Classical Definition Research Articles

Próba zdefiniowania współczesnej polityki w dobie mediatyzacji

Defining modern politics is not the easiest task, especially because of the stereotypes and pejorative characterization of the term. There are many definitions of politics, but in order to present an understanding of contemporary politics, it is necessary to present how it was defined before, what it was, and what it was supposed to be. The purpose of this study is to try to define contemporary politics taking into account the process of mediatization and classical definitions, and to try to answer the questions: Does modern politics have the same ideals it had before? Does superstition affect the concept of politics? Can politics exist without people? How does the media influence politics, and what is its role in how it is perceived by the public? This article uses an observational, comparative and content analysis method. The article begins with an introduction, followed by the author's reference to antiquity, in order to present the definitions of politics and the superstitions involved. The article is concluded with conclusions, which are an exemplary answer to the question of how modern politics, which cannot exist without human relations, can be defined. On the other hand, the language of modern politics and its actions, which are conveyed by the media, sometimes in a distorted form and only with an emphasis on sensational behavior of people in the sphere of politics, makes it cease to be a common good, a unification of society, an opportunity to make one's own judgments and is only a boring show that society no longer wants to watch.

Dynamic Relative Permeabilities for Partially Saturated Porous Media Accounting for Viscous Coupling Effects: An Analytical Solution

We present an analytical model to compute frequency-dependent relative permeability functions for partially saturated porous media accounting for viscous coupling effects. For this, we consider the oscillatory motion of two immiscible fluid phases and solve the Navier–Stokes equations at the pore scale using suitable interface conditions between fluids. These calculations are combined with the generalized two-phase flow Darcy equations to obtain the corresponding upscaled macroscopic fluxes. By means of an analog pore model consisting of a bundle of cylindrical capillaries in which pore fluids are distributed in a concentric manner, we find closed analytical expressions for the complex-valued and frequency- and saturation-dependent relative permeability functions. These expressions allow for a direct assessment of viscous coupling effects on oscillatory flow for all frequencies and saturations. Our results show that viscous coupling effects significantly affect flow characteristics in the viscous and inertial regimes. Dynamic relative permeabilities are affected by the pore fluid densities and viscosities. Moreover, viscous coupling effects may induce two critical frequencies in the dynamic relative permeability curves, a characteristic that cannot be addressed by extending the classic dynamic permeability definition to partially saturated scenarios using effective fluids. The theoretical derivations and results presented in this work have implications for the estimation and interpretation of seismic and seismoelectric responses of partially saturated porous media.

Genetic data confirms the enigmatic demosponge Janulum as haplosclerid

Historically, sponge classification is based on the interpretation of morphological characters, whose phylogenetic information content is frequently limited, subject to homoplasies, or prone to environmental plasticity (e.g., Chombard et al. 1998). Therefore, the currently accepted order-level classification of its largest class, Demospongiae, has been largely revised with molecular phylogenetic data (Morrow & Cárdenas 2015). Nevertheless, numerous sponge genera with ambiguous or provisoric phylogenetic placement still await definite classification.

An interdisciplinary conception of human-wildlife coexistence

Human-wildlife coexistence is a pressing worldwide concern with significant impacts on biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Despite the growing interest in coexistence research and practice, recent analytical attention remains fragmented, inconsistent, and of questionable practical use. To address this, we draw on the integrative framework of policy sciences to clarify coexistence concepts. The term “coexistence” is currently used with various interpretations, such as a desirable state, a factual occurrence, or a conservation approach. We adopt the classical ecological definition of coexistence and view human-wildlife coexistence as a multispecies social process that involves diverse interactions between human and non-human actors. We propose a typology of coexistence that can be applied to human-wildlife and human-human interactions across different contexts. We categorize the factors that condition coexistence into two groups: the behavioral predispositions of actors, which we conceptualize as a physical-physiological-psychological complex, and the environmental circumstances of interactions, which we conceptualize as a natural-social-cultural nexus. These interactions involved in coexistence are characterized by impermanence and inter-determination. We use the example of human-snow leopard interactions on the Tibetan Plateau in China to illustrate our points. To better understand and address coexistence challenges, we recommend that conservationists take an integrative approach that is problem-oriented, contextual, self-reflective, and multi-method.

