Definition Of Development Research Articles

Evolutionary Phases of Big History

The present article is devoted to the issue of unity of laws, patterns and mechanisms of evolution at all its stages and levels of Big History and megaevolution. Despite the enormous differences between cosmic, planetological, chemical, biological, and social evolutions, there are many similarities. There are a lot of important and insightful works on the development of complexity in our Universe and in the course of Big History. Unfortunately, much less studies are devoted to analysis of universal similarities, patterns and rules within Big History. Mostly such research is focused on a few laws of Big History which are usually connected with development of complexity. However, laws in terms of the typological similarity of many patterns and rules in star-galaxy, planetological, chemical, biological and social phases of Big History, are of great importance. In the present article we will consider a number of such important similarities, which, in our opinion, clearly demonstrate the systemic-structural and functional-evolutionary unity of the world at its different levels and in different areas. The understanding of these similarities deepens our perception about all stages of Big History and its regularities, and leads us away from the false idea that social evolution in all aspects is different from the evolution of previous levels. In the first section our key goal is to give our own definitions of evolution which would cover as many variants of evolutionary changes as possible. In the second section we will try to give a rather voluminous and dialectical picture of the unfolding universal evolution instead of a short scheme: cosmic – biological – social. The notions of main and transitional phases of Big History are introduced; and the importance of its planetary and chemical phases is shown. In the third section we will show that one can reveal a number of similarities at all levels and phases of megaevolution, which can be generalized in universal laws, rules, mechanisms, patterns and principles of evolution. One should note that in fact none of the important laws and principles, not any of the important rules of evolution, have been ‘lost’ in the process of transition from lower to higher levels. They were only modified and became more complicated, and there also appeared some new principles and rules (and in retrospect one can see their rudiments at the lowest levels of evolution). Some of these laws and rules are described in this section. In the fourth section we will try to present some evolutionary and philosophical ideas that explain the profound similarity in the laws and patterns of megaevolution at all its levels and phases. In the conclusion we will discuss evolutionary and non-evolutionary matters.

A Revised Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution: Introducing the MATE 2.0.

Hundreds of articles have explored the extent to which individuals accept evolution, and the Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution (MATE) is the most often used survey. However, research indicates the MATE has limitations, and it has not been updated since its creation more than 20 years ago. In this study, we revised the MATE using information from cognitive interviews with 62 students that revealed response process errors with the original instrument. We found that students answered items on the MATE based on constructs other than their acceptance of evolution, which led to answer choices that did not fully align with their actual acceptance. Students answered items based on their understanding of evolution and the nature of science and different definitions of evolution. We revised items on the MATE, conducted 29 cognitive interviews on the revised version, and administered it to 2881 students in 22 classes. We provide response process validity evidence for the new measure through cognitive interviews with students, structural validity through a Rasch dimensionality analysis, and concurrent validity evidence through correlations with other measures of evolution acceptance. Researchers can now measure student evolution acceptance using this new version of the survey, which we have called the MATE 2.0.

A New, New Definition of Evolution by Natural Selection

This note provides a definition of evolution by natural selection that is compatible with the extended evolutionary synthesis.

Specialties & Perspectives Intersect to Tell Us What We Know about Evolution

Editorial| February 01 2019 Specialties & Perspectives Intersect to Tell Us What We Know about Evolution Amanda L. Glaze Amanda L. Glaze Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (2019) 81 (2): 69. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2019.81.2.69 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Amanda L. Glaze; Specialties & Perspectives Intersect to Tell Us What We Know about Evolution. The American Biology Teacher 1 February 2019; 81 (2): 69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2019.81.2.69 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search Our world is so complex and interconnected, it is no surprise that science is too. This essay examines the multiple lines of evidence that align to provide our modern understanding of evolution and its mechanism. Not surprisingly, Charles Darwin is often viewed as the primary (or only) source of our knowledge of evolution. Open any biology text and you will find a photo of the grand old man, something about the voyage of the Beagle, and a definition of evolution. However, our modern understanding of evolution is now so much richer because of a synthesis of evidence from intersecting specialties and perspectives. Just consider the following. Paleontology (Stories That Fossils Can Tell). Evidence in support of evolution is often found within the layers of the Earth. From shells in the Andes to hominin remains unearthed from caves, fossils suggest both the appearance of and relationships between long-dead creatures. For... You do not currently have access to this content.

