Deformation Parameters Research Articles

Variation of MEMS Thin Film Device Parameters under the Influence of Thermal Stresses.

With the advancement of semiconductor manufacturing technology, thin film structures were widely used in MEMS devices. These films played critical roles in providing support, reinforcement, and insulation in MEMS devices. However, due to their microscopic dimensions, the sensitivity of their parameters and performance to thermal stress increased significantly. In this study, a Pirani gauge sample with a multilayer thin film structure was designed and fabricated. Based on this sample, finite element modeling analysis and thermal stress experiments were conducted. The finite element modeling analysis employed a combination of steady-state and transient methods to simulate the deformation and stress distribution of the device at room temperature (25 °C), low temperature (-55 °C), and high temperature (125 °C). The thermal stress test involved placing the sample in a temperature cycling chamber for temperature cycling tests. After the tests, the resonant frequency and surface deformation of the device were measured to quantitatively evaluate the impact of thermal stress on the deformation and resonant frequency parameters of the device. After the experiments, it was found that the clamped-end beams made of Pt were a stress concentration area. Additionally, the repetitive thermal load caused the cantilever beam to move cyclically in the Z direction. This movement altered the deformation of the film and the resonant frequency. The suspended film exhibited concavity, and the overall trend of the resonant frequency was downward. Over time, this could even lead to the fracture of the clamped-end beams. The variation of mechanical parameters derived from finite element simulations and experiments provided an important reference value for device design improvement and played a crucial role in enhancing the reliability of thin film devices.

Analysis of spectra of external impacts, reactions to them and limit states under the non-stationary modes of loading

It is noted that under real operating conditions of technical systems the so-called non-stationary loading in which external loadings increase or decrease arbitrarily is realized most often. At the same time final ratios between strains and stresses are of practical interest to engineering calculations. It is shown that for simple cyclic loadings the state equations in final ratios which are based on the theory of small elastic-plastic strains can be used. In this case the existence of the uniform generalized deformation diagram assuming a final relation between the corresponding components of stresses and strains both for initial and cyclic stages of deformation is essential for the analysis of considered conditions of a non-stationary cyclic loading. The analysis of conditions of achieving limit states at all stages of the life cycle the criteria base and the system of the computation equations become more complicated and more saturated by the factors taken into account and among them first external and internal impacts of natural, technogenic, anthropogenous origin, load from these impacts, and the reactions of installations to such impacts and loads as well. At the same time a set of criteria defining a limit state is presented in the form of a functional dependence characterizing a set of force and deformation parameters of the state of technical system on the one hand, and, on the other hand, a complex of criterion characteristics of constructional materials taking into account their change during operation. The most important step of determining conditions for achievement of the limit state causing fracture is establishing the critical parts that determine risks of emergency and catastrophic situations in which processes of local and main fractures are initiated. In this case transition of the operated installation from design area to the area of initiation of refusals, accidents and disasters occurs when the parameters of damage, defectiveness and risk reach their critical values.

Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of high-carbon high-strength low alloy steel

This study investigates the hot deformation behavior, microstructural evolution, and processing map of a high-carbon high-strength low alloy steel subjected to hot compression tests in the temperature range of 850 °C–1150 °C and strain rates from 0.01 s⁻1–10 s⁻1. A highly accurate flow stress constitutive equation has been established and the activation energy of the experiment steel is 462.6 kJ/mol. Processing maps were generated to identify unstable zones, low-power dissipation zones, and optimum processing zones, accompanied by detailed discussions on corresponding microstructures and mechanical properties. The recommended hot deformation parameters at a true strain of 0.9 are temperatures from 944 °C to 1050 °C and strain rates from 0.01 s⁻1 to 0.52 s⁻1 according to the processing map. The effects of deformation temperature and strain rate on the microstructure were then investigated. It is revealed that reducing deformation temperature and increasing strain suppress the recrystallization process and the growth of recrystallized grains; while VC precipitation is suppressed under high temperatures and high strain rates.

