Degradation Of Elastic Modulus Research Articles

Predicting the mechanical properties of E-glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars after exposure to elevated temperature

This paper presents the experimental investigations on the tensile, flexural, and shear performance of E-glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars after exposure to elevated temperatures from ambient to 500 ℃. Two types of GFRP bars with nominal diameters of 12 mm and 16 mm were directly exposed to several target temperatures for 0.5 h, and their mechanical properties were tested after cooling. The experimental results showed that the GFRP bars gradually loosened, and their surface color darkened with the increasing exposure temperature. After experiencing high temperatures, the bars’ tension, bending, and shear failure modes remained unchanged. However, their mechanical strengths showed a phased decline in three typical temperature ranges of 20 to 120 ℃, 120 to 270 ℃, and 270 to 420 ℃. In addition, no significant tensile and flexural elastic modulus degradation was observed. The measured strengths were compared with the results of several existing prediction models. A simplified model was proposed to predict the residual strength of GFRP bars after high-temperature exposure. Based on fire safety requirements, a fire-resisting reduction factor, CF, was proposed to determine the design strength of GFRP bars used in concrete slabs. For GFRP bar-reinforced concrete slabs with a cover thickness of 60 mm, the suggested CF for tensile strength and the other two strengths should be 0.65 and 0.75, respectively, to achieve structural safety after 2-h fire disasters.

A Quantitative Representation of Damage and Failure Response of Three-Dimensional Textile SiC/SiC Ceramics Matrix Composites Subjected to Flexural Loading

Abstract In the present work, the microstructure deformation and synergetic damage evolution of a three-dimensional textile SiC/SiC ceramic-matrix composite under flexural loading are investigated by in situ digital image correlation at ambient temperatures. The correlations between microstructure evolution and macro-mechanical degradation of 3D textile composites under flexural loading are established based on the experimental results. In addition, by establishing continuum damage mechanics and a thermodynamic framework with synergetic effects of microstructures, a flexural loading-induced damage evolution model is developed to reveal the relationship between the energy release rate and elastic modulus degradation. The proposed model can be used to predict the flexural stress–strain curves of 3D textile SiC/SiC composites to further improve the design and assessment of new textile architectures with specific mechanical properties.

A new look at the resistance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) to the external sulfate attacks: The influence of the multiple mesoscopic material phases

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) prepared with recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) has more complex material phases on the meso scale compared to natural aggregate concrete (NAC), including the old virgin aggregate, the new/old mortar, and the three types of interfacial transition zone (ITZ). These mesoscopic material phases would influence the RAC to external sulfate attacks in different ways. This paper provides a new look at the performance of RAC subjected to external sulfate attacks by considering such influence. The quality and quantity of the multiple mesoscopic phases were changed by taking varying water-to-binder ratios (i.e., w/b) and volumetric fractions of RCA (i.e., VRCA), respectively. The changes in properties of both the material phases on the meso scale and concrete on the macro scale subjected to external sulfate attacks were experimentally investigated. The old mortar and ITZ phases (regardless of the ITZ type) were identified as the weaker phases against external sulfate attacks as their microhardness deteriorated faster than that of the new mortar. Improving the quality of the new mortar/new ITZ phases by taking a lower w/b can greatly enhance RAC's resistance to external sulfate attacks: the ingress of sulfate ions was retarded, meanwhile the degradation in compressive strength and dynamic elastic modulus were postponed obviously. Increasing the volumetric fraction of old virgin aggregates by taking a higher VRCA can also help RAC sustain better under sulfate attacks, even though it was accompanied by the simultaneously increasing quantity of the old mortar and ITZ which were identified as the weaker phases against sulfate attacks. Basically, changing the quality of the multiple mesoscopic material phases had more remarkable effects on RAC's sulfate resistance than changing the relative quantity ratios. This paper thereby suggests that RAC's sulfate resistance should be better enhanced by the strengthening or removal of the old mortar phase, or by the improvement of the new mortar and ITZ phases, rather than adjusting their quantity ratios in concrete.