Nature as Discourse: Transdisciplinarity and Vagus Nerve Function

Within the definition of evolution and Transdisciplinary Becoming the finer qualities of human awareness and perception are in question. This paper derives from a philosophy of nature and presents the argument that Transdisciplinarity’s triad model will only succeed in obtaining the three levels of Reality that Being Transdisciplinary entails if it incorporates autonomic/cognitive forces within Homo sapiens’ phylogenetic organization. Since co-evolutionary principles of human-brain and autonomic nervous system functioning are a biological imperative for raising normative levels of Being, individuals, schools, and cultural institutions must instill both phylogenetic and experiential understanding of human neurobiology in their curricula. After a brief historical introduction to metaphysics and vagus nerve functioning [Fig.1], I will move to the contemporary perspective of Polyvagal Theory and conclude with Transdisciplinarity’s intrinsic need to articulate the science (nature’s way) with regard to the project of grounding education within the whole primordial sense of Transdisciplinary Being.

Nonphysical Violence in Criminal Law: Definition and Signs

The article is devoted to researchof criminal law and other branches of law problems related toregulation of certain types of violence. Current definition «mental violence», «psychological violence»and others do not have a single content and are not explained in the current legislation. The urgencyof the issue is also due to the fact that according to statistics the share of violent crimes is traditionallyhigh, even considering their latency.The authors determined the aim of the study as development ofdefinition of certain types of violence oriented on further implementation into the criminal legislation.During the research the dialectical method of cognition was as methodological basis. Were usedsuch methods as comparative legal method, formal legal method, and method of content analysis,which contributed to the realization of scientific interest. The article presents a study of foreignexperience of regulation of this institution in such countries as Great Britain, Canada, Israel andothers. The positions of authoritative figures of science are analyzed, and that allowed to reflect theiradvantages, shortcomings and an absence of any general approach to determining the content ofthe phenomenon under exploration. Two main scholars positions have been singled out, accordingto which the definition “psychic violence” is revealed depending on the object of encroachmentor on the method of encroachment. The study of judicial and investigative practice also revealedproblems of application of norms, related to certain types of violence. In the sentences of courts,the term “mental violence” is used, but in a different semantic meaning. On the basis of analysis theauthors concluded that current definitions do not correspond to the nature and essence of certaintypes of violence. Thereby the authors offer a completely new definition - «Nonphysical violence».The advantage of the definition is that it meets the requirements of legal technique as well as thecoverage of all criminal law values of this type. Besides, conclusions of the article include the contentof signs of nonphysical violence (object of infringement, ways of infringement, violent character,intent character and wrongfulness), and formulation of recommendations for the further use of thedefinition

Factual states of affairs – uniting diverging philosophical orientations and setting them apart: illuminating the impact of a non-reductionist ontology

‘Facts have no independent existence in science, or in any human endeavor; theories grant differing weights, values, and descriptions, even to the most empirical and undeniable of observations’ (Gould 2002: p. 759).All academic disciplines have access to undeniable states of affairs that require meaningful and constructive accounts of them. Oftentimes such an account reflect diverging theoretical views of reality. Wittgenstein's view ‘that only connexions that are subject to law are thinkable’ paves the way for a discussion of the state of affairs that theoretical thinking is characterised by a ‘special abstraction’, namely ‘aspect-abstraction’ resulting in ‘aspect-disciplines’. As an example of diverging ontological commitments Cantor's famous diagonal proof of the non-denumerability of the real numbers is briefly discussed. Another example is given by means of a brief analysis of the wave-particle duality, focused on distinguishing different modes of explanation, designated as representations. Occam's razor (the principle of thought-economy) provides a further example of a state of affairs shared by different philosophical orientations, albeit that some ascribe a purely logical nature to it while someone else may discern in it an analogical link between the logical-analytical aspect and the economic aspects of ontic reality. The problem of persistence and change and the state of affairs that change can only be detected on the basis of constancy permeated the history of philosophy and the various academic disciplines, including the discipline of paleontology. The dominant pattern of the paleontological record, namely stasis, poses empirical and theoretical limits to the definition of evolution as ‘continuous change’. Apart from showing that special science (aspect-disciplines) always operate on the basis of philosophical assumptions, the underlying aim is to advance a non-reductionist approach to undeniable states of affairs.