Droplets can enhance microcapsule deformation in channel flow

The dynamics of soft microparticles enclosed in a droplet flowing in a channel is an unexplored fundamental problem that lies at the heart of numerous applications, including droplet-based microfluidics, tissue engineering and smart material synthesis. Here we show that enclosing a flexible capsule into a droplet can amplify the capsule’s deformation parameters in channel flow by up to two orders of magnitude. Previously unreported capsule equilibrium shapes in channel flow, including an oblate spheroid and a reversed bullet, have also been discovered. We propose two theoretical models to predict the equilibrium position of the capsule inside the droplet, and estimate the capsule deformation, respectively. The present study provides an effective but simple approach to enhance and control the deformation of soft particles in a flowing suspension, which may inspire widespread applications, from high-throughput single-cell mechanical phenotyping, enhanced cross-membrane drug delivery, to manufacturing shape-controlled non-spherical particles and artificial cells.

Effects of particle gradation and material proportions on the mechanical properties of crushed stone aggregates under cyclic loading

To enhance the service performance of the subgrade and optimize subgrade design, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the impact of gradation on the mechanical properties of crushed stone aggregates, considering both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. And this paper establishes intricate relationships between deformation parameters, fragmentation, and gradation within crushed stone aggregates, shedding light on the nuanced variations in microscopic mechanical properties across various gradations. The research outcomes underscore that the cumulative deformation and resilience modulus of crushed stone aggregate gradually stabilized after 1000 loadings. The curvature coefficients of gradations 3 and 4 were significantly smaller than those of gradations 1 and 2, which were 1.09 and 0.92, respectively. The gradations with smaller curvature coefficients had better uniformity and density. The addition of limestone increased the resilience modulus of aggregate, but also increased the cumulative deformation. The best effect was achieved when the ratio of quartz to limestone in the aggregate was 3:1. For the failure form of crushed stone aggregate, the failure form of gradation 1 with less fine particle content was mainly characterized by crushing, while the failure forms of gradations 2, 3, and 4 were mainly grinding. When limestone was added to the aggregate, the failure form was also mainly grinding. In addition, the crushing degree of crushed stone aggregate was closely related to the change in the distribution coefficient r. The smaller the change, the lower the crushing degree. The crushing degree was the smallest when gradation 4 and the ratio of quartz to limestone was 3:1, and the change values were 0.038 and 0.073, respectively. The simulation results further show that when the aggregate gradation is 4 or the limestone content is less than 50 %, the microcrack content decreases, while the microcracks and force chains are more uniformly distributed.

Beta deformed sigma model and strong deformation coupling limit

We study the beta deformation of the superstring in AdS5 × S5 at all orders in the deformation parameter, employing the pure spinor formalism. This is necessary in order to study the regime of strong deformation parameter, which in the field side is related to fishnet theories. We compare the pure spinor sigma model approach to the previously known supergravity description. We find a complete agreement. Moreover, the BRST structure of the worldsheet model provides a natural explanation of the peculiar features of the worldsheet model in the fishnet limit. In particular, we study the degeneracy of the sigma model Lagrangian. We show that the BRST structure is responsible for a particularly “tame” degeneration of the fishnet sigma-model.

Fetal and neonatal echocardiographic analysis of biomechanical alterations for the systemic right ventricle heart

Background The perinatal transition’s impact on systemic right ventricle (SRV) cardiac hemodynamics is not fully understood. Standard clinical image analysis tools fall short of capturing comprehensive diastolic and systolic measures of these hemodynamics. Objectives Compare standard and novel hemodynamic echocardiogram (echo) parameters to quantify perinatal changes in SRV and healthy controls. Methods We performed a retrospective study of 10 SRV patients with echocardiograms at 33-weeks gestation and at day of birth and 12 age-matched controls. We used in-house developed analysis algorithms to quantify ventricular biomechanics from four-chamber B-mode and color Doppler scans. Cardiac morphology, hemodynamics, tissue motion, deformation, and flow parameters were measured. Results Tissue motion, deformation, and index measurements did not reliably capture biomechanical changes. Stroke volume and cardiac output were nearly twice as large for the SRV compared to the control RV and left ventricle (LV) due to RV enlargement. The enlarged RV exhibited disordered flow with higher energy loss (EL) compared to prenatal control LV and postnatal control RV and LV. Furthermore, the enlarged RV demonstrated elevated vortex strength (VS) and kinetic energy (KE) compared to both the control RV and LV, prenatally and postnatally. The SRV showed reduced relaxation with increased early filling velocity (E) compared prenatally to the LV and postnatally to the control RV and LV. Furthermore, increased recovery pressure (ΔP) was observed between the SRV and control RV and LV, prenatally and postnatally. Conclusions The novel hydrodynamic parameters more reliably capture the SRV alterations than traditional parameters.

