results demonstrate 2@g-C3N4 QDs-TiO2 fibers ternary hybrid catalyst to be a catalyst for visible light driven photo-degradation of refractory organic water pollutants.

Evaluation of Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Hybrid Cellulose Acetate Membranes using Isoconversional Methods

Cellulose acetate membranes are widely used in industry, emphasizing water purification processes, such as desalination. With some limiting mechanical properties, the synthesis of hybrid membranes appears as an alternative for developing high-performance materials. For its application, knowledge of thermal stability is crucial. In this work, the thermal degradation kinetics of AC-SiO2-(CH2)3NH2 hybrid cellulose acetate membranes are evaluated from thermogravimetric analysis, at three heating rates, 5, 10, and 20°C/min. The isoconversional methods proposed by Kissinger, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, and Friedman were used for the present study of degradation kinetics. It was observed that insertion of silicon to polymeric structure promoted thermal stability to the membrane, presenting higher activation energy than pure cellulose acetate membrane, increasing from 240.28 to 1039.01 KJ/mol, using the method of Friedman. In contrast, the increase in nitrogen concentration decreases its thermal stability compared to the cellulose acetate membrane with incorporated silicon, reducing the activation energy from 1039.01 to 250.50 KJ/mol. However, it is more stable than the pure cellulose acetate membrane. The evaluation carried out in this study explained the influence of the minimum variation in the chemical composition against the thermal stability of hybrid membranes, being a factor of great importance for its application.

Impact of gamma-irradiation on the degradation and mineralization of hydroxychloroquine aqueous solutions.

In this work, the effect of gamma irradiation emitted by Cobalt 60 source has been investigated for the degradation of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). The monitoring of the gamma irradiation treatment of HCQ aqueous solutions was followed by UV–visible, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon (TOC) and LC/MS analyses. Effects of several important parameters such as concentration, dose rate and pH on the degradation efficiency were studied then evaluated. Achieved results showed that % TOC removal efficiency of 98.5 was obtained after 8 kGy absorbed dose which warrants HCQ mineralization. The process was found to be more efficient when the initial pollutant concentration was low, with higher dose rate and at neutral pH. Furthermore, HCQ degradation kinetic study revealed a pseudo-first-order kinetic. Additionally, based on by-products identified by LC/MS, a degradation mechanistic schema mediated through hydroxyl radicals generated by water radiolysis has been proposed. Finally, in order to check the potential industrial application viability the energy consuming was evaluated.

Construction of a novel N-doped oxygen vacancy-rich TiO2 N-TiO2−X/g-C3N4 S-scheme heterostructure for visible light driven photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

For improving the photocatalytic activity, a new N-TiO 2−X /g-C 3 N 4 (NTCN) composite was designed and constructed successfully by a facile hydrothermal-calcination method. The co-doping N and Ti 3+ /Ov were achieved to reduce the band gap of TiO 2 , and g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets were coated firmly on the surface of N-TiO 2− X to form efficient heterojunctions. The photocatalytic activity of N-TiO 2−X /g-C 3 N 4 was evaluated fully under visible light irradiation to achieve the degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH). When the content of g-C 3 N 4 in composite is 30 wt% (NTCN 0.3 ) with calcination temperature of 350 ℃, the photocatalytic degradation rate of 2,4-DNPH can reach 93.19% after 70 min irradiation, which is much higher than those of monomers and other composites. Furthermore, the degradation process was verified to be pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and the apparent activation energy is 17.23 ± 2.47 kJ mol −1 . S-scheme heterojunction mechanism was speculated to explain the extremely high photocatalytic degradation ability of NTCN 0.3 composite. • A new N-TiO 2−X /g-C 3 N 4 composite was designed and successfully constructed. • the co-doping of N and Ti 3+ /Ov can effectively reduce the band gap of TiO 2 . • The degradation rate of 2,4-DNPH under visible light can reach 93.19%. • Apparent activation energy was obtained by degradation kinetics studies. • S-scheme charge transfer mechanism was proposed.

