Deformation Values Research Articles

Identification and Deformation Characteristics of Active Landslides at Large Hydropower Stations at the Early Impoundment Stage: A Case Study of the Lianghekou Reservoir Area in Sichuan Province, Southwest China

Reservoir impoundment imposes a significant triggering effect on bank landslides. Studying the early identification of landslides and their stability concerning reservoir water levels and rainfall is vital for guaranteeing the safety of residents and infrastructure in reservoir regions. This study proposed a method for establishing a dynamic inventory of active landslides at large hydropower stations using integrated remote sensing techniques, demonstrated at Lianghekou Reservoir. We employed interferometric stacking synthetic aperture radar (stacking-InSAR) technology, small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) technology, and optical satellite images to identify and catalogue active landslides. Moreover, we conducted field investigations to examine the deformation characteristics of landslides. Finally, Pearson’s correlation analysis was employed to evaluate the response between deformation values, reservoir water levels, and rainfall. The results revealed 75 active landslides, including 12 long-term active landslides before impoundment and 63 new landslides after impoundment, which were primarily concentrated in the Waduo and Yazho–Zatou regions. The correlation coefficient between landslide deformation values and the reservoir level was high (0.93), while the correlation coefficient with rainfall was low (0.57). The results of this research offer a crucial foundation for preventing and mitigating landslides in reservoir areas.

Optimization Method of Floating Fixture Layout for Distortion Control of Low-Stiffness Thin-Walled Beams.

The aim is to reduce the elastic deformation of the web and side walls of low-stiffness thin-walled beams when the floating fixture method is used. This paper takes the number and position of fixture points as the optimization variables, establishes a calculation model of elastic deformation, and constructs the objective function of maximum total elastic deformation. An optimized solution utilizing the augmented multiplier method is employed, which forms the basis for the fixture layout optimization method to reduce the elastic deformation of low-stiffness thin-walled beams. A theoretical calculation, simulation analysis, and the fixture layout optimization of total maximum elastic deformation were completed using an aluminum alloy low-stiffness thin-walled beam as an example. The results show that based on the optimized layout, the average relative error between the calculated value and the simulated value of total maximum elastic deformation is 17.43%, and the simulated value of maximum elastic deformation is reduced by 48.49% after optimizing the fixture layout. The measured value is reduced by 0.02 mm on average, and deformation is reduced by 74.07%, which verifies the effectiveness of the floating fixture layout optimization control of machining elastic deformation proposed in this paper.

Thermal modeling of variable process parameter effects in powder bed fusion using electron beam

Purpose This study aims to develop a novel thermal modeling strategy to simulate electron beam powder bed fusion at part scale with machine-varying process parameters strategy. Single-bead and part-scale experiments and modeling were studied. Scanning strategies were described by the process controlling functions that enabled modeling. Design/methodology/approach The finite element analysis thermal model was used along with the powder bed fusion with electron beam experiments. The proposed strategy involves dividing a part into smaller sections and creating meso-scale models for each subsection. These meso-scale models take into consideration the variable process parameters, including power and velocity of the moving heat source, during part building. Subsequently, these models are integrated to perform partscale simulations, enabling more realistic predictions of thermal accumulation and resulting distortions. The model was built and validated with single-bead experiments and bulky parts with different features. Findings Single-bead experiments demonstrated an average error rate of 6%–24% for melt pool dimension prediction using the proposed meso-scale models with different scanning control functions. Part-scale simulations for three different geometries (cantilever beams with supports, bulk artifact and topology-optimized transfer arm) showed good agreement between modeled temperature changes and experimental deformation values. Originality/value This study presents a novel approach for electron beam powder bed fusion modeling that leverages meso-scale models to capture the influence of variable process parameters on part quality. This strategy offers improved accuracy for predicting part geometry and identifying potential defects, leading to a more efficient additive manufacturing process.