Research on the splitting tensile dynamic mechanics performance of post-high-temperature high-performance concrete

High-performance concrete (HPC) structures were affected by secondary hazards after a fire, research on its dynamic mechanics performance is vital for assessing post-disaster structural safety. Therefore, the mechanism which governs impact of coupling among high temperature, cooling mode and strain rate on the splitting tensile mechanics performance of HPC was delved; impact factors including five temperatures, two cooling modes and four strain rates were designed; digital image technology (DIC) and hydraulic servo instrument were adopted to investigate the splitting tensile mechanics performance of HPC with Brazilian disc. Failure mechanical parameters of HPC under varying operational conditions and full-field deformation parameters of the whole loading process were obtained. As indicated by research result, the splitting tensile strength of test specimens cooled naturally from 200 °C to 600 °C was higher than that of specimens cooled rapidly, while the splitting tensile strength under natural cooling from 800 ℃ decreased by 6 % compared with rapid cooling. At the same temperature, splitting tensile strength of HPC was gradually increased with the increase of strain rate, and Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF) was significantly increased, showing relatively high rate sensitivity. With increasing temperature, the increase in DIF for HPC declined somewhat. As revealed by the result of DIC analysis, at high temperature, damage was relatively mild at the development stage and entered the stage of abrupt change of strain field in a short time. With increasing strain rate, the overall damage duration of test specimen was significantly shortened, and cooling mode exerted no significant impact on the development of splitting tensile damage in HPC. The criterion for splitting tensile dynamic strength of post-high-temperature HPC was put forward on the basis of J criterion. Meanwhile, an analysis by backscattered electron (BSE) on microstructure of HPC revealed mechanism which governs the impact of high temperature and cooling mode on the splitting tensile dynamic mechanics performance of HPC. The research result serves as a theoretical basis for calculating and assessing the post-fire structural dynamic response of HPC.

Exactly solvable floquet dynamics for conformal field theories in dimensions greater than two

We find classes of driven conformal field theories (CFT) in d + 1 dimensions with d > 1, whose quench and floquet dynamics can be computed exactly. The setup is suitable for studying periodic drives, consisting of square pulse protocols for which Hamiltonian evolution takes place with different deformations of the original CFT Hamiltonian in successive time intervals. These deformations are realized by specific combinations of conformal generators with a deformation parameter β; the β < 1 (β > 1) Hamiltonians can be unitarily related to the standard (Lüscher-Mack) CFT Hamiltonians. The resulting time evolution can be then calculated by performing appropriate conformal transformations. For d ≤ 3 we show that the transformations can be easily obtained in a quaternion formalism. Evolution with such a single Hamiltonian yields qualitatively different time dependences of observables depending on the value of β, with exponential decays characteristic of heating for β > 1, oscillations for β < 1 and power law decays for β = 1. This manifests itself in the behavior of the fidelity, unequal-time correlator, and the energy density at the end of a single cycle of a square pulse protocol with different hamiltonians in successive time intervals. When the Hamiltonians in a cycle involve generators of a single SU(1, 1) subalgebra we calculate the Floquet Hamiltonian. We show that one can get dynamical phase transitions for any β by varying the time period of a cycle, where the system can go from a non-heating phase which is oscillatory as a function of the time period to a heating phase with an exponentially damped behavior. Our methods can be generalized to other discrete and continuous protocols. We also point out that our results are expected to hold for a broader class of QFTs that possesses an SL(2, C) symmetry with fields that transform as quasi-primaries under this. As an example, we briefly comment on celestial CFTs in this context.

