Building Deformation Research Articles

Application of Measuring Intelligent Robot in Building Deformation Monitoring

In the development of social economy, due to the scarcity of land resources and the improvement of people's aesthetic requirements, the construction technology continues to progress, and there are more and more super large, super high and novel buildings. People pay more and more attention to their construction safety and operation management safety. If the deformation amount and speed of the building exceed the safety range, it may endanger the safety of life and property. So, deformation monitoring is one of the important tasks. Due to the influence of observation time, location, observation environment and other factors, manual observation often cannot achieve satisfactory results. The main characteristics of intelligent measurement robot are automatic work and high measurement accuracy. Therefore, high-quality continuous observation can be achieved in building deformation monitoring. But the current application is still not perfect. How to apply intelligent measuring robot in building deformation monitoring and what application difficulties are the main problems discussed in this paper.

Deformations assessment during subway escalator tunnels construction by the method of artificial freezing of soil for the stage of ice wall formation

The work is devoted to the study of the processes of displacement and deformation of the surface during the escalator tunnels construction of the subway by the method of artificial freezing of soils. The features of the construction and freezing technology, the rocks characteristics in which the escalator tunnels made are considered. The data of specially organized, full-scale surveying observations of deformations on the earth surface are presented. The main factors influencing deformation processes in the frozen strata of a layered inhomogeneous rock mass with inclined tunneling are determined, the complexity of the predictive task and the need to simplify the design scheme are shown. The work is focused on the assessment of the least studied geomechanical processes of soil heaving-uplifts and deformations during the periods of active and passive freezing stages. When studying the displacements processes of the earth surface and rock mass, the finite element method and analysis of the obtained data using field observations of displacements were used. A simplified calculation scheme is proposed for modeling, which allows taking into account the uneven influence of frozen rocks of an inhomogeneous layered rock mass with a large inclined tunneling. The satisfactory convergence of the data of field surveying observations on the earth surface and the results of modeling geomechanical processes for the period of active and passive freezing stages is shown. The proposed calculation scheme is recommended for the prediction of deformation at the stages of underground construction, characterized by the development of the most dangerous tensile deformations of buildings and structures on the surface.

CHANGE IN STRENGTH PARAMETERS OF DISPERSED SOILS AFTER HIGH-FREQUENCY VIBRATION

The use of the technology of high-frequency sheet piles driving or extraction in conditions of weak, structurally unstable soils inevitably leads to a change in the structure of the soil. This is especially true for buildings which fall into the zone of influence. Often, foundation for historical buildings is water-saturated sands, spread by fluid and fluid-plastic clay soils. In the process of external dynamic action, the soil foundation is been destructing, so their strength and deformation parameters are reduced. In this case, the result of vibration effects on a dispersed water-saturated sample can be both compaction for sandy soil and decompaction of clay soils. These changes lead to additional deformations of buildings and structures of the surrounding area. Therefore, the issue of assessing the limits of applicability of vibration technology in certain conditions is relevant. The object of the study is the changes in the properties of clay soils of various consistencies after exposure to vibration. The results of laboratory studies to determine the strength parameters of dispersed soils after high-frequency vibration are presented. The results of field measurements by CPT "before", "after" vibration immersion and vibration extraction of sheet piles are considered. Comparison of the results of field and laboratory studies is carried out to identify patterns of change in the strength characteristics of weak soils under the influence of vibration loads. A tendency towards a decrease in the strength parameters of dispersed soils is shown. Currently, due to the insufficient number of laboratory and field studies to study the effect of high-frequency vibration on the change in the strength parameters of weak water-saturated clay soils, it is not possible to identify a clear dependence of the change in parameters on the time and frequency of vibration.

Cyclic Loading Response of Composite Corrugated Steel Plate Shear Walls - Smart Technic

The structural element within the whole structure contains structural elements like beams, slabs, columns and reinforced concrete walls. One of the most vertical structural elements is shear wall that built to giving stability to the building, resisting lateral force such as earthquake and wind and to reduce the building deformations. In present study, the analysis of corrugated vertical steel plate shear walls using finite element method by ABAQUS software is examined. Four different modes are analysed in which the first model is vertical corrugated steel shear wall plate, second is the composite shear wall with full interaction, third is the composite shear wall and finally the fourth model is composite shear wall with gap between concrete panel and steel frame to check out the full performance of different shear wall under the effects of cyclic loadings. Displacement, drift and energy dissipation will investigate throughout analysis. Analysis results indicated that the gap and composite action between steel and concrete panel play an important role on the performance of shear wall under cyclic loading. The decrease in displacement of composite shear wall as compared with the steel shear wall reach 11.86%.

