Definition Language Research Articles

Comparative analysis of approaches for automated compliance checking of construction data

While the domain of Automated Compliance Checking (ACC) has gained track, the construction industry has been flooded with different approaches. This paper studies these different approaches for use in compliance checking of construction data. The approaches are compared by defining constraints for the same set of five requirements, each of a different category, stemming from the Flemish building regulation on accessibility. Eight approaches have been selected for comparison: two IFC-based approaches (Solibri Model Checker and the upcoming buildingSMART standard IDS), two general data standards and their accompanying schema definition languages (JSON Schema and XSD), and four Linked Data approaches (OWL, SWRL, SPARQL, and SHACL). Besides the pure functional analysis, the relative uptake and support in tooling are also considered. While XML/XSD and JSON/JSON Schema and the Linked Data approaches are in essence domain-independent, only the latter has an extra layer for agreeing on high-level data modeling (and thus data validation) patterns in the construction domain with the EN17632-1:2022 standard. SHACL is considered the most adept method from the Linked Data approaches since it is fully standardized for both inputs and outputs and was developed for validation use cases.

What Is (Un)Flavored? A Scoping Review of the Conceptualization of Flavored Cigarillos.

To identify how flavor is conceptualized with respect to cigarillos to illuminate areas of concordance and discordance and provide a pathway for the harmonization of tobacco flavor measurement. Three methods were used to identify research measuring flavors respective to cigarillo products including: (1) querying research databases using key words "cigarillo," "tobacco" and "flavor"/'flavour,' (2) sub-sampling of the eligible literature with backward and forward reference searching, and (3) a bibliographic search of key experts. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts. Inclusion criteria required manuscripts to be available in English, published prior to 3/1/2022, be original and peer-reviewed, and include a measure of flavor pertaining to cigarillo products. A total of 163 manuscripts met these criteria and were subsequently evaluated. Cigarillo flavor determinations were made based on the presence of flavoring agents, sensory characteristics, marketing or package characteristics, pre-defined lists, the absence of any of these, and/or were undefined. Individual flavors and their related classifications were not altogether mutually exclusive due to differences in conceptualization which has evolved over time. Flavor measures continue to evolve, likely in response to both tobacco control policies and industry shifts. There is a lack of standardization in flavor conceptualization that can be ameliorated through intentional integration of multiple forms of research such as identifying patterns of flavoring agents and/or marketing strategies that elicit a specific flavor profile. By doing this, we may more comprehensively evaluate the impact of flavors, their constituents, and related marketing strategies on broader population health. There are discrepancies in the conceptualization of flavor in tobacco and nicotine products. The lack of standardized, definitive language limits our ability to comprehensively evaluate the population-level health impact of flavors in addition to our ability to effectively inform, implement, and enforce policies restricting flavors in tobacco and nicotine products.

Development of Reciprocal Teaching-Based Interactive Multimedia to Enhance Students' Learning Outcomes of Database Fundamentals

Database subjects are one of the basic compulsory subjects for the Computer Engineering and Informatics program. For Software Engineering students, topics such as Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML) are crucial for understanding advanced lessons. However, learning outcomes have been low due to factors such as suboptimal media, methods, models, and teaching processes. This research aims to design reciprocal teaching-based interactive multimedia to enhance student learning outcomes in DDL and DML materials. The research method used is adapted from the Comprehensive Life Cycle model, with a sample of students from class X-RPL-1 at Bina Wisata Lembang Vocational High School.The results of this study are as follows: 1) An average percentage of 80% was obtained from media experts and 80% from subject matter experts, both categorized as “Very Good”. 2) The use of multimedia improved student learning outcomes, demonstrated by an average score increase from 34 to 73. Furthermore, based on the pretest and posttest results, an average normalized gain (n-gain) of 0.59 was obtained with a criteria of 'Moderate' effectiveness. 3) Students responses to the created multimedia resulted in an average percentage score of 86.41%, categorized as “Very Good”.

Improved Diagnostic Confidence Imparted by Radiologists in Radiology Reports After Educational Interventions on Reporting Styles.