Algorithm for optimization of cold‑rolled pipe rolling routes

The relevance of the work is justified by the need to refine the methodology for calculating cold rolling routes, associated with the expansion of factors that need to be taken into account in conducting such calculations. The aim of the work is to develop an algorithm for optimizing the routes of cold rolling of pipes using CRP and CRPR type mills, convenient for implementation in a software product. The paper analyzes the main parameters for optimizing the routes of cold rolling of pipes, factors limiting the field of optimal values of the geometric parameters of the billet‑pipe in each pass. Among the latter, the maximum possible reduction in the cross‑sectional area, the required reduction in the cross‑sectional area in the last pass, the requirement for the nature of the distribution of the reduction value in the cross‑sectional area, in the wall thickness and in the pipe diameter from pass to pass and other parameters are highlighted. The importance of minimizing the number of passes is noted. The main dependencies included in the method for calculating the deformation parameters of the cold rolling route using CRP and CRPR mills are analyzed and highlighted. An algorithm for calculating the route of cold rolling of pipes, with several iteration operations, has been developed. The proposed algorithm allows optimizing the rolling route of pipes made of any grades of steels and alloys, and allows optimizing most parameters, including those affecting the economic parameters of production. Depending on the grade of steel or alloy, some iteration operations can be excluded. The algorithm has been tested in the practice of calculating rolling routes for pipes made of carbon and stainless steels and alloys.

Ulnar lengthening for children with forearm deformity from hereditary multiple exostoses: a retrospective study from a tertiary medical center

BackgroundPatients with hereditary multiple exostosis (HME) usually present with forearm deformity with or without radial head dislocation. Ulna lengthening has been proposed to address this condition. Exostosis resection plus ulna lengthening has been adopted in our hospital since 2008, and patients with this condition were retrospectively reviewed. Herein, we aimed to investigate the optimal timing and clinical outcomes of this surgical approach.MethodsIn all, thirty-five patients (40 forearms), including 22 boys and 13 girls, were enrolled in our study from July 2014 to September 2020. We divided the patients into 4 groups based on the age when they received surgery and the status of the radial head. Pronation and supination of the forearm, flexion and extension of the elbow, wrist ulnar deviation and wrist radial deviation, and radiological parameters including ulnar length (UL), ulnar variance (UV), the percentage of radial bowing (RB/RL), radio articular angle (RAA) and carpal slip (CS), were assessed and recorded.ResultsThe mean UL was significantly improved after surgery in four Groups (P<0.05). In patients with radial head dislocation, we found significant improvement in forearm, wrist function and elbow flexion (p < 0.05). For the patients with radial head dislocation, the juniors demonstrated better improvement in % RB and RAA (p<0.05, p = 0.003 and 0.031).ConclusionExostosis resection and ulna lengthening with unilateral external fixation can effectively improve the function and radiological parameters of forearm deformity in HME children. For patients with radial head dislocation, early surgery can achieve better results. For patients not associated with radial head dislocation, we recommend regular follow-up and surgical treatment after 10 years of age.

Entanglement entropy approach for examining quantum phase transition in the framework of semiclassical approximation: Testing its validity in Casten triangle

The entanglement entropy of s and d bosons in the framework of Interacting Boson Model -1 (IBM-1) has been obtained using consistent-Q formalism and semiclassical approximation. This has been possible by using Schmidt decomposition and expressing s and d bosons entanglement entropy in terms of Schmidt numbers. In this research, a simple method in the framework of IBM-1 has been presented for deriving the entanglement entropy in the Casten triangle. The results indicated that the entanglement entropy is sensitive to the shape-phase transition in the various regions of the Casten triangle. It was demonstrated that the entanglement entropy of s and d bosons in the semiclassical approximation depends only on the values of the deformation parameter (β) and is independent of the angular parameter (γ). Also, the entanglement entropy between s and d bosons reaches its maximum value in the O(6) limit, while it decreases in the SU(3) limit, and reaches zero in the U(5) limit. Based on the results obtained via Schmidt decomposition, it is shown that the probability distribution functions of the number of s bosons in IBM-1 are the binomial distributions. For NB≫1, it was proved that the distribution function in the SU(3), O(6) and SU(3)‾ limits is the Gaussian, and in the U(5) limit is the Poissonian.