The Role of Geotechnical Monitoring at Design of Foundation Structures and their Verification – Part 2

Abstract The main aim of the article is demonstrating successful design of spread foundations of a commercial centre building, where geotechnical monitoring allows us to check design efficiency and calculate reliability in comparison with real vertical deformation of building. Introduction to the case study area and building structure and foundations was done in previously published first part of the article in which engineering geological conditions were described. There was also presented a comparison of calculated vertical settlement of selected footings with the real geodetic measurement provided during construction time till the period of two years’ operation time after completion of civil works. Geotechnical engineers do not have many opportunities to evaluate their designs, especially when everything passes successfully. Our presented case study is one of the examples, which could be evaluated from the point of view of reliability index of design adjusted with real geodetic measurement. Index of reliability of selected foundations was calculated by deterministic probability methods. In order to evaluate thousands of statistical data combinations, programing tool in Python language was developed for batch processing calculation of vertical displacement of foundation in Plaxis software. Discussion part of the article contains the actual state of reliability theory in structural standards in Europe.

Monitoring Dynamic Deformation of Building Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

The height irregularity and complexity of steel structures bring difficulties to dynamic deformation monitoring. PDMS (photogrammetric dynamic monitoring system) can obtain the dynamic deformation of the steel structure, but the flexibility of monitoring is limited because the camera station can only be placed on the ground. In this study, UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) -PDMS is innovatively proposed to be used in monitoring dynamic deformation of steel structures, and it is verified in the steel frame test and Jinan Olympic Sports Center Tennis Stadium test. To solve the problem that the attitude of UAV cannot be strictly maintained in the hovering process, the improved Z-MP (zero-centered motion parallax) method is used, and the monitoring results are compared with the original Z-MP method. The feasibility of UAV-PDMS applied to steel structure deformation monitoring and the feasibility of improving the Z-MP method to reduce UAV hovering error are verified. The monitoring results showed that the steel structures of the Jinan Olympic Sports Center Tennis Stadium were robust, and the deformations were elastic and within the permissible value.

Antiseismic Method of Prestressed Fabricated Building Structure under Intelligent Big Data

Compared with traditional buildings, prefabricated buildings have the advantages of simple construction technology, low construction requirements, and shorter construction time, which can generate more economic benefits for the construction industry. In order to study the seismic capacity of prestressed fabricated building structures under intelligent big data, this article takes fabricated frame structures as the research object and the reinforced walls at the nodes as the starting point to study the damage patterns and energy dissipation capabilities of different seismic waves on the structure. In order to observe the overall seismic performance, the fabricated frame structure was used. The results of the study found that the prestressed fabricated building structure has the best seismic effect when the axial compression is 0.3, and the prestressed degree is below 0.5, which meets the seismic requirements. Therefore, the prestressed degree of the prestressed fabricated building structure should be below 0.5. According to statistics on the results of structural residual deformation and steel bar deformation of buildings under different seismic waves, it can be found that the prestressed fabricated building structure has better self-recovery ability and can better respond to earthquakes with different seismic waves.

Deformation and Seismic Monitoring Of A Residential Building Located In The Subsidence Zone Above Mining

Deformation and Seismic Monitoring Of A Residential Building Located In The Subsidence Zone Above Mining

The Application of Satellite Navigation System in Deformation Monitoring

Global satellite navigation system has become one of the top technical means in the world. The use of satellite navigation in many fields, such as deformation measurement, civil navigation, search resources, geodetic survey, auxiliary precision engineering monitoring and so on, can play its high precision positioning, all-weather monitoring and other technical characteristics. At the same time, satellite navigation system is combined with modern information technology. Internet technology and so on, which realizes the automatic collection, transmission, processing and analysis of safety monitoring data, and the application efficiency is maximized. The present situation and application of satellite navigation system to monitor the deformation of high-rise buildings are studied in this paper. Nowadays, more and more high-rise buildings in the world have sprung up like bamboo shoots. Therefore, how to realize the satellite navigation system to carry on the all-weather, the high precision, the high efficiency monitoring to the high-rise building, carries on the diagnosis to the dangerous signal in time, timely carries on the forecast to the future possible danger and the timely stop loss, this has the very important realistic significance. By reading the literature, the paper expounds the concepts of satellite navigation system, satellite navigation system and Internet technology in detail. The paper mainly takes the high-rise building scaffold as the object of deformation monitoring, and expounds the advantages and reliability of GPS as high-tech for deformation monitoring of high-rise buildings. Finally, through experimental design, the recognition of GPS technology by comparative method reflects the inestimable position of satellite navigation technology.