Background Radiology reports are important medico-legal documents facilitating communication between radiologists and referring doctors. Language clarity and precision are crucial for effective communication in these reports. Radiology reporting has changed with the evolution of imaging technology, prompting the adoption of precise terminology. Diagnostic certainty phrases (DCPs) play an important role in communicating diagnostic confidence in radiology reports. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of DCPs in radiology reports, before and after targeted educational interventions. Materials and methods The study was approved by the Aga Khan University Hospital's Ethical Review Committee and includes cross-sectional radiology reports. It involved three cycles of retrospective evaluation, with educational interventions in between to improve the use of DCPs. Results The study found a dynamic shift in the use of DCPs during the three cycles. Initially, intermediate-certainty phrases prevailed, followed by an increase in high-certainty phrases and a drop in low-certainty phrases. Later cycles showed a significant decline in DCPs and an increase in the use of definitive language. Across all subspecialties, there was a consistent decrease in intermediate- and low-certainty DCPs. Conclusion The study validates the transformative impact of educational interventions on the use of DCPs in radiology reports. The radiology reports frequently used DCPs with intermediate to low diagnostic certainty with improvement in the subsequent cycles of the study after educational interventions. It emphasizes the significance of continuing education to ensure the use of precise nomenclature.

The Role of the Debates on the Definition of the Italian Oral Language and on the Means of Its Propagation after the Italian State Declaration

The article examines the role of debates on the definition of a national oral language in Italy, where the divergence between the written, literary language and oral dialects has historically been very significant. The decisive contribution to the definition of the oral language, by choosing the Florentine language as the model of the oral Italian language was made by Alessandro Manzoni along with Graziadio Isaiah Ascoli, who suggested that the adoption of the Florentine language would lead to a formal cult of “popular purity” instead of the ideal of “classical purity”, and that the linguistic would be the result of a deeper action with the aim of spreading culture and bridging the gap, separating a small circle of intellectuals from the rest of the population. In conclusion, the author considers that the convergence of written and spoken Italian has led to the fact that, today, the proficiency in written language among Italians is lower than the average in European countries, and Italians still perceive the spoken language as an unnatural language.

Multi-Arm Trajectory Planning for Optimal Collision-Free Pick-and-Place Operations

This article addresses the problem of automating a multi-arm pick-and-place robotic system. The objective is to optimize the execution time of a task simultaneously performed by multiple robots, sharing the same workspace, and determining the order of operations to be performed. Due to its ability to address decision-making problems of all kinds, the system is modeled under the mathematical framework of the Markov Decision Process (MDP). In this particular work, the model is adjusted to a deterministic, single-agent, and fully observable system, which allows for its comparison with other resolution methods such as graph search algorithms and Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL). The proposed approach provides three advantages: it plans the trajectory to perform the task in minimum time; it considers how to avoid collisions between robots; and it automatically generates the robot code for any robot manufacturer and any initial objects’ positions in the workspace. The result meets the objectives and is a fast and robust system that can be safely employed in a production line.

Texts and contexts: Linguistic landscapes, graffiti, film, and literature in L2 classes

AbstractGiven that societies across the globe are increasingly multicultural and multilingual, the notion of communicative competence grounded in constricting definitions of national cultures and languages reflects neither our instructional realities nor the sociolinguistic reality of the languages and cultures we teach. To foster students’ development of second language (L2) competence grounded in an awareness of the symbolic construction of language and culture as well as “tolerance for ambiguity” (Kramsch, 2006), students must create with L2, rather than just reproduce what they have learned. After briefly outlining changing conceptions of language competency, this paper first describes how public uses of language and images through signs and graffiti make up a given place's linguistic landscape (LL), defines an evolving concept, and illustrates how it can be effectively used in L2 instruction. Then it highlights how a variety of LL‐based activities help language learners become cognizant of their own sociolinguistic contexts and provides concrete examples from intermediate to advanced‐level classes in two distinctly different German programs. The different approaches encourage students to combine LL‐based activities with visual, literary, and film analysis to develop symbolic competencies that prepare them to negotiate unpredictable and diverse cultural norms.

Olympiads without Words

To involve as many children as possible from an earlier age in the Olympiad movement, tasks without any conventional signs and denotations are proposed (these tasks can be called “natural”). Drag-and-Drop technique is used for this purpose, with varieties: ”n-to-1” (selecting an object to be dragged to the spot); ”1-to-m” (selecting the spot or a place the object to be dragged to); ”n-to-m” (selecting both an object or a collection of objects and the spot(s) to be dragged to). Parametrizing is necessary: when restarting the program, a slightly different task is to be generated. A sequence of these tasks (in learning mode for any definite language: with announcements after successful completion: “Congratulations, you have mastered the notion of…”) would also be an unobtrusive training course for children. These tasks can be also used for checking and improving AI.

