Bit Error Rate Performance Degradation Research Articles

이중 선택적 채널 OFDM 시스템을 위한 블록 선형 MMSE 등화 방식의 성능 분석

본 논문에서는 이중 선택적 채널 OFDM 시스템을 위한 블록 선형 MMSE(Minimum Mean Square Error) 등화 방식의 성능을 컴퓨터 모의실험을 통하여 분석한다. 블록 선형 MMSE 등화 방식의 BER(Bit Error Rate) 성능은 SNR(Signal-to-Noise Ratio)이 증가함에 따라 BER이 처음에는 감소하다가 SNR이 일정 값을 넘어서면 BER이 오히려 증가하는 다소 특이한 현상을 나타낸다. 본 논문에서는 블록 선형 MMSE 등화 과정에 포함된 선형연립방정식 계수 행렬의 상태수(condition number) 분석을 통하여 이러한 블록 선형 MMSE 등화 방식의 BER 특성을 규명하고 높은 SNR 값에서의 BER 성능 저하를 개선하는 새로운 방안을 제시한다. In this paper, we analyze the performance of the block linear MMSE equalization for OFDM systems in doubly selective channels by computer simulations. The block linear MMSE equalization shows somewhat unusual BER characteristics in that the BER curve drops at first as SNR increases but then rises up as SNR increases further beyond some point. In this paper, we investigate the BER characteristics of the block linear MMSE equalization by analyzing the condition number of the coefficient matrix in the linear system involved in the equalization process, and propose a new method to avoid the BER performance degradation at high SNR.

Collaborative spreading for the downlink of overloaded CDMA

AbstractA new scheme called ‘Collaborative Spreading’ is proposed for the downlink of CDMA to allow the sharing of the same spreading sequence by more than one user. In particular, it addresses the problem of user overloading and maintain the use of the same set of available orthogonal sequences and simple receiver structure. In this scheme, a total of K users are divided into G groups each containing T users which are collaboratively coded to form uniquely decodable composite codewords. These codewords are spread using a single sequence to perform the CDMA function between the groups. At the receiver, a low complexity maximum likelihood (ML) joint detection and decoding is carried out over a small set of allowed composite codewords to recover the desired user's data. Theoretical and simulation performance analysis of the bit error rate (BER) and user capacity are presented in different channel conditions. It is shown that the proposed collaborative spreading is a simple and very effective means for extending the user capacity at the cost of a modest degradation in BER performance compared with non‐overloaded fully orthogonal CDMA. It can achieve higher signal‐to‐interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and higher overloading ratio compared with Orthogonal CDMA/Orthogonal CDMA schemes and other group orthogonal CDMA schemes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Power Allocation in MISO Channel With Co-Ordinate Interleaving Technique

This paper addresses the issue of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction in multiple-input and single-output systems with a number of power allocation schemes. We propose a constellation-based power allocation scheme that is capable of achieving a lower PAPR when compared to the optimal power allocation scheme. Although this method of power allocation improves the PAPR performance, there is a slight degradation in bit error rate (BER) performance. However, the degradation in BER performance can be compensated through the use of co-ordinate interleaving technique. We also propose a constrained-optimal power allocation scheme with which it is possible to control the PAPR

Chaos-based multi-user time division multiplexing communication system

A chaos-based multi-user time division multiplexing (TDM) communication system has been proposed and its benchmark performance compared to that of the chaos-based direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system in the noisy and Rayleigh fading channels. The benchmark performance of the systems is investigated in terms of the bit error rate (BER) under the assumption of perfect synchronisation. The chaotic spreading signals, used to encrypt the binary messages, are generated using the logistic map. The degradation in performance of the systems in the Rayleigh fading channel when compared with the noisy channel is demonstrated. Furthermore, it is shown that in both noisy and Rayleigh fading channels, the chaos-based multi-user TDM system outperforms the chaos-based DS-CDMA system for a large number of users in the system, whereas the chaos-based DS-CDMA system yields better performance for low user numbers. The overall BER performance degradation for the chaos-based DS-CDMA multi-user system in noisy and Rayleigh fading channels is characterised by the flattening of the BER curves at low levels of noise due to the prevailing effects of the interuser interferences.

Modified sum-product algorithms for decoding low-density parity-check codes

The authors deal with the sum-product algorithm (SPA) based on the hyperbolic tangent (tanh) rule when it is applied for decoding low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Motivated by the finding that, because of the large number of multiplications required by the algorithm, an overflow in the decoder may occur, two novel modifications of the tanh function (and its inverse) are proposed. By means of computer simulations, both methods are evaluated using random-based LDPC codes with binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signals transmitted over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. It is shown that the proposed modifications improve the bit error rate (BER) performance up to 1 dB with respect to the conventional SPA. These results have also shown that the error floor is removed at BER lower than 10 -6 . Furthermore, two novel approximations are presented to reduce the computational complexity of the tanh function (and its inverse), based on either a piecewise linear function or a quantisation table. It is shown that the proposed approximations can slightly improve the BER performance (up to 0.13 dB) in the former case, whereas small BER performance degradation is observed (<0.25 dB) in the latter case. In both cases, however, the decoding complexity is reduced significantly

Performance Analysis of Maximum-Likelihood Multiuser Detection in Space–Time-Coded CDMA With Imperfect Channel Estimation