An Assessment of the Mechanical Deformation Behavior of Three Different Clear Aligner Materials: A Digital Image Correlation Analysis

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the deformation behavior of three different clear aligner systems, CA® Pro+ Clear Aligner (Scheu Dental, Iserlohn, Germany), Taglus Premium (Taglus Company, Mumbai, India), and Spark Trugen (Ormco Corp., Orange, CA, USA), under compression testing, using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 patients were treated with each of the three aligner systems, resulting in 45 sets of aligners. Each aligner set was fixed on the 3D-printed dental arches and then in an articulator. Then, the samples were subjected to occlusal forces using a purpose-built test stand to allow for controlled force application and precise displacement determination. The DIC technique was used for capturing the deformation behavior, providing detailed strain and displacement fields. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests with a significance of 0.05. Results: The results indicate that the Spark system exhibited the most substantial rigid displacement. Furthermore, the elastic deformation values of the Spark and Taglus systems were significantly higher than those of the CA Pro+ system (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The Spark Trugen clear aligner system demonstrated a lower stability to rigid displacement and elastic deformation under compression testing compared to the Scheu CA® Pro+ Clear Aligner and Taglus Premium. All three tested clear aligner systems showed an increased resistance to elastic displacement and rigid deformation in the mandibular arch.

Optimization of structural reinforcement assessment for architectural heritage digital twins based on LiDAR and multi-source remote sensing

This study investigates the geometric modelling of architectural heritage digital twins constructed based on multi-source point cloud data and its effectiveness in structural reinforcement assessment. Particular emphasis has been placed on the use of static stiffness rules to identify areas of structural weakness in the geometric models of digital twins and the need for their reinforcement, in order to prevent potential structural problems and to ensure the long-term preservation of the built heritage. Taking Yingxian wooden pagoda as a study case, based on the collection of multi-source point cloud data, the digital twin geometric model is constructed through fine modelling, decoupling of digital models, and geometric transformation. This enhances the true reflection of the column-architrave structure morphology, providing a more accurate model for structural stress analysis. Based on verifying the accuracy of the digital twin geometric model, the instability conditions are identified through static stiffness rules and the deformation values at multiple points are analyzed, enabling precise identification of weak areas in the column-architrave structure. Two types of reinforcement measures are designed and simulated for the structural weak areas identified through the geometric modelling, and the optimal reinforcement scheme is obtained after detailed analysis, according to which specific adjustments and optimization strategies are proposed to enhance the overall stability and durability of the structure. The results showed that the maximum deformation value of 4.65 mm existed in column M2W23, which required reinforcement. Aluminum reinforcement reduced the deformation to 3.5 mm (24.7% reduction), while CFRP fabric reinforcement was more effective, reducing the deformation to 2.8 mm (39.7% reduction), showing high stability. The research results demonstrate the potential application of digital twin technology in architectural heritage preservation and restoration, providing methodological and empirical guidance for heritage preservation research.

Centrifuge tests on the deformation law of pipelines crossing slopes with different water contents

The deformation law of pipelines crossing landslide areas is an important prerequisite for the scientific design of pipelines. Most current studies find it difficult to simulate the real stress and strain state of pipelines on site. This study conducted two centrifuge model tests to observe pipeline failure indicators (deformation, stress, strain) and slope failure indicators (crack width, soil pressure, landslide displacement) in response to changes in acceleration. The experimental findings align with the results obtained from numerical simulations. The findings indicate that slope failure with high moisture content is more serious. At a moisture content of 15%, the slope has a maximum displacement of 70 mm in close reach to the buried pipeline. The pipeline has a “bimodal distribution” of strain along its axial length. The largest amount of deformation occurs at a distance of L/4 from the center of the pipeline, and the deformation value is 9000 με. Moreover, the maximum deformation in the mid-span is 21 mm, which corresponds to the result accumulated from the numerical simulation. Thus, the pipeline needs to improve the disaster prevention capabilities at the mid-span and L/4 of the pipeline.