模因论下网络暴力语言生成机制及特征研究

As an emerging language variant, researchers have made many efforts from different perspectives to address online violence language. Dawkins believes that human society is full of memes, and everything people learn is memes. Memetics, as a new theory, aims to explain the relationship between language and culture. Undoubtedly, memetics provides a new perspective for linguistics, and many scholars have been studying this theory for a long time. At the same time, we also noticed that previous research has left a lot of research space for this typical theory. Otherwise, language is constantly changing. Therefore, the variation and development of human language directly affect its evolution. Memetics provides a new perspective for analyzing online language. On the other hand, from the perspective of research on language memes, there is insufficient attention paid to the dynamic generation of language memes and a lack of a systematic and comprehensive conceptual framework for meme language. Network language is a product of the information age background and a typical language variant. Therefore, analyzing its complex generation and evolution process is of great significance for the development of language. This article is based on meme theory and focuses on language variants of online violence. Mainly studying the language variants of online violence used by young Chinese netizens. Based on the definition of online violence language, in order to better analyze the variants of online violence language, the author screened some typical online violence events from 2011 to 2021. Based on the fact that there are a large number of language variants of online violence and popular internet slang, the author has built a corpus to better analyze this language variant. All texts are collected from some influential websites, such as Weibo, QQ, WeChat, Tiktok, etc. In addition, some data is collected from real-world communication. The collected language variants of online violence are representative and widely disseminated.

Aesthetics of Poetic Language in the Dewan of "Nawhi"

This research, entitled "Aesthetics of Poetic Language in the Dewan of Nawhi", is an attempt to highlight the aesthetics of poetic language in general and the aesthetics of poetic language in particular in the poems of a little-known poet of Kurdish literature It is grammatically defined in the structure of Noah's poetic language, which includes both lexical and syntactic levels. Through examples of his poetic texts, the aesthetic aspects and levels of the poet's poetic language, ability and poetic experience have been identified and presented. To conduct this research, the method (analytical description) has been used to reveal the purpose and content of poetic texts and analyze them grammatically. To achieve the goal, the research is divided into an introduction and two topics, which theoretically discusses the concept and definition of poetic language and in practice covers the structure of Noah's poetic language in terms of grammar. Finally, the results are summarized in several points.

Semantic codability in folk taxonomy: A cultural-linguistic perspective

A language definition is presented in the introduction without further detailed explanation, but it is given to show how language is viewed from a general perspective that encompasses most of its domains. Every word or phrase in this definition may rightly correspond to an independent branch in language studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the codability of meaning through examples taken from the dialect of a countryside in Marib, Yemen, specifically words related to animals and plants. The assumption in this study is that if the connotational features of meaning components are coded within the meaning of words, then these words are coined according to the need of the speaking community. As languages differ in selecting criterial features, they also differ in forming designata that pertain to the same extra-linguistic world. The main question in this study is: What is the nature of folk semantic codability? Is it a taxonomy or a partonomy? This ‘semantic codability’ of a word is the cause for non-equivalence in translation across languages. The emic perspective—description without analysis—was implemented in this study. Vocabulary related to domestic animals and wild plants were analysed by looking into their hierarchal relations. The relationship between words and concepts are also reviewed to exemplify their existence and frequencies in a language community due to interests, needs, concerns of that community. It is found that the purpose of semantic codability is to create specific labels (subordinates) for a general concept (superordinate), where this purpose plays a part as an economic communicative technique. There is a lack of richness among words related to animals’ taxonomies, which we rationalize to lack of interest in the language community. The conclusion is that semantic codability is driven by need and frequency of use, whether for taxonomy or partonomy.

دور هعهذ األكاديوي ضياء تٌيادوف للذراسات الشرقية تأكاديوية أررتيداى الىطٌية للعلىم في دراسة األدب العرتي خارج الىطي العرتي

Language‟s definition varies in the literature. One of the most accurate definitions of language is that the language is the voice through which people express their purpose, it is a tool for communication, understanding and interaction between people, and this is a phenomenon that reflects human knowledge and culture. At the same time, it is a powerful factor that animates people and helps them to develop and thrive. The beauty of the language is reflected in examples of poetry and prose of folk literature. It is one of the most famous and widely spoken languages in the world. Arabic is the language of science and culture and helps to transmit religious, scientific and literary knowledge throughout history. There is no doubt that Arabic literature emphasizes the beauty of the Arabic language from preIslamic times to the present day. Arabic literature attracts the attention of the whole world, both ancient and modern. One of the countries where the Arabic language and its literature is taught is Azerbaijan. There are universities and institutes that contain faculties of Arabic literature and its departments. One of the scientific institutions that study the Arabic literature is the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Ziya Bunyadov of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. It should be noted that the most important results of scientific research and books of the Institute are used in educational institutions within the country and abroad.