Impacto clínico de la cuantificación de la carga mutacional de JAK2V617F en pacientes con neoplasias mieloproliferativas crónicas Ph negativas clásicas

Background and objectivesOur study has investigated the presence of the mutation V617F in the JAK2 gene in patients diagnosed with chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Furthermore, we determined if JAK2 (V617F) allelic burden associates with a specific clinical phenotype and if its quantification can be used as a marker to predict outcome and complications in patients with MPNs. Patients and methodsA retrospective observational study was conducted from 1987 to 2011 in the Haematology Department of La Paz University Hospital. The allelic burden was measured in 114 patients diagnosed with MPNs: 39 polycythemia vera (PV) patients, 71 essential thrombocythaemia patients and 6 primary myelofibrosis patients. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) technology was used to determinate the percentage of mutated alleles in peripheral blood neutrophils. Patients were divided in 2 groups: heterozygous if the result was≤50% of the tested cells, and homozygous if it was positive in>50% of the cells. ResultsSixty-nine patients were positive for the JAK2 mutation and 45 were negative. Among those positive, the mutation was associated with arterial thrombosis. In addition, we demonstrate in the homozygous group that the V617F mutation is associated to PV, advanced age, leukocytosis, marked haematopoiesis and splenomegaly. ConclusionsThe presence of V617F mutation is associated with a higher incidence of thrombosis, leukocytosis and splenomegaly. The identification of mutation on the JAK2 gene could help in a better definition of evolution and prognostic stratification of the myeloproliferative disorders.

Is it Time for an Updated ‘Eco-Evo-Devo’ Definition of Evolution by Natural Selection?

A lot of science has passed under the bridge since the classic definition of evolution as a change in gene frequencies in a population became common. Much knowledge has accumulated since then about evolution, heredity, ecology, development, phenotypic plasticity, niche construction and genetic drift. Building on Van Valen’s description of evolution as “the control of development by ecology,” it is suggested that the classic definition be replaced by a updated ‘eco-evo-devo’ definition of evolution by natural selection which acknowledges this accumulation.

Casting an Eye on Complexity

In the previous issue, I offered some thoughts on how to think about evolution (Eldredge 2008). It turns out that how “we” collectively think about evolution, starting with the most basic, fundamental conceptualization about what evolution is, has differed dramatically depending on when a given evolutionist was active, what her subdiscipline is— and even to some degree on what country she was born in. For example, a systematist or paleontologist might prefer a one-sentence definition of “evolution” as “the idea that all species that have ever lived on earth are descended from a single common ancestor.” In contrast, a geneticist might prefer to define evolution as “any permanent change in genetic information.” In addition, while both definitions may suffice for some systematists or geneticists, others (such as myself) would insist on adding “and the causal processes underlying such patterns of descent and/or change in genetic information.” And while there may be still other definitions of evolution, these two seem to constitute a dichotomy that has pervaded biological evolutionary theory at least since Darwin. One of them is about the origin and fates of species—and, by extension, higher taxa such as genera, families etc. The other focuses on the origin and further modification of genetically based properties of organisms (morphology, physiology, behavior). And although such nondeterministic causes of genetic change as Sewall Wright’s “genetic drift” (see Eldredge 2008) are in operation, basically theories of genetic change (i.e., over and above mutational and related sorts of changes in individual organisms) are theories of adaptation through natural selection—and have been so throughout the history of evolutionary thought. What’s more, the distinction between these two fundamentally different ways of defining evolution—the “taxic” vs. the “transformationist” approach (as I initially called them in Eldredge 1979) are seldom acknowledged. The tendency (probably ever since Darwin published the Origin in 1859) is to see the “origin of species” as the simple and direct consequence of the ongoing transformation of the heritable properties of organisms via adaptation through natural selection. The thought goes: If natural selection modifies a species enough, over the course of time a new species will inevitably emerge. But, as I will explore in detail in the next issue (dedicated to Charles Robert Darwin on the occasion of his 200th birthday), Darwin himself initially saw evolution as a “taxic” phenomenon: ancestral species give rise to descendant species, much as mothers give birth to infant children. He was thinking in these terms even on the Beagle and continued to do so after he returned home in 1836. Later, he essentially dropped this line of thought—but only after he had come up with the idea of natural selection—and switched over to thinking of evolution as essentially the simple modification of adaptations through natural selection. Today, we have theories of “speciation”—how new species are “born” from ancestral species (see Thanukos 2008, for a useful review in these pages), and we also have theories of adaptation through natural selection. And it is clear that the two fundamentally different ways of thinking about evolution I have sketched out above are intimately related to one another: This is not an either/or dichotomy, but rather two equally valid ways of looking at evolution that resonate with one another in more of a dialectical than a dichotomous way. For though it is possible to have a descendant species arise with hardly much genetic change Evo Edu Outreach (2008) 1:355–357 DOI 10.1007/s12052-008-0070-7