Octupole correlations in stable nucleus 153Eu within reflection-asymmetric particle rotor model

Abstract The observed low-lying K=5/2± positive- and negative-parity bands in the stable nucleus 153Eu are investigated by the reflection-asymmetric triaxial particle rotor model. The experimental energy spectra, the energy staggering parameters, as well as the intraband E2 and M1 transition probabilities are well reproduced. It is found that the calculated interband B(E1) values depend sensitively on the octupole deformation parameter β30, although the energy spectra and intraband E2 and M1 transitions can be reproduced without the octupole degree of freedom. The observed enhanced E1 transition probabilities can be reproduced with β30=0.05. The detailed analysis of the intrinsic wave functions shows these nearly degenerate positive- and negative-parity bands are built on two individual proton configurations, i.e., dominated by πg9/2[Ω=5/2] and πh11/2[Ω=5/2], respectively, which differs from the parity doublet bands built on a single parity-mixed configuration.

Comprehensive evaluation of right ventricular function in patients with acute pulmonary embolism

Objective. To study indices of right ventricular (RV) longitudinal deformation at transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE), to determine their threshold values; to study indices of right ventricular-arterial coupling (RVAC) in patients with APE, to determine their threshold values.Methods. We examined 34 patients with acute massive and submassive pulmonary embolism. The diagnosis was made on the basis of computed-tomography pulmonary angiogram. The mean age was 61 ±13 years. Of these, 16 were women (47,1%) and 18 were men (52,9%). As a control group, 30 healthy individuals were examined: 14 males and 16 females. The mean age of the healthy individuals was 39±9,8 years. Echocardiography was performed on Vivid E95 (GE HealthCare, USA) with data postprocessing on EchoPak workstation. The indices of right ventricular (RV) systolic and diastolic function, the magnitude of global longitudinal deformation of the right ventricle (GLS RV) and longitudinal deformation of the right ventricular free wall (RVFWLS) were studied using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. We studied indices of right ventricular-arterial coupling (RVAC). We determined the relationship of longitudinal deformation of RV and RVAC with other indices of its systolic function. Results. Mean values of traditional parameters of RV contractile function were within normal limits, whereas mean values of longitudinal strain in APE were significantly lower than normal. There was also a significant decrease ( P &lt; 0,0001) of all measured parameters of right ventricular-arterial coupling in patients with APE in comparison with the control group.Conclusions. When longitudinal deformation parameters are included in the criteria of RV dysfunction in APE, its detectability increases from 26,47% to 61,77%. The revealed decrease of right ventricular-arterial coupling parameters in APE indicates a more frequent disturbance of the connection between RV and the small circle of blood circulation

Jeans mass and Gamow temperature: insights from q-Deformed systems

Abstract In this study, we investigate the potential for star formation within a gas system governed by q-deformed statistics. Our findings show that stars with masses below the conventional Jeans mass threshold can indeed form, with the specific formation depending on the value assigned to the deformation parameter q. In particular, the application of q-statistics allows the emergence of stars with reduced Jeans mass requirements. In addition, within the framework of q-deformed kinetic theory, the ignition temperature of a star may exhibit a decrease relative to the traditionally accepted Gamow temperature. This suggests important implications for the mechanisms driving star formation and the thermal dynamics in stellar bodies under the influence of q-deformation.

Melt strain hardening of polymeric systems increasing with decreasing elongational rate: Experimental results and discussion of models

Melt strain hardening is a special feature of polymer materials and polymeric systems relevant for applications and fundamental insights into rheological properties. Strain hardening is dependent on the molecular structure of materials and deformation parameters. This paper deals with literature results of materials exhibiting strain hardening increasing with decreasing elongational rate opposite to most of common polymers. Such a behavior is found for ionomers and polymers with hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic molecular interactions are discussed as the physical origin. Furthermore, layered composites of non-strain hardening polymers are presented that can be rendered strain hardening by introducing compatibilizers or increasing the effect of interfacial tension between two layers by using multilayer arrangements. The strain hardening behavior of polypropylene/high density polyethylene blends of various compositions is discussed. Measurements on ethylene/α-olefin copolymers showing strain hardening significantly increasing with decreasing rate in contrast to linear ethylene homopolymers are described, and it is hypothesized that this behavior is due to a heterogeneous molecular structure with large differences of molar masses of the components.

Experimental study on soil deformation caused by overexploitation of groundwater.

