Deformation Framework Research Articles

StressNet: a spatial-spectral-temporal deformable attention-based framework for water stress classification in maize

In recent years, monitoring the health of crops has been greatly aided by deploying highthroughput crop monitoring techniques that integrate remotely captured imagery and deep learning techniques. Most methods rely mainly on the visible spectrum for analyzing the abiotic stress, such as water deficiency in crops. In this study, we carry out experiments on maize crop in a controlled environment of different water treatments. We make use of a multispectral camera mounted on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for collecting the data from the tillering stage to the heading stage of the crop. A pre-processing pipeline, followed by the extraction of the Region of Interest from orthomosaic is explained. We propose a model based on a Convolution Neural Network, added with a deformable convolutional layer in order to learn and extract rich spatial and spectral features. These features are further fed to a weighted Attention-based Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory network to process the sequential dependency between temporal features. Finally, the water stress category is predicted using the aggregated Spatial-Spectral-Temporal Characteristics. The addition of multispectral, multi-temporal imagery significantly improved accuracy when compared with mono-temporal classification. By incorporating a deformable convolutional layer and Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory network with weighted attention, our proposed model achieved best accuracy of 91.30% with a precision of 0.8888 and a recall of 0.8857. The results indicate that multispectral, multi-temporal imagery is a valuable tool for extracting and aggregating discriminative spatial-spectral-temporal characteristics for water stress classification.

Study on the optimization of the integration path between animation design and cultural and creative industries in the information era

Abstract This paper aims to promote the integration of animation design and cultural and creative industries. The shape gradient algorithm is used to analyze the features of the animated shapes. The corresponding interval distance of anime shapes is determined by calculating the curve sampling points of anime feature points. The deformation framework is created, and a sequence of anime shapes is generated using the linear interpolation method. In the deformation of anime design, the role of three algorithms, namely image segmentation module, association map of attributes, and mathematical description of EMD, on its generation is focused on the analysis. The results show that anime users from post-00 and post-10 are more inclined to anime peripherals, accounting for 30% and 35%, respectively. The annual growth rate of anime peripheral is 90.2%, and the annual growth rate of the overseas anime market is also gradually increasing, reaching a growth rate of 103.1%. A successful anime IP will certainly influence the development of its anime and cultural creation industry. The research in this paper is conducive to promoting better integration of animation design and cultural and creative industries and promoting the development of an innovation economy.

Elasto-thermoelectronic diffusion waves with changing thermal conductivity and thermal heating of microtemperature semiconductor

This paper presents a theoretical investigation of linear thermal conductivity temperature-dependent coupled elasto-thermoelectronic diffusion (ETD) waves in a micro-temperature semiconductor, specifically focusing on the effects of photo-excited processes. The governing equations are formulated for a semi-infinite silicon wafer, which serves as a semiconductor material. The explicit study of the strong coupling between the equations governing elastic wave transport, carrier (plasma) transport, and thermal wave transport is conducted in the presence of microtemperature influence. The electron–hole interaction is obtained within the framework of the ETD theory. Laplace transform is used to resolve the governing equations in a non-dimensional framework for thermoelastic and electronic deformation in one-dimensional (1D) scenarios. The present study employs the proposed model to analyze the impact of ramp-type heating on a stationary plane of unbounded semiconductor material. Thermoelastic electronic coupling is found to be affected by the presence of variable thermal conductivity and microtemperature parameters.

Modeling a sample size-dependency of martensitic phase transformation using a mesoscale framework

Predicting a sample size-dependency of the constitutive response of any material system when it is being used in nano- and micro-scale devices, such as NEMS and MEMS, is very crucial for their design process. This also includes the shape memory alloys (SMAs), where predicting a sample size-dependency of the phase transformation process is the key aspect. Many experimental studies with micropillar compression tests showed an increase in critical stress to transformation and an increase in transformation hardening as the sample size decreases below a critical size. In this work, we have employed and extended a recently developed mesoscale framework to model such size effects in SMAs. A plane strain tensile SMA strip of finite width is analyzed within a small deformation framework. The martensitic transformation regions are modeled as Eshelby inclusions in an austenite phase matrix. Circular potential nucleation sites are considered with a square packing for their spatial locations and with nucleation stress assigned to each site from a Gaussian distribution. The combination of the Gaussian distribution of nucleation stress and the size of the nucleation site represents the underlying SMA material microstructure. Our numerical analysis, with varying values of the aspect ratio between the strip width and the nucleation site size, provides a critical value of the aspect ratio characterizing a transitioning length scale between a bulk vs. a sample size-dependent phase transformation behavior. At the transition, the critical stress to phase transformation and the transformation hardening increase drastically as the aspect ratio decreases below its critical value. The limitations of these predictions are discussed with existing literature on experimental observations, and some perspectives to improve the model are stated.

