Definitions Of Various Forms Research Articles

Advances in problematic usage of the internet research – A narrative review by experts from the European network for problematic usage of the internet

Global concern about problematic usage of the internet (PUI), and its public health and societal costs, continues to grow, sharpened in focus under the privations of the COVID-19 pandemic. This narrative review reports the expert opinions of members of the largest international network of researchers on PUI in the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action (CA 16207), on the scientific progress made and the critical knowledge gaps remaining to be filled as the term of the Action reaches its conclusion.A key advance has been achieving consensus on the clinical definition of various forms of PUI. Based on the overarching public health principles of protecting individuals and the public from harm and promoting the highest attainable standard of health, the World Health Organisation has introduced several new structured diagnoses into the ICD-11, including gambling disorder, gaming disorder, compulsive sexual behaviour disorder, and other unspecified or specified disorders due to addictive behaviours, alongside naming online activity as a diagnostic specifier. These definitions provide for the first time a sound platform for developing systematic networked research into various forms of PUI at global scale. Progress has also been made in areas such as refining and simplifying some of the available assessment instruments, clarifying the underpinning brain-based and social determinants, and building more empirically based etiological models, as a basis for therapeutic intervention, alongside public engagement initiatives.However, important gaps in our knowledge remain to be tackled. Principal among these include a better understanding of the course and evolution of the PUI-related problems, across different age groups, genders and other specific vulnerable groups, reliable methods for early identification of individuals at risk (before PUI becomes disordered), efficacious preventative and therapeutic interventions and ethical health and social policy changes that adequately safeguard human digital rights. The paper concludes with recommendations for achievable research goals, based on longitudinal analysis of a large multinational cohort co-designed with public stakeholders.

Криминологические особенности киберпреступности, направленной против несовершеннолетних

Cybercrime today is one of the fastest growing types of criminal activity that encroach on various social groups of community. Today, in addition to criminal acts aimed at economic profit, the level of criminal infringements aimed at the personal rights of children, has increased, as has the involvement of minors in the commission of serious and particularly serious crimes.
 Crimes against children committed in the information environment are different from traditional forms of criminal abuse, and are characterized by particular cruelty, a high level of proficiency of perpetrators, anonymity (identity of a perpetrator is hidden behind an information code) and transnationality. Conditionally the activities of cybercriminals can be categorized as offences aimed at the personal rights of children and criminal acts aimed at involving minors in offences through the information environment.
 Cybercriminal activities include, inter alia, trafficking in children in information and telecommunications networks; sexual exploitation of minors, including involvement in prostitution; inducement of children to commit suicide; and others. Such acts constitute serious or particularly serious crimes aimed at violating the personal rights of children, whose protection requires the development of national legislation and constant international cooperation. The author believes that specific international treaties on cooperation in the detection of cybercrime should be concluded, as well as general rules on the definition of various forms of cybercrime.

Sotsialne partnerstvo v rehuliuvanni zainiatosti naselennia

The article reveals the importance of social partnership as a special type of social relations in a market economy, when inevitably arise and exacerbate problems of employment, unemployment, wages, income. It is emphasized that the social partnership plays a special role in regulating employment as the most important component of a socially oriented economy, which ensures the formation and use of labour potential, human capital development and its direct impact on the progressive economy and society. It is noted that social partnership in the field of employment involves the organization of partnership social interaction, ensuring constant dialogue between the parties in the field of labour relations to reach agreement on employment, providing unemployed with jobs, introducing new modern forms of employment, creating decent working conditions based on mutually beneficial agreements and their implementation at the micro, meso and macro levels of management of these processes. It is noted that the restrictions caused by the global spread of coronavirus disease through the introduction of quarantine measures have significantly affected the change in employment in the direction of reducing it, reducing income, living standards and quality of life, the spread of shadow employment without adequate social protection. It is determined that one of the leading problems that needs to be solved is the reform of the social partnership system. Cooperation of social partners on introduction of flexible forms of employment, development of vocational education, strengthening of social protection of workers as a tool for transition of workers to the formal employment sector, empowerment to combine work and family life, etc. will help increase the efficiency of labour market regulation in modern conditions. Implementation of employment policy in modern conditions will be facilitated by the introduction and development of joint social responsibility of partners in the social and labour sphere with a clear definition of various forms of responsibility for non-compliance with the agreements reached.