Понижение порядка сложных моделей с помощью инструментов Robust Control Toolbox

The city of Berezniki, Perm region is located on an underworked mine area. For several years, the city has been experiencing active subsidence of the soil, which provoke the destruction of buil-dings. Therefore, for several years now, the city's buildings and structures have been monitored, which makes it possible to analyze the degree of subsidence. Models of a sufficiently high order are used for an accurate analysis of the situation and forecasting. The article is about a possibility of modeling the deformation of buildings associated with soil subsidence, as a result of mine workings in the city of Berezniki. The purpose of the study is to consider the capabilities of the ‘Robust Control Toolbox’ for reducing the order of complexity of models. An example of an eight-story building included in the collection of reference examples for reducing models of linear dynamic systems is used. Materials and methods. Typical steps for solving the problem of model reduction are presented, commands and tools used to solve this problem are described. The parameters of the model in the state space are determined, which has 48 states, which are displacements or rates of change. The singular values of Hankel are used to select states that can be neglected. The model is reduced using an adaptive error boundary. Reduction using the multiplicative error bound is considered. Comparison of the results of reduction of the model by all described methods is carried out, the choice of the best method of reduction of the model is substantiated. Results. An analysis of the approximation error was performed for all the methods. The maximum relative error has been calculated. An example of calculating the order of the model for a given error value of 5% is given. The order of the result model is 34 states with the error less is then 1%, which is less than the original model. As a result, the AFCs of the original and reduced models, as well as the transient processes of the models, were constructed. The plots in the frequency domain of the models practically coincide, which indicates an adequate description of the system. Conclusions. As a result, it was shown that it is possible to reduce the size of the model by 14 orders of magnitude, goal achieved.

Tunneling-Induced Deformation of Bare Frame Structures on Sand: Numerical Study of Building Deformations

AbstractThe paper compares the performance of two FEM approaches in reproducing the response of bare frame structures to tunneling in dry dense sand. A fully coupled approach, in which the tunnel, ...

Analysis on accumulated deformation and stress of the steel roof of Beijing Opera House during construction

This paper aims to study the stress and deformation of large steel structure buildings in the actual construction process. Midas Gen finite element software is used to simulate and analyze the whole construction process of the curved reticulated shell roof, the peripheral steel columns and the permanent support. The stress and deformation results of the structure in the final construction state are compared with those in the design state under one-time loading. The results show that, in the final construction state, the maximum tensile stress and the maximum compressive stress are 1.9 times and 2.0 times of that in the design state under one-time loading respectively, which is very significant. When the design model is loaded with weight at one time, the maximum tensile stress and the maximum compressive stress of the structure both appear near the opening of the steel roof, while in the final construction state, the maximum tensile stress of the structure appears near the boundary frame beam, and the maximum compressive stress appears on the main ridge beam. The maximum vertical displacement of the structure in the final construction state is 2.0 times of that when the design model is loaded at one time. The maximum vertical displacement of the design state appears near the opening of the steel roof, while the maximum vertical displacement of the structure in the final construction state appears on the main ridge beam. In view of the above, the effective guidance for the construction of steel roof structure is provided in this paper to ensure the safety of the structure.

3D Behaviour of Buildings due to Tunnel Induced Ground Movement

Ground subsidence from tunnel excavation below existing buildings may result in building distortion and develop structural damage. Previous case histories have shown that buildings may deform three-dimensionally when the tunnel alignment is orientated to the building facade. The authors incorporated a three-dimensional distortion parameter called twist into damage assessment by extending the current beam model to three dimensions. In this study, the new method is reviewed, and the concepts of the local and global twists are discussed. Results of a 3D Finite Element (FE) parametric study of global and local twist deformations of buildings due to tunnel-induced ground movement are compared in temporary and permanent cases during and after the construction of the tunnel. To investigate the behaviour of a twisted building, varying building stiffness, building geometry, and orientation angle are considered in the analyses. Comparison of the global and local twist shows that the global twist is not always the maximum twist during or after excavation of the tunnel. However, because of the temporary nature of the local twist, the global twist is still considered more critical than the local twist in terms of damage to the building. A new modification factor for the twist for different building stiffness factor is being proposed in the form of design graph. The design graph is included in the current three-stage procedure for assessing potential building damage. The modified procedure is used to predict the performance of a case study building affected by tunnel construction.