Role of inherited fault reactivation in accommodating multistage deformation in the southwestern margin of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan): Insights from 3D seismic interpretation

The southwestern margin of the Ulleung Basin, the East Sea (Sea of Japan), preserves complex structural and stratigraphic architectures produced by a multistage tectonic evolution in response to the Cenozoic convergence of the Indian and Pacific/Philippine Sea Plates to the Eurasian Plate. However, the origin, geometry, kinematics, and interrelationship of geological structures that evolved through the multistage tectonic deformation remain elusive, particularly regarding the role of structural inheritance in the evolution of the basin. Based on comprehensive 2D and 3D multichannel seismic reflection and well data, we present structural interpretations of regional-scale faults, folds, and growth strata in the southwestern margin of the Ulleung Basin, with a focus on inherited fault reactivation. In addition, a revisited deformation framework is proposed, involving back-arc extension/normal faulting (stage 1: ca. 23 to 15 Ma), positive inversion/reverse faulting (stage 2: 15 to 10.6 Ma), and strike-slip faulting/local transpression (stage 3: 10.6 Ma to present). Here, we illustrate how the reverse reactivation and propagation of segmented NE–SW normal faults and subsequent strike-slip movement have led to the complex structural and stratigraphic architectures presently evident in the study area. Notably, the final overprinting of a strike-slip deformation on the inherited NE–SW faults during deformation stage 3 has caused significantly damaged stepovers and tips, in which secondary faults and folds might control hydrocarbon migration/trapping and leakage. In this context, we suggest that the gentle antiformal Gorae Ⅰ structure is linked in origin to the Gorae Ⅴ structure, bearing a commercially viable gas trap as a detachment fold system formed by local transpression during deformation stage 3. Our comprehensive 3D structural seismic interpretation increases the understanding of Cenozoic multistage deformation, highlighting the impact of different tectonic drivers affecting the eastern marginal sea of the Eurasian Plate.

A coupled MPM and CBFEM framework for large deformation simulation of porous media interacting with pore and free fluid

The hydromechanical interaction of porous media with pore and free fluid widely exists in geotechnical engineering. In some situations, the solid phase would exhibit large deformation, and the boundaries between the solid and fluid phases might change substantially, making it challenging for computational simulation. A framework coupling the material point method (MPM) with the characteristic-based finite element method (CBFEM) was proposed for simulating the behavior of porous media and fluid systems with large deformation. It employs the MPM to discretize the solid domain and solve corresponding momentum equations in the Lagrangian framework in favor of its advantage for large deformation simulation, and the CBFEM to discretize the fluid domain and solve the Navier-Stokes and free-surface equations of the fluid phase in the Eulerian framework in favor of its maturity and high efficiency. The fractional-step approach was adopted to solve velocity and pressure separately in a time step to make the MPM-CBFEM coupling more flexible. In addition, an implicit drag-force term was proposed to grow the time step in undrained conditions. A series of quasi-static and transient problems were simulated to show the performance and prospects of the proposed framework for the large deformation of the porous media and fluid systems.

Parallel Dense Video Caption Generation with Multi-Modal Features

The task of dense video captioning is to generate detailed natural-language descriptions for an original video, which requires deep analysis and mining of semantic captions to identify events in the video. Existing methods typically follow a localisation-then-captioning sequence within given frame sequences, resulting in caption generation that is highly dependent on which objects have been detected. This work proposes a parallel-based dense video captioning method that can simultaneously address the mutual constraint between event proposals and captions. Additionally, a deformable Transformer framework is introduced to reduce or free manual threshold of hyperparameters in such methods. An information transfer station is also added as a representation organisation, which receives the hidden features extracted from a frame and implicitly generates multiple event proposals. The proposed method also adopts LSTM (Long short-term memory) with deformable attention as the main layer for caption generation. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other methods in this area to a certain degree on the ActivityNet Caption dataset, providing competitive results.