Evacuation and its Types – Revision of the Definition and Classification

Objective: Evacuation is a broad concept encompassing many forms of movement in the event of an emergency. Definitions of evacuation are different in many standards and publications in the field of fire safety engineering. The introduction of a unified version of the definition will allow for a precise description of this process. The diversity of its forms and types in the literature on the subject requires the introduction of an appropriate classification. This will allow for systematization of various forms of evacuation and conducting more precise research on individual types of the evacuation process. Introduction: The evacuation process takes into account the possibility of moving not only people, but also animals and property from a place of danger to a currently safe place. It is a process that does not always take place in an organized or orderly way, and its effect is to leave the place of danger by all people. The complexity of the evacuation process allows it to be divided due to various forms, ways of conducting it, or objects subject to evacuation. In the literature on the subject, many definitions of various forms of evacuation have been formed, i.e. general, phase, organized, self-evacuation, indepen- dent, rescue, primary, gradual, selective, sequential, full, preventive, partial, successful, total, successful, successful, secondary, primary, intervention, managed, directed, unmanaged, I degree, II degree, III degree, etc. Methodology: The authors reviewed the available definitions of the concept of evacuation and proposed a new definition to describe the process in more general terms. In addition, the authors conducted a review of the forms of evacuation and its classification occurring in scientific publications within the national scope. As a result of the detailed analysis, a preliminary classification of individual determinations of the evacuation process was made. Conclusions: The concept of evacuation has a much broader meaning than the current definitions of this process. The analysis shows that evacuation should be defined as a process of moving people, animals or property from a place of danger to a place currently safe. For the purposes of this article, a total of more than 25 evacuation process determinations have been identified, which have been classified into 12 categories. Progress in many areas, i.e. construction, development of transport and urban infrastructure and the occurrence of public demonstrations/events, affects the need to verify existing definitions for the needs of new conditions. The publication aims to draw attention to the need to introduce a systematic analysis of the classification of the evacuation process. Such classification will allow for the proper identification of all kinds of variables that have different effects on different forms of this process. The introduction of such a division will allow the use of appropriate measures, tools and procedures to ensure an adequate level of human safety. The carried out categorization may be the basis for identifying the risks that may occur during individual forms of evacuation. Keywords: evacuation, evacuation definition, types of evacuation, fire safety Type of article: review article

Промислові монополії Російської імперії: проблема термінології

The article analyzes the problem of terminology during the study of the processes of monopolization of the industry of the Russian Empire. It was found out that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the scientific literature and the press there was no single system of concepts for the definition of various forms of monopolistic unions, the definitions of "cartel", "trust", "syndicate" were used arbitrarily. The most popular was the latter – syndicates were called most unions, despite the fact that they have exclusively monopolistic agreements on joint sale of products through a special office or similar body. It is indicated that such confusion in the concepts often persisted in later intelligence. Often in Soviet historiography the most simple monopolistic treaties, which arose from the middle of the nineteenth century, were attributed to them. in the field of lending and trade, which allowed to emphasize the simultaneous occurrence of multicultural tendencies with the leading countries of the West. The article deals with the definition of cartels, syndicates and trusts from the legal and economic point of view, their features are determined. The following are examples of cartels that traditionally belonged to the syndicates: sugar, The Bureau of Refiners, "Prodparovoz", the Union of the Baku kerosene manufacturers and others. The conclusion is made on the need for further study of the monopolies known to us in order to clearly identify their forms in order to understand the nature of the impact on the market.

Non-suicidal self-injury and other self-directed violent behaviors in India: A review of definitions and research.

The interpersonal theory of suicide suggests that most forms of self-directed violent behaviors lie on a continuum, with each behavior successively increasing the capability of committing suicide. There is increasing evidence to suggest that the continuum may begin with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI). This theory can be important in developing interventions for suicide prevention. However, in India, consistent usage of definitions of various forms of self-directed violent behaviors is lacking. In the present study, we reviewed definitions of various forms of self-directed violent behaviors that have been investigated in India. Further, we compared the usage of these definitions with the usage by WHO. Additionally, we reviewed NSSI research in India. Thirty-eight publications were identified by a comprehensive electronic search undertaken in Indian psychiatry, psychology, and mental health-related databases. Inconsistent definitions of eight self-directed violent behaviors were observed in Indian literature. Agreement on consistent definitions of various forms of self-directed behaviors is essential. Based on the findings of the current review, it can be suggested that culturally relevant large-scale research on NSSI in India is required to confirm the limited evidence that suggests high prevalence of NSSI in India.