Comparative Analysis of Business English and Everyday English Translation Stylistic Features Based on Keras Neural Networks

Abstract Based on the formal definition of semantic language and specific natural language, the research adopts the Word2vec model to map words into a low-dimensional dense space and performs semantic modeling by unsupervised learning through a large amount of unlabeled data to realize the vectorized representation of translated text. For the vectorized text, the text features are combined and filtered based on the TextCNN network, and the TextCNN network is implemented under the Keras framework. Based on the TextCNN network of Keras, the stylistic features of Business English and Daily English are compared at three levels: lexical, syntactic and discourse. Business English was rated 23.6 points higher in terms of conciseness of diction compared to everyday English, and 28.7 points improved the modesty of diction compared to everyday English. This study furthers the improvement of various English translation types.

Literārās valodas un sarunvalodas attiecības: sociālo mediju piemērs

The case of social media demonstrates the growing relevance of the relationship between literary language and colloquial speech in today’s society. The article encourages us to think: is it really no longer important to switch linguistic codes based on the nature of the speech situation when the choice of language means is applied, and one or the other type of language existence is used; is communication more and more dominated by colloquial speech? The study aims to characterise the interaction and competition between literary and colloquial language in the use of the Latvian language by analysing examples of social media and their use. The research material is Twitter posts on the social networking site, texts published on various Internet portals and recorded on television and radio, and an express survey in which 425 respondents took part. Descriptive method, content analysis and survey were used. The article analyses the understanding of literary language and colloquial language. For many years, Jānis Rozenbergs’s definition of the literary language has been valid in Latvian linguistics. However, the definition was created when social media did not have the same influence as today and when the words of writers, poets and other cultural figures still had great power. The opinion that literary language and colloquial speech are two separate types of language existence is supported. Journalists’ communicative competence plays an important role in observing the conditional distinction between public and private communication in language practice. The results of the express survey confirm that the majority of respondents (44%) attach the main importance to the genre of the programme and not to the fact that a journalist should choose a literary language when speaking in public. Posts on social networking sites are widely quoted and retold on other social media, radio and television, and even relatively official news programmes. It can be concluded that the use of colloquial speech continues to expand under the influence of social media.

SPARQL-QA-v2 system for Knowledge Base Question Answering

Accessing the large volumes of information available in public knowledge bases might be complicated for those users unfamiliar with formal languages, such as the SPARQL query language and the ontology definition languages. This issue can be overcome by providing systems able to answer questions posed in natural language on a knowledge base, a task that is called Knowledge Base Question Answering (KBQA) in the literature. More in detail, many KBQA systems aim at translating automatically questions into the corresponding SPARQL queries to be executed over the knowledge base to get the answers. Effective state-of-the-art KBQA systems are based on neural-machine translation but easily fail to recognize words that are Out Of the Vocabulary (OOV) of the training set. This is a serious issue while querying large ontologies where the list of entities is huge and easily evolves over time. In this paper, we present the SPARQL-QA-v2 system that combines in an innovative way Named Entity Linking, Named Entity Recognition, and Neural Machine Translation for addressing the problem of generating SPARQL queries from questions posed in natural language. We demonstrate empirically that SPARQL-QA-v2 is effective and resilient to OOV words and delivers state-of-the-art performance in well-known datasets for question answering over DBpedia and Wikidata knowledge bases.

Robot Cooking—Transferring Observations into a Planning Language: An Automated Approach in the Field of Cooking

The recognition of human activities from video sequences and their transformation into a machine-readable form is a challenging task, which is the subject of many studies. The goal of this project is to develop an automated method for analyzing, identifying and processing motion capture data into a planning language. This is performed in a cooking scenario by recording the pose of the acting hand. First, predefined side actions are detected in the dataset using classification. The remaining frames are then clustered into main actions. Using this information, the known initial positions and virtual object tracking, a machine-readable planning domain definition language (PDDL) is generated.

Association of Lack of Speech Arrest During Cortical Stimulation With Interhemispheric Reorganization of the Functional Language Network in Patients With Brain Tumors.

