Definition Of Types Research Articles

Oleksandr Mykolaiovych Karasiov ⸺ Prominent Researcher of Olbia Pontica (on the 120th Anniversary)

The life of Oleksandr Mykolaiovych Karasiov, a well-known archaeologist, a specialist in antiquity of the Northern Black Sea region, the discoverer of the Olbian agora, stoa, gymnasium and the central temenos of Olbia, was eventful. His biography and the path to archaeology was very thorny and difficult. However, until now the biography of this researcher has not been given enough attention, which is corrected by this article. Oleksandr Karasiov was born in St. Petersburg on August 3, 1902. During his busy life, before becoming an archaeologist, he managed to work as an extra in the health department at the registry office, volunteered in the Baltic Fleet as a journalist, began studying at the Higher School of Pilot-Observers and entered the Institute of Civil Engineers at the Faculty of Architecture. And this is not a complete list. Finally, in January 1925, he entered the Leningrad State University at the Faculty of Linguistics and Material Culture. Since 1926, during his studying at the university, O. Karasiov participated annually in the archaeological excavations at Olbia, which were initially led by B. V. Farmakovskyi, and considered himself as one of his disciples. Since that time, O. Karasiov was a tireless researcher of Olbia for 45 years, includingt 34 field seasons. The greatest archaeological achievements of O. Karasiov were made after the Second World War, when he, together with his wife, O. I. Levi, led the excavations at the «E» site, where for the first time they made the most significant discoveries published in the work Olvia. Temenos and agora and in many other articles. O. M. Karasiov owns the longest list of works on the monumental buildings of the Olbian temenos with a detailed examination of cultural stratifications, a functional definition of various types and purposes of stone structures, among which the most significant are the largest altar in the Northern Black Sea region, the temples of Apollo Delphinius, the spherical foundations of a possible Delphinion and the temple of Zeus of the Hellenistic time, large and small stoas, sacred treasury, etc. A thorough study of the monuments of the Olbian temenos, representing a single architectural ensemble and their publication, rightfully belongs to one of the most important archaeological discoveries made in Olbia and in the Northern Black Sea region in general.

Development of teacher knowledge in an initial teacher education programme qualifying mathematics teachers

South African teacher education policy expects initial teacher education programmes to introduce integrated and applied knowledge to underpin a teacher’s practice in diverse classroom contexts. This paper explores how a one-year Postgraduate Certificate in Education responds to this expectation in terms of training prospective teachers to teach high school mathematics. Exploration involves a qualitative case study of semi-structured interviews with six teacher educators and five newly qualified teachers, supplemented with document analysis. The stages of research involved a literature review, piloting the semi-structured interview questions, conducting semi-structured interviews, and analysing all accessible documents linked to the Postgraduate Certificate. All collected data were merged into one document which was read to identify codes, themes and categories. The paper finds that the Postgraduate Certificate does equip individuals with professional teacher knowledge to function in diverse contexts, albeit unevenly and highly dependent on the quality of each teacher’s past engagement with mathematics. The broad nature of policy knowledge type definitions and the lack of clarity in differentiating ‘specific specialised subject matter’ and ‘specialised pedagogical content knowledge’ are key contributing factors to uneven development in a Postgraduate Certificate. As a recommendation, we suggest that policy should differentiate ‘specific specialised subject matter’ and ‘specialised pedagogical content knowledge’ in more detail to promote the development of each as important types of knowledge needed by teachers.

A Systematic Review of Patient Engagement Experiences in Brain Disorders.