MODIFICATION OF BUCKWHEAT HUSK POWDER AND CREATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL ON ITS BASIS

Abstract Waste of plant origin is becoming increasingly relevant for use as fillers in polymer matrices to create new composite materials. In this study, a composite material based on biodegradable thermoplastic polylactide (PLA) and buckwheat husks (BHS) was prepared. L-PLA IngeoTM Biopolymer 4043D in pellet form (Nature Works LLC, USA) was chosen as the base for the polymer matrix. BHS in the form of fine powder (harvested in 2023) was used as a plant filler. In order to purify the raw material from dust and pathogenic bacteria, as well as to increase the adhesion ability of the material, BHS was treated with 4% alkaline solution (NaOH). Modification of the filler was carried out using organosilicon resin K-9 (manufacturer Khimprodukt LLC, Lyubertsy, Russia). The filler was added to the material in the ratio of 22 %, 32%, 42% by weight of the product. A technology for modification of BHS powder is proposed, which makes it possible to significantly increase the wetting angle from 59.47±1.59° to 95.6±1.35°. The strength properties and water absorption resistance of the developed composites with different weight ratios of PLA/ BHS are investigated. The modification of the filler changes the structure and properties of BHS, as well as contributes to the improvement of strength properties. At the ratio PLA 68 wt.% / modified BHS 32 wt.% the composite material has the following characteristics: density - 1342 kg/m3, bending strength – 21.31 MPa, maximum deformation value – 0.22 mm, Vickers hardness at a load of 200 g – 20.21, water absorption – 1.9%. Research on the utilization of plant components will make it possible to integrate into industry innovative products based on renewable and biodegradable resources that will meet all societal needs and contribute to the preservation of the environment and exhaustible resources.

Assessment of the utilization of cement-treated geotextile as a reinforcement element for highway base layer under cyclic loading

This study conducted large-scale cyclic loading experiments on the base layer overlying a weak subgrade soil. Geotextile and cement-treated geotextile were utilized to reinforce the base material and to separate the interface of soils between the base layer and the subgrade. The results obtained from the repeated loading tests using geotextile and cement-treated geotextile were analyzed and evaluated in terms of some benchmark indicators such as total deformation, permanent deformation, elastic deformation, percentage of elastic deformation, traffic benefit ratio (TBR), elastic modulus (MR), improvement factor (If), and rut depth reduction ratio (RDR). Based on the experimental results, the use of cement-treated geotextile as a base layer reinforcement element or as an interfacial separation element demonstrated better performance compared to the use of geotextile. Utilization of a cement-treated geotextile as both reinforcement and separation element resulted in an RDR value of 49.26 % after 5000 cycles. Additionally, using a cement-treated geotextile for both reinforcement and separation increased the TBR value to 14.62 at 27 mm deformation, decreased the permanent deformation value from 53.67 mm to 27.23 mm, and approached approximately 2 improvement factor values, compared to using the geotextile solely for separation.

Advanced myocardial deformation echocardiography for evaluation of the athlete's heart: Functional and mechanistic analysis

BackgroundAssessment of the athlete's heart is challenging because of a phenotypic overlap between reactive physiological adaptation and pathological remodelling. The potential value of myocardial deformation remains controversial in identifying early cardiomyopathy. AimTo identify the echocardiographic phenotype of athletes using advanced two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging, and to define predictive factors of subtle left ventricular systolic dysfunction. MethodsIn total, 191 healthy male athletes who underwent a preparticipation medical evaluation at Nancy University Hospital between 2013 and 2020 were included. Clinical and echocardiographic data were compared with 161 healthy male subjects from the STANISLAS cohort. Borderline global longitudinal strain value was defined as<17.5%. ResultsAthletes demonstrated lower left ventricular ejection fraction (57.9±5.3% vs. 62.6±6.4%; P<0.01) and lower global longitudinal strain (17.5±2.2% vs. 21.1±2.1%; P<0.01). No significant differences were found between athletes with and without a borderline global longitudinal strain value regarding clinical characteristics, structural echocardiographic features and exercise capacity. A borderline global longitudinal strain value was associated with a lower endocardial global longitudinal strain (18.8±1.2% vs. 22.7±1.9%; P=0.02), a lower epicardial global longitudinal strain (14.0±1.1% vs. 16.6±1.2%; P<0.01) and a higher endocardial/epicardial global longitudinal strain ratio (1.36±0.07 vs. 1.32±0.06; P<0.01). No significant difference was found regarding mechanical dispersion (P=0.46). ConclusionsBorderline global longitudinal strain value in athletes does not appear to be related to structural remodelling, mechanical dispersion or exercise capacity. The athlete's heart is characterized by a specific myocardial deformation pattern with a more pronounced epicardial layer strain impairment.

Prediction of Surface Subsidence in Mining Areas Based on Ascending-Descending Orbits Small Baseline Subset InSAR and Neural Network Optimization Models.