Mechanics, modeling and seismic behavior of a dual-core self-centering brace in series with a frictional gusset connection

An all-steel dual-core self-centering brace (DC-SCB) has been developed to provide a self-centering and energy-dissipative response, which can reduce residual deformations of buildings in a large earthquake. The self-centering property of the brace is provided by elastic tensioning elements, but the surpassing yield strain of the tensioning elements under loading may decrease the elastic restoring force and increase the residual displacement of the brace. A high-performance DC-SCB that has a DC-SCB in series with a frictional gusset connection (FGC) is proposed to prevent the initial force of tensioning elements from decreasing by the FGC movement. The mechanics and the hysteretic response of the high-performance DC-SCB are first presented. The DC-SCBs with and without the FGC are modeled by a finite element program to verify the cyclic performance and the advantage of using the FGC. Then, a 5275 mm-long high-performance DC-SCB is tested for the verification; a full-scale one-story frame with a high-performance DC-SCB is also cyclically tested. Test results show that the local buckling of the beam occurred at 1.5% drift; the FGC activation and the beam lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) occurred at 2.3% drift. Moreover, three ten-story frames with and without the high-performance DC-SCB are analyzed to (1) validate the modeling scheme of the DC-SCB in series with the FGC, and (2) evaluate the seismic responses in earthquake motions. The high-performance DC-SCB is demonstrated to prevent the PT elements from exceeding the elastic deformation limit by using the additional FGC device in series at the brace end. However, an unexpected residual gap at the brace end after the FGC activation causes un-symmetric brace response in subsequent loading.

TLS-FEM INTEGRATED STRUCTURAL DEFORMATION ANALYSIS ON THE BEAMLESS HALL AT NANJING, CHINA

Abstract. A method integrating terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and finite element modelling (FEM) is proposed in this study. It aims at assessing the structural deformation of a historic brick-masonry building, the Beamless Hall at Linggu Temple in Nanjing, China. The building was composed of a series of vaults and arches, the largest among whom spans over 11m. TLS (Z+F Imager5010X) was used to collect 3D point cloud with high density. Point slices and geometric feature computation (verticality) were employed to detect geometric displacement quantitatively and intuitively. FEM-simulation was based on an ideal 3D model ignoring geometric anomalies. Results show that the Beamless Hall has inherent structural defect owing to its asymmetric layout along the transverse axis. Computing geometric feature of point cloud is fast and intuitive to detect and show geometric deviation. Inferred by FEM-simulated results and TLS-based deviation analysis, the building’s asymmetrical layout under self-weight is probably the main reason causing its structural deformation. Further developments include FEM based on as-built geometry, corrected materials parameters, and a comprehensive geometric deviation analysis.

The role of expansion joints for traditional buildings affected by the curvature of the mining area

The work presents the impact of mining exploitation on residential buildings located in Bytom - in Silesian Voivodeship, in the south of Poland. This is one of the most interesting mining areas in the country. Exploitation works performed here for several decades still give the opportunity to study in a wide range the negative impact of mining activities on buildings. The research focused mainly on the impact of the variable curvature of the mining area on two multi-family residential buildings with similar construction characteristics, erected at the beginning of the last century in traditional brick technology. These objects similar in terms of construction details differ essentially in that the first one is divided by expansion joints while the second one is built continuously, without expansion joints. Both buildings were monitored geodesically during the passage of the exploitation front under them. The measuring work lasted over two years. Based on the observations carried out, the time-varying, real dependence between the size of building deformations and the surface area in their vicinity was obtained. The obtained results were the source data for numerical analyzes capturing the impact of the deforming mining area on the state of stress in the structure of objects. The main purpose of the analyzes was to illustrate the role of expansion joints in buildings subjected to the influence of curvature of the mining origin.