Patient engagement is increasingly considered to be an important element in the treatment of brain disorders to optimise outcomes for patients, society, and healthcare systems. Nonetheless, scientific research examining methodologies to engage patients with brain diseases in Research and Innovation (R&I) is scarce. To review existing scientific evidence regarding the engagement of patients with brain disorders in research and innovation. Studies were retrieved from several bibliographic databases (publication date between January 2016 and April 2019) with pre-specified selection criteria. In total, 49 articles were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria and were reviewed systematically. Results showed that there is limited evidence available on the impact and (cost-) effectiveness of patient engagement in (brain) research and innovation. Most published studies are protocols, guidelines, and discussion articles for patient engagement in health research and innovation. Overall, there exists a general consensus to engage patients in every step of the research procedure. Relevant evidence identified includes principles of engagement, definitions of stakeholder types, key considerations for planning, conducting and disseminating engaged research, potential engagement activities, and examples of promising practices. Findings are inconclusive due to methodological differences. Comparison between studies was difficult due to differences in patients, form of engagements, and total duration of engagement of patients. Experiences of patient engagement mainly concern adherence to medical treatments or participation of "expert patients" in clinical trials, but very rarely the governance of R&I according to the dictates of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). More structuralized, well-conducted and comparable Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are needed to be able to make evidence-based recommendations on how to increase effective patient engagement in research and innovation and assess the impact and (cost)-effectiveness.

Songs in the Key of Life

Songs in the Key of Life

Wintertime Emissivities of the Arctic Sea Ice Types at the AMSR2 Frequencies

The surface effective emissivities of Arctic sea ice are calculated using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) measurements. These emissivities are analyzed for stable winter conditions during the months of January–May and November and December of 2020 for several main sea ice types defined with the sea ice maps of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI). The sea ice emissivities are derived from the AMSR2 data using the radiation transfer model for a non-scattering atmosphere and ERA5 reanalysis data. The emissivities are analyzed only for areas of totally consolidated sea ice of definite types. Probability distribution functions are built for the emissivities and their functions for such sea ice types as nilas, young ice, thin first-year (FY) ice, medium FY ice, thick FY ice and multi-year ice. The emissivity variations with frequency are estimated for each of the considered sea ice type for all seven months. The variations are calculated both for the emissivities and for their gradients at the AMSR2 channel frequencies. Obtained emissivities turned out to be generally lower than reported previously in scientific studies, whereas the emissivity variability values proved to be much larger than was known before. For all FY ice types, at all the frequencies, an increase in the emissivity at the beginning of winter and its decrease by the end of May are observed. The emissivity gradients demonstrate noticeable decreases with sea ice age, and their values may be used in sea ice classification algorithms based on the AMSR2 data.

On two new types of fuzzy rough sets via overlap functions and corresponding applications to three-way approximations

Fuzzy rough sets (FRSs) can be served as a useful technique to cope with inconsistent data by providing a pair of lower and upper fuzzy rough approximations of a fuzzy concept. Diversified FRS models have been proposed over the years. Meanwhile, t-norms and t-conorms, as two binary aggregation operators, play a critical part in the construction of fuzzy rough approximation operators. Nevertheless, one of common properties of t-norms and t-conorms is that they all fulfill associativity. Additionally, the associativity plays an important role in discussing properties of FRSs. Therefore, if the binary aggregation function does not satisfy associativity, how to define FRS models and discuss the relevant properties is a topic worthy of further investigation. Overlap functions, as a new kind of not necessary associative binary aggregation operator, have been continuously investigated by many scholars in theory and practical applications. Therefore, based on the advantages of overlap functions, and as the extension models for FRSs, we propose two new types of FRSs via overlap functions and their residual implications (or called IO-implications) in this paper. More specifically, we first give the definition of the 1st type of FRSs and study some essential properties. Subsequently, the definition of the 2nd type of FRSs is presented and the relevant properties are also investigated. Furthermore, the relationship between the 1st type of FRSs and the 2nd type of FRSs is described. That is, in a fuzzy approximation space, the 2nd type of lower approximation is contained in the 1st type of lower approximation, while the 1st type of upper approximation is included in the 2nd type of upper approximation when the overlap function has 1 as the identity element. At the end, a novel three-way decision (3WD) method is presented on an information table by using the new type of FRSs, and its practicality and superiority are verified via a numerical example and a series of experimental analyses.

Shrink central continuous function

In this paper, a definition of a special type of function based on the concept of proximity relation is presented in conjunction with central set theory to find a special definition of continuity between center topological spaces and the transfer of topological properties, which we call sharing central continuous function.