Effect of loading-path on the elastic modulus degradation of high strength steels

Experiments of repetitive uniaxial tension are performed for DP590, TRIP590, TRIP780, and BH220 steels. Variation of chord modulus of the four materials with accumulated plastic strain is discussed. Large specimens of uniaxial tension, wide plate tension and cruciform tension are prestrained in different plastic strain. Uniaxial tension of sub-size samples which are machined from the prestrained large specimens is performed. Dependence of the normalized chord modulus of the four metals on strain path is discussed in detail. The results show that elastic modulus degradation is dependent on the material strength, accumulated plastic strain and strain path. At the same equivalent strain, the chord modulus degradation of TRIP780, TRIP590, DP590, BH220 steels decreases in turn. The chord modulus of TRIP780 steel at 0.24 equivalent strain reaches 20.5%. The chord modulus of DP590 steel is more sensitive to strain path change than the other three metals. The path of biaxial stretching combined with uniaxial tension provides the greatest chord modulus degradation among the six loading paths. Each material should have the most suitable loading path under which the elastic modulus variation can be minimized so springback can be easily controlled.

The mechanical properties of GFRP bars embedded in geopolymer concrete after high temperature exposure

Geopolymer concrete prepared with fly ash and slag has exhibited excellent thermostability and thermal insulation performance. Through combining geopolymer concrete with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars, the existing problems like high energy consumption, massive CO2 emission and steel bars corrosion in traditional reinforced concrete structures can be solved. To investigate the mechanical properties of GFRP bars embedded in geopolymer concrete after high temperature exposure, a test was conducted on 419 specimens in this study. Factors that influence the performance include exposure temperature, exposure time and type of concrete cover. The results demonstrated that the tensile properties of bare GFRP bars decreased significantly in the temperature range from 400 °C to 600 °C, and the ratio of tensile strength loss was as high as 50%–90%. The geopolymer concrete cover can effectively slow down and mitigate the degradation in tensile strength and elastic modulus of GFRP bars after high temperature exposure (400–600 °C), but this effect weakens following the rise in exposure temperature and time. In addition, the degradation mechanism of GFRP bars within geopolymer concrete was further analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the microscopic level. Finally, the contribution ratio of each influence factor to the residual tensile strength of GFRP bars after high temperature exposure was numerically illustrated using the statistical method of analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Long-term tensile performance of GFRP bars in loaded concrete and aggressive solutions

To better understand the long-term mechanical performance of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars under aggressive environments, tensile testing was conducted on GFRP bars after exposure to two environmental conditions: 1) immersed in alkaline and saline solutions both for 180 days; and 2) embedded in sustain-loaded concrete beams with or without NaCl solution wet-dry cycles for 366 days. Experimental results revealed that the failure modes and stress-strain curves of tested GFRP bars exhibited similar characteristics regardless of above various aggressive conditions and exposure periods. As to specimens immersed in solutions for 180 days, the degradation of tensile performance in saline solution was smaller than that in alkaline solution. Furthermore, no significant degradation of elastic modulus was observed in the experiment. For GFRP bars embedded in sustain-loaded concrete beams, the average retention of tensile strength was around 93% after one-year experience in concrete, which was nearly 5.0% lower than that of non-stressed GFRP bars in concrete. It is predicted from a comparative study that the degradation of GFRP bar placed in concrete (100% moist) for 7.5 years was equivalent to that exposed to alkaline solution for one year. Based on SEM observations, the degradation mechanism of tensile performance for GFRP bars was attributed to the reduction of bonding between fiber and matrix. Moreover, according to the Fib bulletin 40 method, the tensile strength retention of GFRP bar was predicted to be ranged from 62.8% to 75.1% after 100 years of service under various conditions.

Mechanical property and thermal degradation mechanism of granite in thermal-mechanical coupled triaxial compression