Due to the overexploitation of deep groundwater, the largest cone of depression in the world has formed in the North China Plain. This led to severe geological hazards, including land subsidence and ground fissures, and also caused economic losses. The prevention and treatment of subsidence needs to rely on the accurate prediction of subsidence amount. According to the one-dimensional consolidation theory and effective stress principle, combined with stratum structure, groundwater flow, stress distribution, and so forth, the high-pressure consolidation test results of 569.6m deep borehole soil samples are adopted; with a specific focus on stress and deformation parameters under exploitation of groundwater condition, the soil-water coupling prediction model of groundwater level lowering depth and land subsidence has been established. Verification with measured subsidence data near the study sites demonstrated that the predicted curve is consistent with the measured one and the differences between them are acceptable. The model can be applied in different areas after making adjustment based on different regional stratigraphic structures. Its key advantage lies in the ability to provide land subsidence prediction for areas lacking monitoring data, making it highly valuable for widespread application. PRACTITIONER POINTS: There is a compressible stratum structure; it is the internal factors of land subsidence. The groundwater level decline causes the soil body stress to change. It is land subsidence of the external factors. Based on the one-dimensional consolidation theory and by combining stratigraphic structures, groundwater flow, and stress distribution, a ground settlement prediction model was established.

Investigation of nuclear structure and [formula omitted]-decay properties of As isotopes

The nuclear ground state properties of 67−80As nuclei have been investigated within the framework of relativistic mean field (RMF) approach. The RMF model with density-dependent (DD-ME2) interaction is utilized for the calculation of potential energy curves and the nuclear ground-state deformation parameters (β2) of selected As isotopes. Later, the β-decay properties of As isotopes were studied using the proton–neutron quasi particle random phase approximation (pn-QRPA) model. These include Gamow Tellar (GT) strength distributions, log ft values, β-decay half-lives, stellar β± decays and stellar electron/positron capture rates. The β2 values computed from RMF model were employed in the pn-QRPA model as an input parameter for the calculations of β-decay properties for 67−80As. The calculated log ft values were in decent agreement with the measured data. The predicted β-decay half-lives matched the experimental values within a factor of 10. The stellar rates were compared with the shell model results. Only at high temperature and density values, the sum of β+ and electron capture rates had a finite contribution. On the other hand, the sum of β− and positron capture rates were sizeable only at low density and high temperature values. For all such cases, the pn-QRPA rates were found to be bigger than the shell model rates up to a factor of 33 or more. The findings reported in the current investigation could prove valuable for simulating the late-stage stellar evolution of massive stars.

A Unique Time-Reversal Algorithm-Enabled Flexible Ultrasound Transducer with a Controllable Acoustic Field.

Flexible ultrasonic devices represent a feasible technology for providing timely signal detection and even a non-invasive disease treatment for the human brain. However, the deformation of the devices is always accompanied by a change in the acoustic field, making it hard for accurate focusing. Herein, we report a stable and flexible transducer. This device can generate a high-intensity acoustic signal with a controllable acoustic field even when the device is bent. The key is to use a low-impedance piezoelectric material and an island-bridge device structure, as well as to design a unique time-reversal algorithm to correct the deviation of signals after transcranial propagation. To provide an in-depth study of the acoustic field of flexible devices, we also analyze the effects of mechanical deformation and structural parameters on the corresponding acoustic response.

Theoretical comparison of transition rate B(E2) and deformation parameter with experimental data for calcium (20Ca) isotopes using shell model theory

A theoretical comparison has been made for some calcium isotopes ([Formula: see text]Ca) which are even–even nuclei and have the atomic mass (Z = 20) with its previous experimental data. Theoretical calculations of some [Formula: see text]Ca isotopes (A = 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52) adopted by the shell model theory were performed to calculate the transition rate B(E2), theoretical intrinsic quadruple moments ([Formula: see text] and theoretical deformation parameters ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] were calculated by two methods by using different effective interactions for each isotope such as, su3fp, fpbm, fprkb, fpd6, kb3. Through code NuShellX@MSU, the single-body density matrix was calculated. The effects of the core polarization were neglected by adopting various effective charges that were employed, effective charges of conventional (Con-E), effective charges of standard (St-E) and effective charges of Bohr and Mottelson (B-M-E) which were calculated. The theoretical values of the B(E2)Th, the [Formula: see text] and the ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] were then compared with the previous experimental data where values of the transition rate B(E2)Th, theoretical intrinsic quadrupole moments [Formula: see text] and theoretical deformation parameter ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], using the fpbm, the fpd6 and the kb3 interactions were the best.