The evolutionary and non-Darwinian economics of Joseph Schumpeter

In a recent paper, Matthias Kelm (1997) accepts that `Schumpeter's definition of evolution does not contain any Darwinian mechanism such as natural selection or any other biological concept' and that Schumpeter `made no such attempt' to apply `Darwinian theory to economic evolution'. However, Kelm goes on to argue that Schumpeter would have been a Darwinian if circumstances were different. It is argued here that this contention is highly implausible because Schumpeter explicitly rejected biological metaphors and analogies in economics. Furthermore, Schumpeter misunderstood Darwinism. In his attempt to `interpret' Schumpeter as a Darwinian, Kelm himself misrepresents the three core principles of Darwinism. In addition Kelm's paper contains several misunderstandings and misrepresentations of the assessment of Schumpeter made by Hodgson (1993). This present response concludes that Schumpeter was indeed one of the greatest economists of the twentieth century and that he may legitimately be described as an `evolutionary economist'. However, he cautioned strongly against the use of biological metaphors in economics and there is no legitimate basis for describing his approach as Darwinian.

The new drug approvals of 1990, 1991, and 1992: trends in drug development.

Efforts to speed the development and review of new drugs have increased sharply in recent years. This report, which is the third in a series on trends in drug development, examines the new drug approvals of 1990, 1991, and 1992. During the 3-year study period, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 79 new drugs, 74 of which met the Center for the Study of Drug Development's definition of a new chemical entity (NCE). Of the 74 NCEs, 36 (49%) were considered by the FDA to represent notable therapeutic gains and were selected for "priority" review (i.e., drugs rated 1P, 1A, 1AA, and 1B), and 38 (51%) were considered to represent little or no gain and received "standard" reviews (i.e., drugs rated 1S and 1C). Investigational new drug application (IND) filing and new drug application (NDA) submission dates on all 74 drugs were obtained from responses to our manufacturer surveys as well as from FDA and public sources. The mean length of the clinical phase (IND filing to NDA submission) was 6.1 years and that of the review phase (NDA submission to approval) was 2.6 years. Of the 74 NCEs, 43 (58%) were available in foreign markets at least 1 year before U.S. approval, with a mean of 5.6 years of foreign marketing. In general, 1990 to 1992 figures are similar to those in the last half of the 1980s.

Evolusie: Die misverstand tussen teologie en biologie

Evolution: The misunderstanding between theology and biology Theological reaction to the theory of biological evolution ranged from an outright rejection to positive acceptance. Both these extreme viewpoints are, however, often mistaken in their basic assumptions. Rejection of evolution is often based on fundamentalist preconceptions th a t are both unnecessary and inconsistent with the Bible. On the other hand, acceptance of the theory of evolution is often based on an idealistic definition of evolution that is incongruous with the materialistic definition used by biologists.

The New Drug Approvals of 1987, 1988, and 1989: Trends in Drug Development

The new drug approvals of 1987, 1988, and 1989 were analyzed to determine whether there are any emerging trends in the US drug development and review processes. Sixty-four new drugs were approved by the FDA during this period, of which 55 met the Center for the Study of Drug Development's definition of a new chemical entity (NEC). For the 55 NCEs, the mean length of the investigational new drug application (IND) phase (IND filing to NDA submission) was 5.2 years, the new drug application (NDA) phase (NDA submission to approval) was 2.9 years, and the total phase (IND filing to NDA approval) was 8.1 years. Nine of the 55 NCEs were classified by the FDA as 1A (important therapeutic gain), 15 were classified as 1B (modest gain), 29 were classified as 1C (little or no gain), and 2 were classified as 1AA (drugs to treat AIDS and AIDS-related conditions); 10 drugs were granted orphan status. The mean NDA phase for 1A drugs was 2.4 years; 1B drugs, 2.9 years; 1C drugs, 3.1 years; 1AA drugs, 1.4 years; and orphan drugs, 2.5 years. Forty-four of the 55 NCEs (80%) were available in foreign markets before US approval was given, with a mean of 6.5 years of prior marketing. These data are consistent with figures for previous years and suggest little change in the rate of new drug development and review in the United States.