Mechanical properties of rocks under high temperature and high pressure are important for the design and stability analysis of rock mass in deep-buried underground engineering. This study is devoted to investigating the strength and deformation behaviors of granite as well as the thermal degradation mechanism under coupled high-temperature and high-pressure conditions in triaxial compression tests. Two groups of triaxial compression test under six different temperatures (20, 50, 70, 90, 110, 180 °C) and five different pressures (0, 2, 15, 30, 40 MPa) designed by the orthogonal method were performed by a self-developed thermo-mechanical true triaxial testing device on the granite samples drilled from the borehole at the depth of 600 m. The multi-scale features of the sliding surface of the post-failure samples were characterized by field optical microscopy and 3D laser scanning. Temperature effects on the granite mechanical properties, especially the friction properties were identified and discussed. It is found that increasing temperature induces obvious thermal degradation of strength and elastic modulus of the tested granite under triaxial compression. The deformation and failure pattern of the tested granite are dominantly governed by the confining pressure rather than temperature when the temperature varies between 20 °C and 180 °C. Temperature plays a crucial role in the friction behavior in triaxial compression, and the increase in temperature leads to the increase of gouge particles and the linear decrease of the roughness of the sliding surface. Both thermal cracking and friction weakening contribute to the thermal degradation of strength at high pressure. The findings are helpful in comprehensively understanding the mechanical behavior of granite under coupled high temperature and high pressure, and in revealing the thermal degradation mechanism of hard rocks.

Size effect on nonlinear unloading behavior and Bauschinger effect of Ni-based superalloy ultrathin sheet

• Cyclic deformation behavior of superalloy foil is represented by cyclic shear test. • Nonlinear unloading behavior at microscale becomes evident. • Bauschinger effect are affected by both geometric and grain size effect. • Size effect on instantaneous and permanent softening is revealed. • Work hardening stagnation is related to dislocation evolution and size effect. Superalloy ultrathin sheet is widely utilized in thin-walled components of aero-engine because of its excellent comprehensive performance. Nevertheless, it is hard to precisely predict the springback phenomenon during the plastic deformation of superalloy ultrathin sheet due to the size effect. To explore size effect on nonlinear unloading behavior and Bauschinger effect of Ni-based superalloy sheets, the uniaxial tensile, cyclic loading and unloading, and cyclic shearing tests were conducted on superalloy ultrathin sheets with diverse grain sizes and thicknesses of 0.2 and 0.25 mm. The experimental results demonstrated that the increasing grain size is accompanied with the decrease of flow stress of superalloy ultrathin sheet and the change of density of forest dislocation and moving dislocation. The dislocation annihilation rate of superalloy ultrathin sheet increases with decreasing t / d ratio, and the nonlinear unloading behavior becomes more obvious. Meanwhile, the degradation of elastic modulus becomes more evident with the increasing grain size. Driven by back stress, Bauschinger effect of superalloy ultrathin sheet becomes more apparent with larger t / d ratio. In addition, the fine-grained superalloy ultrathin sheet shows obvious earlier re-yielding and large instantaneous softening rates and the variation of t / d ratio also affect the permanent softening and work-hardening stagnation of superalloy ultrathin sheet.

An experimental and modelling study of cyclic tension-compression behavior of AA7075-T6 under electrically-assisted condition

Electrically-assisted (EA) forming is an effective method to improve forming quality of sheet metal. In order to reveal the effects of current on material flow behavior under complex strain paths and develop corresponding constitutive model, the EA tension-compression cyclic loading tests with particularly designed setup were carried out. Then, the effects of current on the elastic modulus degradation and cyclic deformation were investigated. Further, corresponding modulus degradation model and constitutive model were developed. The results showed that the flow stress under EA uniaxial tension was lower than that under warm uniaxial tension. Moreover, the current-induced growth of precipitate and the decrease of dislocation occur under EA uniaxial tension. Regarding the EA cyclic deformation behavior, the elastic modulus decreases with the increase of plastic strain, temperature and current density, which is described by a proposed modified modulus degradation model. The Bauschinger effect and permanent softening effect are weakened with the increase of temperature and current density. The asymmetric tension-compression behavior becomes more obvious with the increase of temperature and current density. Based on above results, a modified Y-U model was established and verified with EA draw-bending process. The above research work can provide some research basis for the application of electrically-assisted forming.