Surface subsidence hazards in mining areas are common geological disasters involving issues such as vegetation degradation and ground collapse during the mining process, which also raise safety concerns. To address the accuracy issues of traditional prediction models and study methods for predicting subsidence in open-pit mining areas, this study first employed 91 scenes of Sentinel-1A ascending and descending orbits images to monitor long-term deformations of a phosphate mine in Anning City, Yunnan Province, southwestern China. It obtained annual average subsidence rates and cumulative surface deformation values for the study area. Subsequently, a two-dimensional deformation decomposition was conducted using a time-series registration interpolation method to determine the distribution of vertical and east-west deformations. Finally, three prediction models were employed: Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), BPNN optimized by Genetic Algorithm (GA-BP), and BPNN optimized by Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABC-BP). These models were used to forecast six selected time series points. The results indicate that the BPNN model had Mean Absolute Errors (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Errors (RMSE) within 7.6 mm, while the GA-BP model errors were within 3.5 mm, and the ABC-BP model errors were within 3.7 mm. Both optimized models demonstrated significantly improved accuracy and good predictive capabilities.

Surface Deformation Time-Series Monitoring and Stability Analysis of Elevated Bridge Sites in a Coal Resource-Based City

The viaduct is an important infrastructure for urban sustainable development, but it will inevitably pass through a coal mining subsidence area in coal resource-based cities, which poses a threat to the construction and operation of the viaduct. However, there is a lack of research on long time-series monitoring and assessing the safety of elevated bridges above subsidence areas, both domestically and internationally. In this study, a resource-based city viaduct in Shandong, China, was selected as the research object, utilizing SBAS-InSAR technology for deformation monitoring during bridge construction and post-opening phases. The viaduct based on the goaf was analyzed by the key settlement subsection. Before completing construction (March 2019 to December 2020), research revealed that the cumulative maximum deformation in the bridge area was 44mm and the maximum uplift was 22 mm, with overall stability in the underlying subsidence area. After completion (January 2021 to July 2023), the cumulative maximum deformation value in the elevated bridge area was 10mm and the maximum uplift was 6 mm, indicating minimal fluctuations over three years, maintaining overall stability. This stable condition ensures the safety of construction and operation of regional elevated bridges. These findings not only support the safe operation of bridges in underlying subsidence areas but also provide a new approach to sustainable areas globally, especially in coal resource-based urban areas.

Research on Accurate Detection Algorithm for the Cross-Section of Shale Gas Casing Deformation Pipe String Based on Laser Ranging

Under shear and non-uniform loads, the deformation of the section shape of a casing results in an irregular section, and the spatial continuity is poor. The change in the distance between the wall of the casing before and after stress is recorded to analyze the deformation of the casing, and the distance value is taken as the key characteristic of the casing. A large number of the key characteristic values of shale gas casing deformation can be obtained by using the circular traversal detection method. At the same time, this article focuses on the center deviation between the laser sensor axis and the pipe string axis, as well as on the disturbance problem during measurement. An eccentricity error correction algorithm is derived to correct the eccentricity error that occurs during the detection process, and then we use interpolation algorithms to draw cubic spline curves to improve detection accuracy. The test results show that the algorithm can effectively eliminate eccentricity errors in measurement and achieve the accurate measurement of deformation casing characteristic values, which can provide basic data for the study of a shale gas casing deformation mechanism.

Structural computational analysis of conventional and self-designed rover wheel architectures for extraterrestrial roving application

The technical advancements in robotics have closely been followed by developments in aerospace excavation robots. This research elucidates self-designed shape memory alloy wheels for their use in Lunar Excavations, which attributes to the new era of space exploration robots. The wheel design proves to be of paramount importance as crucial operations such as mobility, steering, and traction control build upon wheel design. A comparison has been made between Aluminium alloy, Structural Steel, and Shape Memory alloy (Nitinol) wheels for both conventional and self-designed wheel architectures. Wheel architecture tests and their results are articulated with the aid of simulation. The significant performance parameters, primarily Total Deformation, Equivalent Stress, and Shear stress-induced, were analyzed, which articulates the performance of the wheel at the time of landing. It was observed that for both wheel designs: self-designed and conventional, the maximum total deformation was 0.011154 mm and 1.3573 mm, respectively, when Aluminium alloy was chosen as the base material. For Steel and Nitinol, the self-designed wheel structure proved to perform better than the conventional wheel design with lower values of total deformation (0.0041129 mm and 0.010968 mm, respectively).