Sustainable Infrastructure: A Systematic Literature Review on Finance Arrangements and Governance Modes

In recent years, the concept of sustainable infrastructure has become a key concern for infrastructure development. However, there has been little comprehensive research on the enabling factors for sustainable infrastructure development. To address these knowledge gaps, this research conducted a systematic literature review of the enabling factors, with a specific focus on finance and governance, to provide new insights for development practitioners and academic scholars. The research first reviewed the characteristics of sustainable infrastructure, identifying several types of definitions. Subsequently, the research identified multiple finance arrangements and governance characteristics that have been applied to sustainable infrastructure. We confirmed that public-private partnerships (PPPs) and multilateral development banks (MDBs) play central and critical roles in leading and including other finance arrangements and governance characteristics of sustainable infrastructure development. In addition, the review suggests there are various governance modes combining horizontal process management with vertical project management for realizing sustainable infrastructure development.

S100A8-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome-Dependent Pyroptosis in Macrophages Facilitates Liver Fibrosis Progression.

NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis has been implicated in liver fibrosis progression. However, the definite intrahepatic cell types that undergo pyroptosis and the underlying mechanism as well as the clinical importance remain unclear. Here, augmented levels of pyroptosis-related indicators GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 were verified in both liver fibrosis patients and CCl4-induced fibrotic mouse model. Confocal imaging of NLRP3 with albumin, F4/80 or α-SMA revealed that enhanced NLRP3 was mainly localized to kupffer cells (KCs), indicating that KCs are major cell types that undergo pyroptosis. Targeting pyroptosis by inhibitor MCC950 attenuated the severity and ameliorated liver function in fibrosis models. In addition, elevated S100A8 in liver fibrosis patients was correlated with pyroptosis-related indicators. S100A8 stimulated pyroptotic death of macrophages, which resulted in activation of human hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 cells and increased collagen deposition. Mechanistically, S100A8 activated TLR4/NF-κB signaling and upregulated its target genes NLRP3, pro-IL-1β, and pro-IL-18 expression, and induced reactive oxygen (ROS) abundance to activate NLRP3 inflammasome, finally leading to pyroptotic cell death in macrophages. More importantly, circulating GSDMD had the optimal predicting value for liver fibrosis progression. In conclusion, S100A8-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis by TLR4/NF-κB activation and ROS production in macrophages facilitates liver fibrosis progression. The identified GSDMD has the potential to be a biomarker for liver fibrosis evaluation.

Cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disorders in acute poisoning with cardiotoxic substances

The study is devoted to the problems of poisoning by cardiotoxic diseases.
 The relevance of the study was confirmed by the analysis of literature containing the following information: during recent decades poisoning with cardiotoxic substances while providing medical care to patients has become the main cause of premature death worldwide.
 Currently, in a number of cases of poisoning several classes of compounds for medical and non-medical purposes with cardiotoxic effects can be found. The pattern of acute poisonings is highly dependent on different regions, especially in developed and developing countries, as well as in urban and coastal areas, and it also depends on socio-economic status, cultural practices, industrial and agricultural development in industry.
 The results obtained during the study show that the toxic effects of various classes of cardiotoxicants include direct (effects on the heart, blood vessels or nervous system) and indirect effects of the poison associated with the presence of metabolic disorders (hypoxia, acidosis, electrolyte disorders), and the severity of the manifestation of the condition determination of urgent toxic arrhythmias, which worsen the course of the toxic process and most often lead to a sudden death, which is an actual study of mechanisms of toxic rhythm and conduction disorders.
 The study shows changes in the electrocardiographic patterns and mechanisms of cardiotoxic action, which can be found in the structure of poisonings, their toxic doses (concentration).
 The purpose of this study was to study the features of rhythm and conduction in case of cardiotropic poisoning.
 In the course of the study the following scientific tasks were solved: changes in the electrocardiographic pattern and manifestations of cardiotoxic action, which were broadly found in the structure of poisoning, were established, and information about their toxic doses (concentrations) was summarized.
 In our opinion, the knowledge of signs of poisoning, topical symptoms, mechanisms of formation of their effects is the key to the implementation of measures to provide medical care.
 The results of the study include practical significance for the analysis and definition of various types of medical care in case of poisoning with cardiotoxic diseases of non-medical purposes.