Investigation of Elastic Modulus Degradation and Recovery with Time and Baking Process for Deformed Automotive Steel Sheets

Investigation of Elastic Modulus Degradation and Recovery with Time and Baking Process for Deformed Automotive Steel Sheets

A Wiener degradation process with drift‐based approach of determining target reliability index of concrete structures

AbstractIn this paper, a novel approach is proposed to determine target reliability index based on modeling performance degradation of concrete structures as a stochastic process. First, the Wiener process with drift is used to simulate the degradation process of relative dynamic elastic modulus of concrete, and the drift coefficient and diffusion coefficient of Wiener process are estimated according to the experimental data of degradation of relative dynamic elastic modulus. Then, based on the relations between concrete compressive strength, dynamic elastic modulus, and relative dynamic elastic modulus, the relationship between compressive strength and the amount of degradation of relative dynamic elastic modulus are deduced, and then, the statistical parameters of concrete compressive strength under different service time can be calculated. Finally, based on the established limit state equation of flexural capacity of the weak section and the statistical parameters of compressive strength at different times, the reliability index of a structure under different service life is calculated. On the other hand, according to the drift Wiener process model of relative dynamic elastic modulus degradation of concrete, the time‐varying failure probability of structural durability degradation is calculated based on the first‐passage failure probability formula of drift Wiener process. Taking a concrete plant structure as an example, the time‐varying reliability index calculated based on the limit state equation and the time‐varying failure probability obtained based on the first‐passage failure probability analysis of drift Wiener process are compared, and then the recommended values of target reliability index of structural bearing capacity are comprehensively determined.

Cracks width prediction of steel-FRP bars reinforced high-strength composite concrete beams

To study the crack development of composite steel-FRP rebar reinforced (SFCB) high strength concrete beams, a bending test of this type of beams is performed. The test shows that crack width of the SFCB beam is in between steel reinforced beam and the CFRP reinforced beam using same reinforcement ratio. The crack width of SFCB test beams is 47.9% larger than that of steel reinforced beams and 38.7% smaller than that of CFRP reinforced beams. When the steel core ratio increased from 18.37% to 32.65%, the crack width decreased by 16.5% on average before steel core yielding. After the steel core yielded, the crack width of the H-SF-3,4 beamincreased at an accelerated rate. The crack width of the latter increased by 13.7% on average compared with the former. Based on test results, a new formula for calculating crack width of SFCB reinforced concrete is established, it considers the material properties of SFCB, the degradation of elastic modulus of the SFCB steel core after yielding and the compatibility of 3 different materials. It introduces a bond reduction coefficient vi of SFCB and concrete and the compatibility coefficient st of the steel core and fibre layer, This formula can accurately predict the maximum crack width of SFCB reinforced concrete beams.

Effect of 0.5% CNT reinforcement of a glass fiber composite on strength and cyclic damage induced by transverse and out-of-plane compressive loads

The impact of the addition of 0.5 wt% multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on the quasi-static transverse compressive resistance and damage evolution of unidirectional glass fiber reinforced composite (FRC) fabricated by resin transfer molding is investigated. The degradation of macroscopic mechanical properties such as elastic modulus and compressive strength vs. plastic strains are correlated with crack density and microcrack propagation behavior including analysis of failure phenomena such as interface debonding, matrix cracking and interface cracking. The experimental campaign includes compression tests with monotonic and cyclic loads on cubic specimens in the out-of-plane (0°) and transverse (90°) directions for masterbatch MWCNT-based and CNT-free glass FRC. In the monotonic case, the elastic modulus and maximum compressive strength increased for the glass FRC with 0.5 wt% CNTs, particularly in the transverse (0°) direction by 11% and 13%, respectively. Under cyclic loading, the elastic modulus degradation stagnates at a lower plastic deformation for composite with 0.5 wt% CNTs. In addition, CNTs reduces by 20% the cumulative plastic deformation in the 0° direction and almost 30% in the 90° direction. At the microscopic scale, image analysis showed that the CNTs improved the properties of the interface by delaying decohesion failure and reducing by around 30% and 40% the computed crack density in the 0° and 90° loading direction, respectively. In addition, image analysis in the out-of-plane direction (0°) shows that fiber-matrix decohesion is predominant before crack propagation at the interlaminar level and prior to final failure. By contrast, at 90° loadings, no decohesion is observed and crack propagation is almost purely interlaminar. Finally, the addition of 0.5% MWCNTs to the glass FRC increases the mechanical resistance of the composite material in the transverse direction demonstrated by the delaying of cracks during the failure analysis of different cycles as well as the decrease of the elastic modulus degradation and increase of compressive strength.