Eco-friendly stability-indicating HPTLC micro-determination of the first FDA approved SARS-CoV-2 antiviral prodrug Remdesivir: Study of degradation kinetics and structural elucidation of the degradants using HPTLC-MS

The worldwide spread coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a global health crisis. The world was forced to face a great challenge to control and overcome this health disaster through various containment measures including efficient vaccination side by side with effective medication. Remdesivir (RMD) is the first FDA approved antiviral agent for treatment of covid-19 pandemic and hence regarded as the first-in-class medication of this highly contagious respiratory disease. The current study represents the first stability indicating HPTLC method for the estimation of RMD in bulk form and pharmaceutical formulation. The method employed TLC silica gel aluminum plates 60 F254 as stationary phase and green mobile phase composed of ethyl acetate and ethanol (96: 4, v/v) with densitometric detection at 245 nm. Comprehensive validation of the adopted method was accomplished according to the ICH guidelines regarding linearity, ranges, detection and quantification limits, precision, accuracy and robustness. The developed method offered a neat separation of the drug in presence of pharmaceutical excipients as well as in presence of acidic, alkaline, neutral hydrolytic, oxidative and photolytic degradants. Additionally, structural elucidation of alkaline and hydrolytic oxidation degradation products was carried out using HPTLC-MS. Furthermore, for the first time the acidic and alkaline degradation kinetics of RMD were studied and its degradation rate constants and half-lives were calculated. Moreover, greenness appraisal of the developed method as well as comparison with previously published stability indicating HPLC methods were performed using analytical Eco-scale, GAPI and AGREE metrics.

Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for methylcobalamin determination in different dosage forms: Application to photodegradation kinetics and pH rate profiling.

A stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for methylcobalamin determination was developed. Stress degradation under variable conditions was carried out. Methylcobalamin had pronounced susceptibility to hydrolysis under acidic, alkaline, and photolytic conditions; further study of photolytic degradation kinetics and pH rate profiling over pH range 2-11 was carried out. Photodegradation of methylcobalamin followed zero-order kinetics with half-life 0.99h equivalent to 1971.53 lux. Methylcobalamin followed pseudo-first-order kinetics upon exposure to acidic and alkaline hydrolysis with highest stability at pH 5 and least stability at pH 2. Optimization of chromatographic conditions was performed using two level full factorial design, and chromatographic analysis was executed using Inertsil column (250×4.6mm, 5μm) maintained at 25◦ C. Elution was carried out using 25mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH adjusted with phosphoric acid to 3.8): methanol:acetonitrile (55:35:10, v/v) as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0ml/min. Detection was carried out at 220nm using diode array detector. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines; the linearity was over concentration range 2-160μg/ml with coefficient of determination 0.9995. The method was effectively applied for determination of methylcobalamin in Cobalvex ampoule, Cobal tablet, Cobal-F tablet, and Methyltechon oral dissolvable film without interfering from excipients within run time 6 min.

Detection and Stability of Cyanogen Bromide and Cyanogen Iodide in Drinking Water

This study systematically summarized the factors affecting the stability of CNXs, providing a reference for better control and elimination of CNXs. A method for the detection of CNBr and CNI in solution was established using a liquid–liquid extraction/gas chromatography/electron capture detector. Specifically, the method was used to investigate the stability of CNBr and CNI in drinking water, especially in the presence of chlorine and sulfite, and it showed good reproducibility (relative standard deviation <3.05%), high sensitivity (method detection limit <100 ng/L), and good recovery (91.49–107.24%). Degradation kinetic studies of cyanogen halides were conducted, and their degradation rate constants were detected for their hydrolysis, chlorination, and sulfite reduction. For hydrolysis, upon increasing pH from 9.0 to 11.0, the rate constants of CNCl, CNBr, and CNI changed from 8 to 155 × 10−5 s−1, 1.1 to 34.2 × 10−5 s−1, and 1.5 to 6.2 × 10−5 s−1, respectively. In the presence of 1.0 mg/L chlorine, upon increasing pH from 7.0 to 10.0, the rate constants of CNCl, CNBr, and CNI changed from 36 to 105 × 10−5 s−1, 15.8 to 49.0 × 10−5 s−1, and 1.2 to 24.2 × 10−5 s−1, respectively. In the presence of 3 μmol/L sulfite, CNBr and CNI degraded in two phases. In the first phase, they degraded very quickly after the addition of sulfite, whereas, in the second phase, they degraded slowly with rate constants similar to those for hydrolysis. Owing to the electron-withdrawing ability of halogen atoms and the nucleophilic ability of reactive groups such as OH− and ClO−, the rate constants of cyanogen halides increased with increasing pH, and they decreased in the order of CNCl > CNBr > CNI during hydrolysis and chlorination. The hydrolysis and chlorination results could be used to assess the stability of cyanogen halides in water storage and distribution systems. The sulfite reduction results indicate that quenching residual oxidants with excess sulfite could underestimate the levels of cyanogen halides, especially for CNBr and CNI.