Collision-constrained deformable image registration framework for discontinuity management.

Topological changes like sliding motion, sources and sinks are a significant challenge in image registration. This work proposes the use of the alternating direction method of multipliers as a general framework for constraining the registration of separate objects with individual deformation fields from overlapping in image registration. This constraint is enforced by introducing a collision detection algorithm from the field of computer graphics which results in a robust divide and conquer optimization strategy using Free-Form Deformations. A series of experiments demonstrate that the proposed framework performs superior with regards to the combination of intersection prevention and image registration including synthetic examples containing complex displacement patterns. The results show compliance with the non-intersection constraints while simultaneously preventing a decrease in registration accuracy. Furthermore, the application of the proposed algorithm to the DIR-Lab data set demonstrates that the framework generalizes to real data by validating it on a lung registration problem.

Semi-automatic Framework for Voxel Human Deformation Modeling.

With the advancement of computer and medical imaging technologies, a number of high-resolution, voxel-based, full-body human anatomical models have been developed for medical education, industrial design, and physics simulation studies. However, these models are limited in many applications because they are often only in an upstanding posture. To quickly develop multi-pose human models for different applications. A semi-automatic framework for voxel deformation is proposed in the study. This paper describes a framework for human pose deformation based on three-dimensional (3D) medical images. The voxel model is first converted into a surface model using a surface reconstruction algorithm. Second, a deformation skeleton based on human bones is defined, and the surface model is bound to the skeleton. The bone Glow algorithm is used to assign weights to the surface vertices. Then, the model is deformed to the target posture by using the Smoothed Rotation Enhanced As-Rigid-As-Possible (SR-ARAP) algorithm. Finally, the volume-filling algorithm is applied to refill the tissues into the deformed surface model. The proposed framework is used to deform two standing human models, and the sitting and running models are developed. The results show that the framework can successfully develop the target pose. When compared to the results of the As-Rigid-As-Possible algorithm, SR-ARAP preserves local tissues better. The study proposes a frame for voxel human model deformation and improves the local tissue integrity during deformation.

A contact model based on the coefficient of restitution for simulations of bio-prosthetic heart valves.

A new general contact model is proposed for preventing inter-leaflet penetration of bio-prosthetic heart valves (BHV) at the end of the systole, which has the advantage of applying kinematic constraints directly and creating smooth free edges. At the end of each time step, the impenetrability constraints and momentum exchange between the impacting bodies are applied separately based on the coefficient of restitution. The contact method is implemented in a rotation-free, large deformation, and thin shell finite-element (FE) framework based on loop's subdivision surfaces. A nonlinear, anisotropic material model for a BHV is employed which uses Fung-elastic constitutive laws for in-plane and bending responses, respectively. The contact model is verified and validated against several benchmark problems. For a BHV-specific validation, the computed strains on different regions of a BHV under constant pressure are compared with experimentally measured data. Finally, dynamic simulations of BHV under physiological pressure waveform are performed for symmetrical and asymmetrical fiber orientations incorporating the new contact model and compared with the penalty contact method. The proposed contact model provides the coaptation area of a functioning BHV during the closing phase for both of the fiber orientations. Our results show that fiber orientation affects the dynamic of leaflets during the opening and closing phases. A swirling motion for the BHV with asymmetrical fiber orientation is observed, similar to experimental data. To include the fluid effects, fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation of the BHV is performed and compared to the dynamic results.

Analysis of Stress-Strain State of a Cylinder with Variable Elasticity Moduli Based on Three-Dimensional Equations of Elasticity Theory