Deterioration mechanism of coal gangue concrete under the coupling action of bending load and freeze–thaw

Coal gangue, as a solid waste produced in the process of coal mining, has caused great harm to the environment and society. It is the most practical means to make concrete as coarse aggregate. In practical engineering, concrete materials are often subjected to the combined action of external load and environmental factors. Simply considering the freeze–thaw effect cannot reflect the deterioration characteristics of coal gangue concrete, so that the popularization and application of coal gangue cannot be realized. Based on this, through bending load and freeze–thaw coupling test (stress level 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8), the mass loss rate, relative dynamic elastic modulus, damage layer thickness, and compressive strength of coal gangue concrete with a replacement rate of 40% were analyzed. The degradation characteristics of pore structure and interface transition zone of coal gangue concrete were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance test and microhardness test. The effects of different stress levels on pore size distribution, pore grade ratio, pore fluid characteristics, and interface zone characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the larger the bending stress ratio is, the faster the degradation of compressive strength and relative dynamic elastic modulus of coal gangue concrete is, the faster the thickness of damage layer increases, the larger the proportion of large pores in the specimen is, and the pore connectivity is enhanced. In addition, the interface area between coal gangue aggregate and mortar is the weak position of coal gangue concrete, and its thickness and microhardness are widened and decreased with the increase of stress level. The deterioration of the interface area makes the specimen close to failure.

Prediction of stiffness degradation based on machine learning: Axial elastic modulus of [0m /90n ]s composite laminates

This paper, for the first time, proposed an axial elastic modulus degradation prediction method of [0m/90n]s cross-ply laminates using a machine learning (ML) model. The data set of the ML model is established based on the published experiments and a small amount of finite element analysis (FEA) results. The effect of data size on the accuracy of ML prediction is also discussed. The proposed ML model focuses on the process of translating a mechanical problem of damage into a non-linear regression problem of ML, and the mapping between the input and output data, which is hopefully considered for some complex mechanical problems of composites. Meanwhile, the ML method also provides accurate and efficient solution for the engineering practice.

Damage Evolution of Concrete Piles Mixed with Admixtures in Marine Corrosion and Freeze-Thaw Environment

Marine corrosion and freeze-thaw environment will bring serious damage to marine concrete structures, leading to affect the safety and service life of structures. With the help of artificial climate and environment simulation laboratory, the variation of the compression strength and elastic modulus of concrete with the number of freeze-thaw cycles and corrosion time under the corrosion and freeze-thaw environment is studied. The results show that both of them firstly increase and then decrease with corrosion time. When the corrosion time is 270 d and the freeze-thaw time is 90 times, the strength of concrete decreases by 13% and the elastic modulus decreases by 5%. Then, based on the theory of damage mechanics, the damage evolution and constitutive model of concrete under the marine corrosion and freeze-thaw environment are established. Compared with the experimental results, it is found that the model can well describe the damage evolution characteristics of concrete under marine corrosion and freeze-thaw environment. Finally, a numerical model is established on the basis of elastic modulus and strength degradation model of concrete under marine corrosion and freeze-thaw environment. Elevated pile caps of concrete pile component are taken as an example to analyze the process of damage, and the change rules of displacement, deformation, and damage of concrete pile are obtained.

Bimodal AFM-Based Nanocharacterization of Cycling-Induced Topographic and Mechanical Evolutions of LiMn2O4 Cathode Films.

Evolution of LiMn2O4 mechanical property during charge/discharge cycles is a critical issue because it is closely related to the performance of lithium-ion batteries. Extensive studies have been conducted by first-principles calculations/molecular dynamics simulation at the atomic level and by the nanoindentation technique at the micron scale. In this study, cycling-induced topographic and mechanical evolutions of the LiMn2O4 films are investigated at the nanoscale using the bimodal atomic force microscopy (AFM), which provides a complementary approach to bridge the gap between atomic-level calculation and micron-scale measurement. The topographic change and elastic modulus degradation of the LiMn2O4 films during the charge/discharge cycles are found to occur simultaneously and irreversibly. Moreover, a dramatic decrease in the elastic modulus of the films takes place at the first 10 cycles, which is consistent with the significant loss of the capacity and the change of the Coulombic efficiency measured by the galvanostatic method. By considering the nanoscale phenomena and the macroscopic measurement results, the reasons for the elastic modulus degradation are discussed. This study would be a valuable addition to a better understanding of the degradation mechanisms of this cathode material.