FDA advisory committees and the new drug approval process.

To determine the impact of FDA advisory committee review on the approval time of new drug applications (NDAs) approved during the five-year period 1983 through 1987, we compared NDA phase lengths of reviewed new chemical entities (NCEs) with those that were not reviewed and examined the elapsed time from final committee recommendation for approval to NDA approval. Of the 95 drugs approved during the study period that met the Center for the Study of Drug Development's definition of an NCE, 40 (42%) were submitted for review--mean NDA phase length was 36.9 months versus 32.4 months for unreviewed drugs. Reviewed drugs in the neuropharmacologic division had a longer NDA phase, while those in the metabolic/endocrine and oncology/radiopharmaceutical divisions had shorter NDA phases, than unreviewed drugs in those divisions. For NCEs grouped by therapeutic rating, reviewed drugs in each category had longer NDA phases than unreviewed drugs; the difference was largest for 1-B rated drugs. The elapsed time from committee recommendation for approval to NDA approval as a percent of the total NDA phase was greatest for drugs submitted by the metabolic/endocrine division (83.0% of NDA phase) and for drugs rated 1-A (63.2%). Results indicate that advisory committee review is associated with a small overall delay in NDA approval when compared with the regulatory fate of drugs not submitted for review.

Trends in drug development: the 1985-86 new drug approvals.

New drug approvals in 1985 and 1986 were analyzed to determine whether any new trends have emerged in the US drug development process. Fifty-three new drugs (including three biologic products) were approved during this period; 46 met the Center for the Study of Drug Development's definition of a new chemical entity (NCE). More than 70% of the 46 approvals were granted in the fourth quarter, 50% in December alone. Four were FDA classified as 1A (important therapeutic gain), 24 as 1B (modest gain), and 16 as 1C (little or no gain); two biologics were not classified. Nine drugs were given orphan status. For the 37 non-orphan drugs, the duration of the "development phase" (IND filing to NDA submission) was 5.6 years; the "review phase" (NDA submission to approval) was 2.6 years; and the "total time" (IND filing to NDA approval) was 8.2 years. Review phase for the four 1A drugs was 2.4 years; for the 24 1B drugs, 2.6 years; for the 16 1C drugs, 2.8 years; and for the nine orphan drugs, 2.7 years. Of the 46 drugs, 33 (71.7%) were available in foreign markets prior to US approval with a mean of 5.5 years of prior marketing. Although the total of 46 NCE approvals in 1985 and 1986 represents a two-year high, there has been a dramatic shift towards fourth quarter approvals. Lengths of the development and FDA review phases are in keeping with those values for previous years.

Natural selection and heredity.

The intimate connection between natural selection and heredity is indicated by Prof. Dobshansky's definition of evolution as essentially just a change in gene frequencies, for natural selection is the agency that causes gene frequencies to change. Just as mutations are the raw material of evolution, selection is the force that preserves good genes, eliminates bad genes, and produces the changes that lead to the formation of races, and eventually species.The problem of the action of selection on gene frequencies can be treated, with suitable simplifying assumptions, mathematically, and many years ago Prof. J. B. S. Haldane published a series of papers on this subject (tab. I). The rate at which gene frequencies would change under the action of slow selection is shown in fig. 1. It will be seen that selection acts more slowly, at first, on recessive genes than on dominants, but in the long run the frequencies change from nearly zero to nearly one, or vice versa. Deleterious genes are often never completely eliminated, because they are continually recruited by recurring mutations.That selection is effective in bringing about considerable changes in organisms is shown by the achievements of domestic plant and animal breeders. The results of selecting for long shanks in chickens are shown in fig. 2, and for a larger number of abdominal chaetae in fruit flies in fig. 3. Though it is not shown here, selection for a lower number of chaetae is also effective.

Spencer's Definition of Evolution

Spencer's Definition of Evolution. John Benjamin Nichols, M. D. John Benjamin Nichols, M. D. Washington, D. C. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Monist, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1 October 1902, Pages 136–138, https://doi.org/10.5840/monist190213125 Published: 06 January 2015

Definition of Evolution

Definition of Evolution

Definition of Evolution

Definition of Evolution