Kinetic degradation study for the first licensed anti‐influenza polymerase inhibitor, baloxavir marboxil, using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry

The first licensed polymerase inhibitor, baloxavir marboxil was recently approved for the treatment of influenza A and B viruses. Furthermore, there is growing interest in testing the antiviral activity of baloxavir marboxil against Coronavirus. Despite its critical clinical value, there is no information on the degradation products, pathways or kinetics of baloxavir marboxil under various stress conditions. In this study, a new HPLC-MS chromatographic method for accurately quantifying baloxavir marboxil in the presence of its degradation products was developed. A study of degradation kinetics revealed that acidic, thermal neutral, and photolytic degradation reactions have zero-order kinetics, whereas basic and oxidative degradation reactions have first-order kinetics. The structural characterization of baloxavir marboxil degradation products was performed by coupling the optimized HPLC method to the triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. The proposed approach was validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation Q2 (R1) requirements for accuracy, precision, robustness, specificity, and linearity. The proposed approach was successfully used to analyze baloxavir marboxil as raw material and its pharmaceutical dosage form, Xofluza®. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Nutrient content and in vitro degradation study of some unconventional feed resources of Bangladesh

This study aimed to evaluate six unconventional feed resources of Bangladesh, including water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), banana leaves (Musa paradisiaca), roadside grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum), bamboo leaves (Bambusa vulgaris Scrad), Seaweed (Hypnea sp.) and sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum griffithii). Evaluations were based on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), ash content, DM and OM digestibilities and fractional rate of degradation. Two conventional feeds, i.e., rice bran and german grass, were used as the positive control. Samples (400 mg) were incubated with rumen liquor in an in vitro fermentation chamber at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h for the degradation kinetic studies. The CP contents of 10.13, 10.63, 10.21, and 8.49 % were found in seaweed, banana leaf, water hyacinth, and bamboo leaf, respectively. The NDF values ranged between 16.5 and 75.6% and ADF varied from 9.7 to 58.8% in this study. The highest value of NDF (75.6%) and ADF (58.8%) were found in sugar cane bagasse and the lowest value of NDF (16.5%) and ADF (9.7%) were as observed in seaweed. However, higher DM degradation (33.5–42.8%) was found in seaweed during the incubation periods of 24–96 h. A significant (P < 0.05) increased of OM degradation (44.9%) compared to other feed resources was also observed in seaweed at 96 h of in vitro incubation. Water hyacinth, banana leaves, german grass, and sugarcane bagasse had greater DM digestibility (32.9–36.3%) compared to roadside grass, bamboo leaves, and rice bran (24.8–29.1%). The higher total OM digestibility of seaweed found (>44.9%) can be associated with the presence of large quantities of fraction b (>39.2 %), resulting in moderate amounts of undegradable fraction (U) (57.2 %). This study provides a comparative estimate of ruminal DM and OM degradation characteristics for seaweed and some other unconventional feed resources, which might be helpful for their inclusion in the diet according to the ruminally undegraded to degraded DM and OM intake ratio.