Social-science Perspectives on Bioethics: Predictive Genetic Testing (PGT) in Asia

In this essay, I indicate how social-science approaches can throw light on predictive genetic testing (PGT) in various societal contexts. In the first section, I discuss definitions of various forms of PGT, and point out their inherent ambiguity and inappropriateness when taken out of an ideal-typical context. In section two, I argue further that an ethics approach proceeding from the point of view of the abstract individual in a given society should be supplemented by an approach that regards bioethics as inherently ambiguous, contested, changeable and context-dependent. In the last section, I place these bioethical discussions of PGT in the context of Asian communities. Here, a critical view of what constitutes a community and culture proves necessary to understand the role of bioethical debates and the empirical manifestations of PGT in Asian societies. A discussion of the concepts of family and kinship in relation to PGT indicates that any bioethical analysis has to take into account that bioethical values are not just reflections of a cultural community, but embody both bioethical ideals and prevalent political rhetoric which is exhibited, propagated and manipulated by individuals and collectives for a variety of purposes. I end by summarising the contributions that social science could make to the understanding of the bioethics of PGT.

Mexican American Women’s Definitions of Rape and Sexual Abuse

Focus group approach was used to explore concepts related to rape and sexual abuse among 17 Mexican immigrant women living in rural Arizona. The women discussed definitions of various forms of unwanted sexual experiences, their personal knowledge of someone who had been raped or sexually abused, and their perceptions of the roots of sexual abuse. Distinctions between rapto and violación, child versus adult rape (including marital rape), motivations for rape, and social factors contributing to victim silencing were identified. The meaning and perceived impact of rape reflected the gender relations of the culture. Keeping silent was a consistent theme, underscoring the difficulties of accurately assessing rape prevalence in Latinas. Research, prevention, intervention, and treatment programs need to recognize the social context and impact of rape and be designed accordingly. Participants reported many rape experiences, suggesting that underreporting is a major problem in estimating rape prevalence for Latinas.

Settlement Patterns and Land Use in the Late Prehistoric Southern Atbai, East Central Sudan

AbstractSince 1980, two separate archaeological teams, the Butana Archaeological Project (comprising jointly Southern Methodist University and the University of Khartoum) and the Italian Archaeological Mission in Sudan Kassala, have conducted large-scale surveys and excavations in the Southern Atbai area of the east central Sudan. Among other noteworthy finds, this work has revealed a sequence of change from sedentary agricultural to mobile pastoralist adaptations in the period from ca. 3750 B.C. to A.C. 350. One of the aims of the Southern Atbai research was to test the theory that ecological factors led to the development of nomadism. This issue is addressed through settlement-pattern and land-use analyses. Definitions of various forms of pastoral societies and archaeological methods for identifying them are also discussed.

Centers of Consciousness Reconsidered

Debates over the definition of various forms of the style indirect libre (free indirect style) continue to rage. After seventy years of scholarly activity there is still argument whether some of its fundamental aspects constitute a linguistically identifiable phenomenon. For the vast majority of FIS1 specialists, including Dorrit Cohn (1978) and Roy Pascal (1977) who have contributed major studies to it in the last few years, the most intriguing and esthetically the most fruitful element in speech and thought is its voice, the presence of a dual consciousness in what may appear as a univocal, objective text. In the case of Flaubert, at least, it would seem that to attribute unidimensional features to FIS is to negate its essence. It is precisely its multi-dimensional, indeterminate and unpredictable quality that marks its uniqueness as a stylistic device. It is a of discursive shell game, a contextual prestidigitation, in which the givens, the various pieces or elements of narrative discourse, are subject without warning to a translation from one level to another, to an unexpected expansion or contraction of their context in such a way as to keep the reader of Flaubert perpetually off his guard (Jameson 1979). Recent efforts to demonstrate the impossibility of the existence of more than one consciousness in any one sentence or expression, to prove the univocal nature of represented speech and thought, involve the extension of so-called non-reflective consciousness to the expression of feelings. The distinction between reflective and non-reflective consciousness is based on the notion that postulates the existence of two levels of consciousness: one that indicates full intellectual knowledge, and the other a kind of subconscious awareness, usually a sensory perception. One level denotes, in Bertrand