Design and Analysis of Finger Prosthetics Using Finite Element Methods

According to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the total number of physically disabled people in Indonesia until 2020 reached 22.5 million people. However, only around 18% use assistive devices. 3D printing technology in the world of health can be used to print prosthetic materials. However, many previous functional prosthetic designs were still fabricated conventionally and did not pay attention to prosthetic standards and quality. One computational testing method that can be used to test prosthetic strength is the finite element method. The aim of this research is to produce a functional finger prosthetic design that has tested its strength through computational simulations using the finite element method to minimize prosthetic production costs so that the resulting prosthetics are more affordable.The tools needed in this research are a ruler for finger measurements and a computer or laptop with Fusion 360 software.Based on the analysis results, it shows that this model is able to withstand loads of up to 100 N with deformation, stress and safety factor values produced respectively of 0.016 mm, 27,605 MPa and 7.49.

The 3-year follow-up of a fully biodegradable implantable device closure for perimembranous ventricular septal defects in children using echocardiography.

The aim of this study was to investigate the morphologic changes of a novel fully biodegradable implantable device after closing a perimembranous ventricular septal defect (Pm-VSD) and to evaluate the effect of the occluder on the myocardial function in patients during a 3-year follow-up period. One-year, 2-year, and 3-year follow-ups were carried out after implantation with a total of 30 Pm-VSD patients who had successful closure by the fully biodegradable occluder. In total, 30 healthy children were enrolled as controls. At discharge and at every follow-up visit, the lengths of the left and right discs of the novel device were measured in the apical three- and four-chamber as well as short-axis views. At the end of the follow-up, using three-dimensional speckle-tracking conditions, the values of myocardial deformation, including global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain, and global area strain, were acquired. The fully bioabsorbable double-disc occluder gradually decreased over time and was eventually invisible under echocardiographic scanning during the follow-up (p < 0.05). At the end of the third year, there were no significant differences in the myocardial deformation parameters between the cases implanted with the novel devices and the controls; no significant differences were found between the basal segments of the ventricle septa and that of the left ventricle (LV) free wall among the patients who completed the Pm-VSD closure using the fully biodegradable occluder (p > 0.05). The novel fully biodegradable occluder is a safe, effective, and perfect alternative for the treatment of VSD. Echocardiography plays a crucial role in the follow-up of this new type of occluder implantation.

Surface deformation analysis due to the Poso earthquake on May 29, 2017 using the DInSAR method

Abstract Deformation can be a significant parameter in determining the presence and impact of an earthquake. The amount of deformation can be obtained from SAR image data using the InSAR and DinSAR methods. The DinSAR (Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) method is a well-developed method for observing subsidence and uplift with high accuracy in centimeters (cm). In this study, SAR imagery is used to detect surface deformation caused by the earthquake was happened on May 29, 2017, at 21:35:23 WIB in the Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi. The data used is Sentinel-1 satellite imagery data in single-look complex (SLC) format consisting of Master image recorded on May 19, 2017 (10 days before the main earthquake occurred) and Slave image recorded on May 31, 2017 (2 days after the main earthquake occurred). The interferogram formed during the Poso earthquake is around the main earthquake directions from the Southwest, South, to the Southeast. The amount of deformation generated in the deformation phase (wrapped phase) is in the form of negative and positive phase values. Negative phase values indicate areas experiencing deformation in the form of subsidence. The positive phase values indicate areas experiencing uplift. The results of unwrapping the SAR imagery obtained a maximum uplift deformation value of 0.0663 meters, spread over the areas of North Pesisir Poso District, Lore Peore District, Central Lore District, South Coastal Poso District, and East Lore District. The maximum subsidence deformation values (0.076 meters) that are quite large are spread in the North Coastal Poso District, Poso Coastal District, Lage District, and Lore Tengah District.

Melatonin's protective role against Bisphenol F and S-induced skeletal damage: A morphometric and histological study in rat

This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of Bisphenol F and S exposure on the skeletal structures of Sprague-Dawley rats. Given the increasing concern about the potential endocrine-disrupting effects of Bisphenol analogs on bone health, this research sought to elucidate their impact in conjunction with Melatonin. Using 80 male Sprague Dawley rats, bones were subjected to a 3-point bending test to assess mechanical properties, and histopathological evaluation was conducted after fixation and decalcification. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. The results of the mechanical tests revealed significant differences in deformation and elastic modulus values between groups treated with Bisphenol F+Melatonin and Bisphenol S+Melatonin compared to the control groups. However, the histological images showed no significant differences between the groups. In the discussion, it was noted that the injection of Bisphenol F and Melatonin together increased bone hardness, suggesting that Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S may mitigate the negative effects of melatonin on bone. We attributed the absence of histological differences to the male gender of the studied rats and previous exposure considerations. This study shows that Melatonin can reduce Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S′ rapid adjustment effects and increase bone elasticity. The side effects of Bisphenol F and S, as well as the prophylactic effects of Melatonin, can be observed and improved by carefully adjusting the duration, dose, and gender selection.