Introduction. Functionally graded materials are of great use, because heterogeneity of properties enables to control the strength and rigidity of structures. This has caused great interest in the topic in the world scientific literature. The construction of solutions to such problems depends significantly on the type of boundary conditions. In this paper, we consider the equilibrium of a thin-walled circular cylinder whose mechanical properties change along the radius. Homogeneous boundary conditions were set on cylindrical surfaces that had not been considered before, the effect was on the ends. The mathematical formulation of the problem was carried out in the linear theory of elasticity in the framework of axisymmetric deformation. Expressions were constructed for the components of the stress-strain state of the cylinder, in which some coefficients were found from the solution to the resulting system of linear algebraic equations.Materials and Methods. The material of the cylinder was linearly elastic, the elastic modulus of which depended linearly on the radial coordinate. The basic research method was the asymptotic method, in which half the logarithm of the ratio of the outer and inner radii acted as a small parameter. Iterative processes were used to construct the characteristics of the stress-strain state of the cylinder.Results. Homogeneous solutions to the boundary value problem were obtained for a linearly elastic functionally gradient hollow thin-walled cylinder. An analysis of these solutions made it possible to reveal the nature of the stress-strain state in the cylinder wall. For this purpose, an asymptotic analysis of the solutions was carried out, relations for displacements and stresses were obtained. It was determined that those solutions corresponded to the boundary layer, while their first terms determined Saint-Venant edge effect similar to the plate theory.Discussion and Conclusion. The analytical solution to the equilibrium problem of a thin-walled cylinder inhomogeneous in radius constructed by asymptotic expansion can be used for numerical solution to a specific problem. For this, it is required to solve the obtained systems of linear algebraic equations and determine the corresponding coefficients. The resulting asymptotic representations provide analyzing the three-dimensional stress-strain state. The selection of the number of expansion terms makes it possible to calculate displacements and stresses with a given degree of accuracy. This analysis can be useful in assessing the adequacy of applied calculation methods used in engineering practice.

Multi-stage image registration based on list-mode proton radiographies for small animal proton irradiation: A simulation study

We present a multi-stage and multi-resolution deformable image registration framework for image-guidance at a small animal proton irradiation platform. The framework is based on list-mode proton radiographies acquired at different angles, which are used to deform a 3D treatment planning CT relying on normalized mutual information (NMI) or root mean square error (RMSE) in the projection domain.We utilized a mouse X-ray micro-CT expressed in relative stopping power (RSP), and obtained Monte Carlo simulations of proton images in list-mode for three different treatment sites (brain, head and neck, lung). Rigid transformations and controlled artificial deformation were applied to mimic position misalignments, weight loss and breathing changes. Results were evaluated based on the residual RMSE of RSP in the image domain including the comparison of extracted local features, i.e. between the reference micro-CT and the one transformed taking into account the calculated deformation.The residual RMSE of the RSP showed that the accuracy of the registration framework is promising for compensating rigid (>97% accuracy) and non-rigid (∼95% accuracy) transformations with respect to a conventional 3D-3D registration. Results showed that the registration accuracy is degraded when considering the realistic detector performance and NMI as a metric, whereas the RMSE in projection domain is rather insensitive.This work demonstrates the pre-clinical feasibility of the registration framework on different treatment sites and its use for small animal imaging with a realistic detector. Further computational optimization of the framework is required to enable the use of this tool for online estimation of the deformation.

Deep learning-based registration of two-dimensional dental images with edge specific loss.

Image registration is a very common procedure in dental applications for aligning images. Registration between pairs of images taken from different angles can improve diagnosis. Our study presents an edge-enhanced unsupervised deep learning (DL)-based deformable registration framework for aligning two-dimensional (2D) pairs of dental x-ray images. The proposed neural network is based on the combination of a U-Net like structure, which produces a displacement field, combined with spatial transformer networks, which produce the transformed image. The proposed structure is trained end-to-end by minimizing a weighted loss function consisting of three parts corresponding to image similarity, edge similarity, and registration restrictions. In this regard, the proposed edge specific loss enhances the unsupervised training of the registration framework without the need of supervision through anatomical structures. The proposed framework was applied to two datasets, a set of 104 x-ray images of mandibles, arranged in 2600 pairs for training and testing and a set of 17 pairs of pre- and post-operative reconstructed panoramic images. The proposed model outperformed both conventional registration methods and DL-based techniques for both qualitative and quantitative assessment, in most of the compared metrics concerning intensity similarity and edge distances. The proposed framework achieved accurate and fast deformable alignment of pairs of 2D dental radiographic images. The edge-based module of the loss function enhances the unsupervised learning by directing the network toward deformations that take into consideration the edges of the depicted objects (teeth, bone, and tissue), which are crucial in diagnosis.