BACKGROUND. Brain tumors induce language reorganization, which may influence the extent of resection in surgical planning. Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) allows definitive language mapping during awake surgery by locating areas of speech arrest (SA) surrounding the tumor. Although functional MRI (fMRI) combined with graph theory analysis can illustrate whole-brain network reorganization, few studies have corroborated these findings with DCS intraoperative mapping and clinical language performance. OBJECTIVE. We evaluated whether patients with low-grade gliomas (LGGs) without SA during DCS show increased right-hemispheric connections and better speech performance compared with patients with SA. METHODS. We retrospectively recruited 44 consecutive patients with left perisylvian LGG, preoperative language task-based fMRI, speech performance evaluation, and awake surgery with DCS. We generated language networks from ROIs corresponding to known language areas (i.e., language core) on fMRI using optimal percolation. Language core connectivity in the left and right hemispheres was quantified as fMRI laterality index (LI) and connectivity LI on the basis of fMRI activation maps and connectivity matrices. We compared fMRI LI and connectivity LI between patients with SA and without SA and used multivariable logistic regression (p < .05) to assess associations between DCS and connectivity LI, fMRI LI, tumor location, Broca area and Wernicke area involvement, prior treatments, age, handedness, sex, tumor size, and speech deficit before surgery, within 1 week after surgery, and 3-6 months after surgery. RESULTS. Patients with SA showed left-dominant connectivity; patients without SA lateralized more to the right hemisphere (p < .001). Between patients with SA and those without, fMRI LI was not significantly different. Patients without SA showed right-greater-than-left connectivity of Broca area and premotor area compared with patients with SA. Regression analysis showed significant association between no SA and right-lateralized connectivity LI (p < .001) and fewer speech deficits before (p < .001) and 1 week after (p = .02) surgery. CONCLUSION. Patients without SA had increased right-hemispheric connections and right translocation of the language core, suggesting language reorganization. Lack of interoperative SA was associated with fewer speech deficits both before and immediately after surgery. CLINICAL IMPACT. These findings support tumor-induced language plasticity as a compensatory mechanism, which may lead to fewer postsurgical deficits and allow extended resection.

Increasing Interoperability between Digital Twin Standards and Specifications: Transformation of DTDL to AAS.

Although standards and specifications for digital twins aim to create interoperability in Industry 4.0, each standard has its own goals, focuses and representations for digital twins. This paper examines an approach to increasing interoperability between established digital twin specifications by transformation. Accordingly, several specifications are presented and requirements for transformation are examined. Following the feasibility analysis, a mapping between the Digital Twin Definition Language (DTDL) and Asset Administration Shell (AAS) was created. To examine the feasibility of this approach, the transformation was implemented and tested for a physical asset. This paper demonstrates that a generic mapping between DTDL and AAS can be applied for transformation in use cases where DTDL models are provided while AAS is required.

Nondeterministic operational complexity in subregular languages

We study the nondeterministic state complexity of basic regular operations on subregular language families. In particular, we focus on the classes of combinational, singleton, finite, finitely generated left ideal, symmetric definite, group, star, comet, two-sided comet, ordered, and power-separating languages, and consider the operations of intersection, union, concatenation, power, Kleene star, reversal, and complementation. We get the exact complexity in all cases, except for complementation of singleton languages where we only have a lower bound n and an upper bound n. The complexity of all operations on combinational languages is given by a constant function, except for the k-th power where it is k+1. For all considered operations, the known upper bounds for left ideals are met by finitely generated left ideal languages, and the known lower bound 2n−1 for complementation on left ideals is tight also for symmetric definite languages. The complexity of intersection on singleton languages is min⁡{m,n}, and for all other operations, except for complementation, the known upper bounds for finite languages are met by singleton languages. The nondeterministic state complexity of the k-th power, star, and reversal on star languages is n, and the nondeterministic state complexity of complementation on group languages is max⁡{n,(n−1⌊n/2⌋)}. In all the remaining cases, the nondeterministic state complexity of all considered operations is the same as in the regular case, although sometimes we need to use a larger alphabet to describe the corresponding witnesses.

Restricted Computations and Parameters in Type-Theory of Acyclic Recursion

The paper extends the formal language and the reduction calculus of Moschovakis type-theory of recursion, by adding a restrictor operator on terms with predicative restrictions. Terms with restrictions over memory variables formalise inductive algorithms with generalised, restricted parameters. The extended type-theory of restricted recursion (TTRR) provides computations for algorithmic semantics of mathematical expressions and definite descriptors, in formal and natural languages. The reduction calculi of TTRR provides a mathematical foundation of the work of compilers for reducing recursive programs to iterative ones. The type-theory of acyclic recursion (TTAR) has a special importance to syntax-semantics interfaces in computational grammars.