Design and simulation of internal planetary wheel plunger-type ring molding machine for biomass pellets

Key components of the existing external meshing dorsal spine plunger-type molding machine were modeled in three dimensions, and the fatigue life analysis of the molding machine spindle was carried out by using Ansys software. Due to the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the material ring mold, and pressure roller in the granulation process, there are a lot of contacts and collisions. Using the linear mechanics model is difficult to analyze. To achieve more accurate and realistic results, an Edem-Ansys joint coupled simulation was carried out for the pressure roller and ring mold engagement process. The results showed that the stress concentration point and fatigue weak region of the spindle occurred at the shaft cross-section, where the stress value should be less than 0.75 F. The maximum stresses and strains in the engagement process of the pressure roller and the ring die body occurred at the engagement point. The maximum values of deformation, stress, and strain were 0.039 mm, 412 MPa, and 0.002 mm/mm, respectively, which are all within the reasonable range and meet the design requirements.

Experience in using ceramics (Si3N4) as a material for rolling bearings of high-speed machines

To analyse the influence of the material of the rolling elements (steel and ceramics) of a high-speed ball bearing on the stresses in the contact zone of the rolling elements and rings and on friction losses in the contact zone.The study considers the outer ring of an angular contact ball bearing, which is loaded with additional centrifugal force. A nonstationary nonlinear volumetric interaction problem between the ball and the raceway was solved to determine the contact angle using the “DYNA” application package. The values of contact stresses for ceramic and steel rolling elements of a hybrid ball bearing are determined, as well as the value of deformations of balls and raceways based on Hertz's theory. The specific friction power deals with the differential slipping of the rolling elements relative to the raceway was estimated.Analysis of the behaviour of the bearings at different rotation speeds showed that at rotational speeds of more than 7000 rad/s, bearings with ceramic rolling elements of the considered standard size have advantages in contact strength. In addition, it was found out that at high rotational speeds, the friction power of the ceramic rolling elements is almost two times less than the friction power of the steel rolling elements.The research results relate to rolling ball bearings operating at a speed parameter dn of up to 4∙106 mm∙rpm and the analysis of friction losses is limited to losses from differential slip, which suggests further research of other components of losses.The study can justify the choice of bearing type (steel or ceramic rolling elements) depending on the operating speed and the lubrication and cooling system, which depends on the level of heat generation in the bearing.The work obtained original results of contact stresses and friction loss components for a certain type of bearing in a wide range of rotation speeds.

Effect of Rubber Scrap Tire Pads on the Behavior of Partially Connected Pile Raft Foundation System Subjected to Dynamic Loading

A partially tied piled foundation raft where both horizontal and vertical movements will be tamed. Interfacing RSTP changes are in structural dynamics and the way the forces are distributed. Nevertheless, the overall seismic behavior of this type of foundation in medium dry sand soil links to the pile raft foundation system with partial structural connection has not been studied adequately. To fill this gap we experimentally tested ten pile and group pile layouts in the laboratory in order to explore the interaction of the cushion layer with piles at different spacing. These tests concern the displacement mechanism of the raft foundation and the stressing change of the RSTP layers that occur during earthquakes. The results showed that using RSTP layers helps to minimize the variations in displacement between patterns with connected piles and those with disconnected piles when subjected to shaking loads. The pattern 1DR6cm showed a high settlement reduction ratio compared with 1DR2cm. Pattern 2C2D appeared less reduction in the vertical displacement. More significant displacements and rotating behavior anticipate lateral shaking due to reduce the number of connected piles for pattern 1C4D compare with pattern 4C1D. The pattern 3C6DHR2cm decreased the vertical displacement by 48.4% using one layer of RSTP. Using three layers of RSTP contributes to reducing the displacement by 36.4%. The number of the piles in a connection condition with the piled raft and the cushion thickness belongings on the strain deformation values.