MODELS, METHODS, AND MEANS OF REPRODUCTION OF EXPERT KNOWLEDGE IN INTELLIGENT SUPPORT SYSTEM BUILDING-TECHNICAL EXPERTISE

The paper is devoted to solving such a scientific and practical problem as the creation of computerized infocommunication systems for support building-technical expertise to determine the causes of destruction and deformation of buildings and structures. The analysis of the current state of expert activity within the framework of building-technical expertise is carried out. Perspective directions of the introduction of intelligent infocommunication systems in the course of performance of building-technical expertise and expert researches are outlined. The architecture of Intelligent Support System Building-Technical Expertise and the communication scheme of experts with the system are shown. To mapping expert knowledge formalized in the form of fuzzy associative rules to the memory card of the Cascade ARTMAP category fuzzy artificial neural network, it is proposed to use a fuzzy Mamdani-type inference system. The main input data, on the basis of which a fuzzy conclusion is realized to establish the degree of influence of various environmental factors on the technical condition of buildings and structures, are systematized and presented in a form acceptable for processing by computerized systems. At the same time, the main focus is on the study of facilities that are built and operated on subsidence loess soils. The process of formalization of heuristics, which is based on the formation of associations related to information on the position of signs of deterioration of the technical condition of the objects of expertise and the position of the changed soil, is described. Examples of interpretation and fuzzification of input information on soil properties, characteristics of the soil base of the object of building-technical expertise, and the surrounding area are given. The described approach provides an opportunity to reduce the risks of making wrong decisions by using the system as an intelligent database. The use of an artificial fuzzy neural network of the Cascade ARTMAP category gives the system the ability to form an expert conclusion on the degree of influence of various environmental factors on the technical condition of objects in the fuzzy conditions of a partially observed environment.

Geodetic monitoring of deformations of engineering structures

Unfortunately, all kinds of anthropogenic and natural factors contribute to the deformation of man-made structures. Geodetic control of buildings and structures, timely detection and elimination of deformations is a guarantee of long-term operation of the building. Monitoring is one of the most important tools to ensure the reliability and safety of multi-storey and large-scale buildings and structures during construction and operation. A significant amount of instrumental control during construction and operation is carried out by geodetic methods. Geodetic methods are used to determine both local and general deformations of buildings and structures, deviations of load-bearing, fencing structures from vertical and design drawings, foundations and soil settlements, through which the technical condition of the building or structure is specially assessed. Today, the analysis of deformations is an important task for every region of our country, especially for areas with changes in the earth's surface. The field of deformation research in the Republic of Kazakhstan is quite developed and there are many necessary materials to identify such changes. In our country, special services are organized to control any benchmarks and analyze the results of high-precision measurements in several cycles to detect any changes on the earth's surface. Therefore, this article provides an overview of both the classical methods of geodetic control and the tools and technologies used to determine the quantitative characteristics of the deformation of engineering objects.

Application of Green Building Design Based on the Internet of Things in the Landscape Planning of Characteristic Towns

China is a large agricultural country. In the past, relying on the accumulation of agriculture and the contribution of farmers, it laid a solid foundation for China’s economic construction. However, with the improvement of the national economy and industrialization system, the dual structure of urban and rural areas has become more and more obvious, and the broad masses of farmers have not enjoyed the fruits of industrialization and urbanization. Based on the theoretical research on green rural dwellings, drawing lessons from relevant theories and cases at home and abroad, this paper proposes green rural construction techniques suitable for northern China and studies how to participate in the whole process of rural construction in an all-round way. In the middle and late stages, green concepts should be integrated, especially considering the feasibility of three-star farmhouse standards, from land saving (land planning), energy saving (environmental protection structure, heating, ventilation, and new energy utilization), water saving (rainwater collection and greening), material saving (resource reuse and on-site materials), and indoor environmental quality control (noise control and anticondensation), these five aspects are used to design buildings. The deformation monitoring system can monitor the deformation of agricultural building structures in real time. The experimental results show that the Internet-based agricultural building deformation monitoring system studied in this paper can perform real-time deformation monitoring of various agricultural buildings, thereby improving the safety of agricultural buildings and ensuring agriculture the safety of production, and transportation plays an important role in the protection and accumulation of agricultural information loss. The service life of the building is increased by at least 30%. It is hoped that the research results in this article can provide guidance and reference for the construction and planning of beautiful rural areas. In the future, the construction of beautiful villages will be more beautiful and more distinctive.

Influence of steel ratio on the vertical deformation of super high-rise building

Taking a super high-rise project as the research object, considering the shrinkage and creep characteristics of concrete and different steel ratio, MIDAS/Gen is used to simulate the construction process of the structure. The results show that different steel ratio has an impact on the vertical deformation and the vertical deformation difference. In the design stage, the reinforcement amount should be increased appropriately, so as to reduce the vertical deformation difference between the core tube and the outer frame column.