In this paper, the performance of maximum-likelihood multiuser detection in space-time-coded code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems with imperfect channel estimation is analyzed. A K-user synchronous CDMA system that employs orthogonal space-time block codes with M transmit antennas and N receive antennas is considered. A least-squares estimate of the channel matrix is obtained by sending a sequence of pilot bits from each user. The channel matrix is perturbed by an error matrix that depends on the thermal noise and the correlation between the signature waveforms of different users. Because of the linearity of the channel estimation technique, the characteristic function of the decision variable is used to obtain an exact expression for the pairwise error probability, and by using it, an upper bound on the bit error rate (BER) is obtained. The analytical BER bounds are compared with the BER obtained through simulations. The BER bounds are shown to be increasingly tight for large SNR values. It is shown that the degradation in BER performance due to imperfect channel estimation can be compensated by using a larger number of transmit/receive antennas

왈시-하다마다 변환과 DGT 기술을 이용한 OFDM 시스템의 PAPR 감소 및 BER성능향상을 위한 연구

왈시-하다마다 변환(Walsh-Hadamard Transform, WHT)을 적용한 OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) 변조방법은 시스템의 PAPR(Peak-to-Average Power Ratio)을 줄여주고, 시스템의 BER(Bit Error Rate) 성능을 향상시키는 장점이 있다. 그러나 기존의 이러한 왈시-하다마다 변환에 기반한 OFDM 시스템은 여전히 비교적으로 높은 PAPR문제가 있다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 DGT(Data Grouping Technique)이라고 부르는 기술을 제안하고, 이 기술과 왈시-하다마다 변환 기술을 적용하여 PAPR을 더욱 줄여주는 OFDM 시스템을 설계한다. 제안한 DGT기술은 WHT-OFDM뿐만 아니라 일반 OFDM에서 PAPR을 줄여주는 방법들 중에서 큰 단점이 되는 부가정보(side information)가 성능에 대해 독립성을 가진다는 특징이 있다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안한 시스템의 유용성을 검사하고 성능을 검증하였다. The conventional OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation can be combined with WHT (Walsh-Hadamard Transform) to reduce PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) and improve BER (Bit Error Rate) performance. However, this WHT-based OFDM system still suffers a relatively high PAPR. Therefore, we suggest a new technique, called DGT (Data Grouping Technique) and design an OFDM system employing it and WHT to further decrease PAPR without the BER performance degradation. h salient property of DGT is the independence of the side information which is inherently a principal drawback of the well-known PAPR reduction techniques for OFDM system as well as WHT-based OFDM. The simulation programs have been also performed to verify the validity of the proposed system.

Performance of broadband multicarrier DS-CDMA using space-time spreading-assisted transmit diversity

In this contribution multicarrier direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (MC DS-CDMA) using space-time spreading (STS)-assisted transmit diversity is investigated in the context of broadband communications over frequency-selective Rayleigh-fading channels. We consider the issue of parameter design for the sake of achieving high-efficiency communications in various dispersive environments. Furthermore, in contrast to conventional MC DS-CDMA schemes employing time (T)-domain spreading only, in this contribution we also investigate broadband MC DS-CDMA schemes employing both T-domain and frequency (F)-domain spreading, i.e., employing TF-domain spreading. The bit-error rate (BER) performance of STS-assisted broadband MC DS-CDMA is investigated for downlink transmissions associated with the correlation based single-user detector and the decorrelating multiuser detector. Our study demonstrated that when appropriately selecting the system parameters, broadband MC DS-CDMA using STS-assisted transmit diversity constitutes a promising downlink transmission scheme. This scheme is capable of supporting ubiquitous communications over diverse communication environments without BER performance degradation.

Co-channel interference cancellation for space--time coded OFDM systems

Space-time coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising scheme for future wideband multimedia wireless communication systems. The combination of space-time coding (STC) and OFDM modulation promises an enhanced performance in terms of power and spectral efficiency. Such combination benefits from the diversity gain within the multiple-input-multiple-output ST coded system and the matured OFDM modulation for wideband wireless transmission. However, STC transmit diversity impairs the system's interference suppression ability due to the use of multiple transmitters at each mobile. We propose an effective co-channel interference (CCI) cancellation method that employs angle diversity based on null-steering beamforming or minimum variance distortion response beamforming. It is shown that the proposed method can effectively mitigate CCI while preserving the space-time structure, thereby, significantly improving the system's interference suppression ability without significant bit-error rate performance degradation. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the proposed method can significantly combat the delay spread detrimental effects over multipath fading channels without the use of interleaving.

Multistage block-spreading for impulse radio multiple access through ISI channels

Transmitting digital information using ultra-short pulses, impulse radio (IR) has received increasing interest for multiple access (MA). When IRMA systems have to operate in dense multipath environments, the multiple user interference (MUI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) induced, adversely affect system capacity and performance. Analog IRMA utilizes pulse position modulation (PPM) and random time-hopping codes to mitigate ISI and suppress MUI statistically. We develop an all-digital IRMA scheme that relies on multistage block-spreading (MS-BS), and judiciously designed transceiver pairs to eliminate MUI deterministically, and regardless of ISI multipath effects. Our proposed MS-BS-IRMA system can accommodate a large number of users and is capable of providing different users with variable transmission rates, which is important for multimedia applications. Unlike conventional IRMA systems, MS-BS-IRMA exhibits no degradation in bit-error rate performance, as the number of users increases.