Identifying type 1 and 2 diabetes in research datasets where classification biomarkers are unavailable: assessing the accuracy of published approaches

ObjectivesWe aimed to compare the performance of approaches for classifying insulin-treated diabetes within research datasets without measured classification biomarkers, evaluated against two independent biological definitions of diabetes type. Study Design and SettingWe compared accuracy of ten reported approaches for classifying insulin-treated diabetes into type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes in two cohorts: UK Biobank (UKBB) n = 26,399 and Diabetes Alliance for Research in England (DARE) n = 1,296. The overall performance for classifying T1D and T2D was assessed using: a T1D genetic risk score and genetic stratification method (UKBB); C-peptide measured at >3 years diabetes duration (DARE). ResultsApproaches’ accuracy ranged from 71% to 88% (UKBB) and 68% to 88% (DARE). When classifying all participants, combining early insulin requirement with a T1D probability model (incorporating diagnosis age and body image issue [BMI]), and interview-reported diabetes type (UKBB available in only 15%) consistently achieved high accuracy (UKBB 87% and 87% and DARE 85% and 88%, respectively). For identifying T1D with minimal misclassification, models with high thresholds or young diagnosis age (<20 years) had highest performance. Findings were incorporated into an online tool identifying optimum approaches based on variable availability. ConclusionModels combining continuous features with early insulin requirement are the most accurate methods for classifying insulin-treated diabetes in research datasets without measured classification biomarkers.

New definitions of human lymphoid and follicular cell entities in lymphatic tissue by machine learning

Histological sections of the lymphatic system are usually the basis of static (2D) morphological investigations. Here, we performed a dynamic (4D) analysis of human reactive lymphoid tissue using confocal fluorescent laser microscopy in combination with machine learning. Based on tracks for T-cells (CD3), B-cells (CD20), follicular T-helper cells (PD1) and optical flow of follicular dendritic cells (CD35), we put forward the first quantitative analysis of movement-related and morphological parameters within human lymphoid tissue. We identified correlations of follicular dendritic cell movement and the behavior of lymphocytes in the microenvironment. In addition, we investigated the value of movement and/or morphological parameters for a precise definition of cell types (CD clusters). CD-clusters could be determined based on movement and/or morphology. Differentiating between CD3- and CD20 positive cells is most challenging and long term-movement characteristics are indispensable. We propose morphological and movement-related prototypes of cell entities applying machine learning models. Finally, we define beyond CD clusters new subgroups within lymphocyte entities based on long term movement characteristics. In conclusion, we showed that the combination of 4D imaging and machine learning is able to define characteristics of lymphocytes not visible in 2D histology.

A geometric classification of Hamiltonian equilibria by spectral types

We give one algebraic equation and two semialgebraic equations whose corresponding semi-algebraic varieties are associated to definite types of bifurcations for parameter-dependent Hamiltonian systems. These equations provide a geometric classification of the spectral types of equilibria of a given m-degrees of freedom Hamiltonian system. In fact the complement of such varieties is the disconnected union of open domains (in parameter space) in which the spectral type of the equilibrium does not change. We analyse such varieties thoroughly, in the space of invariants, for generic systems with 2,3,4 degrees of freedom. This technique can be applied to any parameter-dependent Hamiltonian system, and it does give the bifurcation-decomposition of parameter space. We conclude with applications to two problems in classical mechanics.

Digital Twin applications using the SIMULTAN data model and Python

Python is an open, general-purpose programming language that is used in many tools, libraries and APIs for Building Performance Simulations (BPS). Advantages of Python in the context of digital twins are the simple and powerful capabilities to generate input files, automate processes, import libraries in many languages and a large number of useful modules. However, in order to use BPS tools and libraries with real time data, a comprehensive data model is required in which all necessary data such as geometry, system engineering, databases, sensors, or simulation parameters for the different BPS are defined. Python in combination with SIMULTAN as a suitable open Building Information Modelling (BIM) data model allows an effective use of these tools and libraries to perform and automate analyses. This paper presents a Python module that integrates the SIMULTAN model in Python and enables almost seamless integration with minor adaptations to existing tools or modules. The import is achieved using simple text-based templates for the data types and their mapping in the data model. The data model, the definition of the data types and the use of this module is demonstrated by calculating the trend of the CO2 concentration in a zone of a digital twin using real time data.