Modelling of Springback in Tube Bending: A Generalized Analytical Approach

Bending is widely used for manufacturing of lightweight tubular parts and structures in many industrial clusters. In tube bending, springback is an important deformation behavior since it causes crucial problems related to the accuracy, quality, and properties of the bent tubular parts. This research presents a generalized analytical solution for springback in tube bending, enabling accurate and efficient analysis of springback for bending of general tubular materials, in particular, for the tubes with tension-compression asymmetry. Via comprehensively considering the critical parameters related to material, geometry, and process, the neutral layer shifting was analytically modeled for an accurate solution of stress/strain distributions in bending deformation. In tandem with this, by introducing the deformation history affected nonlinear degradation of elastic modulus and the dimensional change of tube section into the analysis of unloading process, an analytical springback model was established. By taking the rotary draw bending of high-strength titanium tubes as a case study, the developed analytical modelwas carefully evaluated, showing its good efficiency for springback prediction—particularly for the large-angle (≥ 90 deg.) forming cases with an average relative error below 5.79%. Based on the model, the effects of the critical parameters related to material, geometry, and process on neutral layer shifting, moment, and springback were thoroughly studied for a better understanding of the sensitivity of springback to these influential factors.

Effect of temperature on mechanical properties of ultra‐high performance concrete

SummaryHigh temperature mechanical property data are needed for evaluating fire resistance of structural members. Being a relatively new construction material, there is a lack of temperature‐dependent mechanical property data on ultra‐high performance concrete (UHPC). To address this knowledge gap, this paper presents results from an experimental study on the effect of temperature on mechanical properties of UHPC. Specimens made of two UHPC mixes: one with only steel fibers (UHPC‐S) and the other with hybrid fibers, that is, both steel and polypropylene (UHPC‐H), were tested under different heating conditions in 20 to 750°C temperature range. Compressive strength, tensile strength, stress‐strain response, and elastic modulus of UHPC were evaluated at various temperatures. Results generated from these property tests on UHPC were compared with property relations specified in design codes for conventional normal strength concrete (NSC) and high strength concrete (HSC). The comparisons show that UHPC experiences faster degradation in compressive strength and elastic modulus as compared to conventional concrete. However, UHPC exhibits slower degradation in tensile strength and ductility at elevated temperatures due to the presence of steel fibers. Data generated from these property tests were utilized to propose relations for expressing the mechanical properties of UHPC as a function of temperature and these relations can be used as input to numerical models for evaluating fire resistance of structures made of UHPC.

Artificial Intelligence for Damage Detection in Automotive Composite Parts: A Use Case

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The detection and evaluation of damage in composite materials components is one of the main concerns for automotive engineers. It is acknowledged that defects appeared in the manufacturing stage or due to the impact and/or fatigue loads can develop along the vehicle riding. To avoid an unexpected failure of structural components, engineers ask for cheap methodologies assessing the health state of composite parts by means of continuous monitoring. Non Destructive Technique (NDT) for the damage assessment of composite structures are nowadays common and accurate, but an on-line monitoring requires properties as low cost, small size and low power that do not belong to common NDT. The presence of a damage in composite materials, either due to fatigue cycling or low-energy impact, leads to progressive degradation of elastic moduli and strengths. Since there is a well-known relationship between the elastic modulus reduction and the amount of damage, the stiffness degradation can be used for the scope of detecting the position and the amount of damage that has taken place. Relying on these concepts, a novel strain-based damage sensing procedure is here proposed, that can identify damages in composite structures by processing strain measures from a distributed sensors network. To achieve this result a combined Machine Learning pipeline, composed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and One Class Support Vector Machine (OC-SVM) is proposed. First, PCA learns a linear transformation on the undamaged measurements to reduce the data dimensionality; secondly, OC-SVM trained to detect anomalies in the projected components. A cross-validation procedure is used to find the optimal pipeline configuration. The methodology is virtually tested on a carbon fiber suspension. The results suggest dropping the first components of the PCA to feed the classifier. In addition, results show the capability of the algorithm to detect anomalies in the component strain response.</div></div>