Lipid packing in biological membranes governs protein localization and membrane permeability

Plasma membrane (PM) heterogeneity has long been implicated in various cellular functions. However, mechanistic principles governing functional regulations of lipid environment are not well understood due to the inherent complexities associated with the relevant length and timescales that limit both direct experimental measurements and their interpretation. In this context, computer simulations hold immense potential to investigate molecular-level interactions and mechanisms that lead to PM heterogeneity and its functions. Herein, we investigate spatial and dynamic heterogeneity in model membranes with coexisting liquid ordered and liquid disordered phases and characterize the membrane order in terms of the local topological changes in lipid environment using the nonaffine deformation framework. Furthermore, we probe the packing defects in these membranes, which can be considered as the conjugate of membrane order assessed in terms of the nonaffine parameter. In doing so, we formalize the connection between membrane packing and local membrane order and use that to explore the mechanistic principles behind their functions. Our observations suggest that heterogeneity in mixed phase membranes is a consequence of local lipid topology and its temporal evolution, which give rise to disparate lipid packing in ordered and disordered domains. This in turn governs the distinct nature of packing defects in these domains that can play a crucial role in preferential localization of proteins in mixed phase membranes. Furthermore, we observe that lipid packing also leads to contrasting distribution of free volume in the membrane core region in ordered and disordered membranes, which can lead to distinctive membrane permeability of small molecules. Our results, thus, indicate that heterogeneity in mixed phase membranes closely governs the membrane functions that may emerge from packing-related basic design principles.

Modeling nonlinear deformation of slender auxetic structures under follower loads with complex variable meshfree methods

The auxetic structure with negative Poisson’s ratio has broad application prospects in many engineering fields. Although it is often simplified as a linear elastic problem in theoretical models, the generally used slender structure, such as the reentrant honeycombs, will inevitably undergo large deformation resulting in significant non-conservative load effects in the service conditions. Therefore, a numerical framework for modeling nonlinear deformation of the auxetic structures under follower loads with the complex variable element-free Galerkin method is developed in this paper. The application of the complex variable meshfree method is to deal with the numerical difficulties caused by mesh distortion that may occur in large deformation problems, and at the same time, it can improve the construction efficiency of meshfree shape functions through the complex variable moving least-squares approximation. The Galerkin weak form of the incremental total Lagrangian formula for large deformation problems with the enforced essential boundary conditions using the penalty method is derived and then discretized in the complex variable meshless implementation. Five numerical examples are presented with detailed convergence study to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed approach in dealing with non-conservative large deformation of the slender auxetic structures.

A thermodynamically consistent anisotropic damage model for metallic glasses

AbstractThe recent success in manufacturing large‐size, also called bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) using 3D‐printing based on laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) opens an avenue for the broad application of this material class. To explore the great potential of both as‐cast and 3D‐printed BMGs, a comprehensive understanding and an accurate prediction of the plastic deformation and damage behaviour of this material class are indispensable. In this study, we develop a thermodynamically consistent anisotropic damage model incorporating tension‐compression asymmetry (TCA) to describe the unique inelastic deformation and damage behaviours of metallic glasses. The widely observed normal stress sensitivity and plastic dilatancy in metallic glasses are considered by using an extended Mohr‐Coulomb criterion in the constitutive description. Furthermore, a second‐order damage tensor is adopted for describing the anisotropic damage behaviour. By augmenting the Helmholtz free energy function to be dependent on the gradient of the free volume concentration and the gradient of the nonlocal damage parameter, the governing equations for the corresponding internal variables are derived within the framework of finite deformation. The damage localisation and mesh dependency are correspondingly alleviated. The simulation result shows that the shear band patterns are in good agreement with the experimental observations from literature.

Homogenization and numerical algorithms for two-scale modeling of porous media with self-contact in micropores

The paper presents two-scale numerical algorithms for stress–strain analysis of porous media featured by self-contact at pore level. The porosity is constituted as a periodic lattice generated by a representative cell consisting of elastic skeleton and a void pore. Unilateral frictionless contact is considered between opposing surfaces of the pore. For the homogenized model derived in our previous work, we justify incremental formulations and propose several variants of two-scale algorithms which commute iteratively solving of the micro- and the macro-level contact subproblems. A dual formulation which takes advantage of the assumed microstructure periodicity and a small deformation framework, is derived for the contact problems at the micro-level. This enables to apply the semi-smooth Newton method. For the global, macrolevel step two alternatives are tested; one relying on a frozen contact identified at the microlevel, the other based on a reduced contact associated with boundaries of contact sets. Numerical examples of 2D deforming structures are presented as a proof of the concept.