Respiratory diseases in survivors of adult cancer compared with the general population: a systematic review protocol

IntroductionThere is concern that survivors of adult cancers may be at increased risk of respiratory infections and of exacerbations of pre-existing respiratory conditions. Considering the high prevalence of respiratory disease...

Assessing centralization: on Turkey’s rising personalist regime

ABSTRACT Research on non-democratic regimes has accelerated in the post-Cold War world, but inordinate attention paid to procedural definitions of regime type and democratization has reduced the study of utilitarian components in assessing cases of political transition. We utilize two frameworks oft-cited within the comparative authoritarianism literature to evaluate our claim that Turkey has moved from a dominant-party system to one resembling a personalist regime while arguing that elite defection and institutional degradation may catalyse political centralization. In doing so, we refocus evaluative attention on the substantive content of the regime rather than mere modes of perpetuation while reasserting the value of the literature’s diagnostic frameworks to empirically place Turkey’s subtype of authoritarianism.

Büyük Taarruz Kültürel Mirası

The Great Offensive formed the last stage of the Turkish War of Independence. As a result of the offensive, the Turkish homeland was completely cleared of enemy troops. This unique position of the offensive in Turkish history has ensured that the areas where the offensive was prepared and carried out are protected as a national heritage. In this study, tangible and intangible cultural heritages of the Great Offensive were discussed. In this valuable heritage accumulation, a significant increase has been observed with the increase in the debate on the concept of heritage in recent years and the definition of new heritage types. The areas where the Great Offensive was carried out were declared a national park in 1981. The Headquarters building in Şuhut was expropriationed in 1999 and the restoration of the building started in 2003. Afyonkarahisar Governorship has implemented the Victory Road project as a cultural route in 2005. The local people supported this heritage with the Victory March, which was initiated under the leadership of Afyon Kocatepe University and has turned into an intangible cultural heritage today. This situation reveals the importance of political local mechanisms and education and training institutions, especially higher education institutions, in the protection of heritages of national or universal value.

Geology, mineralogy, geochemistry and deposit model of iron and manganese in Bouarfa mine, Eastern High Atlas, Morocco

The Bouarfa Iron and Manganese Deposits are contained in the Sinemurian carbonate formations in the eastern High Atlas. It is a large deposit which has allowed the exploitation of more than 1.5 million tons of manganese and which still contains millions of tons of reserves. The mapping carried out shows the extension of the mineralization with oxides and hydroxides of Mn and Fe. The definition of types of mineralization shows that they are essentially stratiform deposits with some bodies and veins in the fault zones. The result of the mineralogical identification and geochemical analyses shows that it is a sedimentary deposit resulting from at least two mineralizing events with a high Fe-Mn content during the installation of the Sinemurian shallow carbonate platform. This is an environment of rapid oxidation and relatively sufficient sulphide inputs under redox conditions.

Maximal Mixed-Drove Co-occurrence Patterns

One of the interesting types of spatio-temporal patterns is the Mixed-Drove Co-occurrence Pattern (MDCOP), which represents types of objects frequently located together in both space and time. To discover such patterns, methods based on the well-known Apriori strategy are widely used. They involve determining multi-element MDCOPs by building them up iteratively starting with the two-element patterns and then successively adding another element in each iteration. This approach can be very costly, particularly when the data is dense enough to form patterns of significant size. In this paper, we introduce a definition of a new pattern type called a Maximal Mixed-Drove Co-occurrence Pattern. We also propose a new algorithm MAXMDCOP-Miner, which resigns from popular Apriori strategy of generating candidates and, therefore, can discover long pattern without processing all their subsets. Experiments performed on synthetic and real datasets show that MAXMDCOP-Miner has high performance, in particular for dense datasets or tasks with low user-defined thresholds of spatial or time prevalence.

Two Examples on How FDO Types can Support Machine and Human Readability

Two Examples on How FDO Types can Support Machine and Human Readability