Autostereoscopic 3D Augmented Reality Navigation for Laparoscopic Surgery: A Preliminary Assessment.

Since Augmented Reality (AR) and 3D visualization have proven to be of great significance to the safety and effectiveness of surgical outcomes, will autostereoscopic 3D AR without glasses bring new opportunities for surgical navigation of laparoscopic surgery? We used the CPD-based deformation registration algorithm and the proposed virtual view generation algorithm, realizing a deformable autostereoscopic 3D AR navigation framework for laparoscopic surgery. The depth perception and user experience of the 3D AR navigation were evaluated compared with the 2D AR display using an in-vitro porcine heart and offline clinical partial nephrectomy laparoscopic images. The autostereoscopic 3D AR allowed participants to have a more consistent spatial perception as well as a shorter measuring time than 2D AR with significant difference of p < 0.05. It can also improve relative depth perception for smaller distance separation of objects < = 3.28 mm. However, the autostereoscopic 3D AR perceived a worse experience compared to 2D AR in the user experience. Autostereoscopic 3D AR shows a more efficient and robust sense of spatial scale than 2D AR with better potential to shorten the operating time and improve surgical outcomes than 2D AR, but image blur and distortion are issues that must be solved to improve the perception effect. High precise registration and high fluency visualization requirements could make autostereoscopic 3D AR navigation for soft tissue more challenging. Our work lays a theoretical foundation for the further development of laparoscopic surgical navigation.

A multiplicative finite strain deformation for diffusion-induced stress: An incremental approach

Understanding the evolution of lithium concentration and stresses in electrode materials during electrochemical cycling is of paramount importance in studying the fundamental mechanisms contributing to the structural degradation of lithiated electrode materials. In this work, we use the change rate of the volume of a host material in analyzing diffusion-induced volume expansion and obtain the volume expansion as an exponential function of the concentration of solute atoms and the coefficient of linear expansion in contrast to the widely used linear relation between the diffusion-induced volume expansion and the coefficient of linear expansion. Using the principle of multiplicative decomposition in the framework of elastic deformation and thermodynamic free energies, we derive the constitutive relation for diffusion-induced finite deformation of elastic materials. The symmetric Piola-Kirchhoff stress is an exponential function of the coefficient of linear expansion and the concentration of solute atoms. Incorporating the change of strain field with the change in the number of solute atoms in Helmholtz free energy, we derive the chemical potential of the solute atoms in the host material the same as the one given by Li et al. (Zeitschrift für PhysikalischeChemie, 49 (1966) 271–290). Numerical results for the lithiation of a spherical silicon electrode reveal that the spatial distributions of lithium concentration and stresses for small dimensionless time (dilute solution) exhibit similar trends to the corresponding ones calculated from the theory of linear elasticity and nonlinear characteristics for large dimensionless time (concentrated solution).

An effective and stabilised ([formula omitted]) SPH framework for large deformation and failure analysis of saturated porous media

Particle-based methods such as SPH have been proven to be powerful numerical tools for addressing challenges in solving coupled large deformation and failure of porous materials. In these applications, explicit time integration schemes are commonly adopted to integrate the coupled pore-water pressure equation. The Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition is required and imposes a strong restriction on the time increment, which is inversely proportional to the water bulk modulus, leading to a significant increase in the overall computational costs. This affects successful applications of SPH in solving field-scale fully coupled large deformation and failure of porous media. To address this problem, this study proposes a computationally efficient three-point integration (TPI) scheme that removes the influence of water bulk modulus from the pore-water pressure equation, enabling larger time increments for the time integration and hence saving computational costs for field-scale applications. Furthermore, a stabilised method is proposed to enable SPH to solve coupled flow-deformation of saturated porous media involving negative excess pore-water developments for the first time. The proposed SPH algorithm is verified against analytical and finite element solutions for small deformation ranges. Thereafter, it is applied to predict challenging problems involving large deformation and retrogressive failure of saturated porous materials, where contractive and dilative responses of porous materials can cause significant variations and instabilities in the development of excess pore-water pressure. The results suggest that the proposed SPH algorithm is stable and suitable for handling field-scale applications.