Commentary: Rethinking 10-2 visual fields in early diagnosis of glaucoma for a glided glaucoma practice: The right choice to pick up a feeble noise?

Commentary: Rethinking 10-2 visual fields in early diagnosis of glaucoma for a glided glaucoma practice: The right choice to pick up a feeble noise?

Global Perspectives in Acute Kidney Injury: Spain.

Global Perspectives in Acute Kidney Injury: Spain.

MRI in pediatric sacroiliitis, what radiologists should know.

MRI is used for early detection of inflammation of sacroiliac joints as it shows active lesions of sacroiliitis long before radiographs show damage to the sacroiliac joints. Early diagnosis of arthritis allows early treatment of inflammation and can help delay disease progression and prevent irreversible damage. Also, early identification of axial involvement in juvenile spondyloarthropathy is crucial, as treatment options are different than for peripheral juvenile spondyloarthropathy. In general, standard sequences used in adults are also applied to children. However, interpreting MR images of pediatric sacroiliac joints is more challenging than in adults, because of normal physiological changes during skeletal maturation, which can simulate disease on MR images. Furthermore, classical definitions of sacroiliitis used in adults, for both active inflammatory and structural lesions, can be difficult to extrapolate to children. The development of reliable pediatric-specific definitions for sacroiliitis is still in active study. Understanding both normal and pathological signal changes in children is important to distinguish physiologic findings from disease and to make a correct diagnosis. In this review, the main imaging characteristics of sacroiliitis on MRI in children and its frequent pitfalls will be illustrated, while also citing some discussion points regarding the scan protocol.

On the issue of hygienic safety of new complex fertilizers with trace elements

Introduction. Currently, the most popular in agricultural production are complex chlorine-free mineral fertilizers with trace elements. The inclusion of trace elements in fertilizers improves plant nutrition, optimizes the effect of fertilizers. At the same time, trace elements are added to the fertilizer in the form of salts, in ionic form, most often, sulfates belonging to substances of hazard class 1-2, which can affect the toxicity of fertilizers and the safety of their production and use. To prevent a possible negative impact on human health and the environment for production, sale and use, it is necessary to conduct toxicological studies included in the state registration procedure. The aim of the study is to study the nature of the toxic effect on the body of laboratory animals (rats, rabbits, guinea pigs) of new complex chlorine-free mineral fertilizers with trace elements. Material and methods. Samples of liquid agrochemicals (preparations No. 1, No. 4, No. 5) and solid (preparations No. 2, No. 3) with different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and different composition of trace elements in the form of salts were taken for research. The experimental work was performed on 90 nonlinear, sexually mature white male rats weighing 200-220 g, 30 purebred male rabbits weighing 3000-3500 g and 90 male guinea pigs weighing 350-400 g. During the work, existing methodological approaches and recommendations were used, including generally accepted informative methods of toxicological and statistical studies. Results. Based on the conducted studies, the parameters of acute oral and dermal toxicity, irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, sensitizing effect of 5 samples of complex chlorine-free mineral fertilizers with trace elements were established. For all studied drugs, acute oral toxicity (LD50) > 5000 mg/kg body weight, acute dermal toxicity (LD50) > 2500 mg/kg body weight, mild irritating effect on the skin of rats (the average group-wide total score of the severity of the skin-irritating effect was 0.7 points for drugs No. 1, No. 4, No. 5 and 0.5 points for drugs No. 2 and No. 3), mild irritating effect on the mucous membranes rabbit eye shells (the average cumulative score of the severity of the irritating effect of samples of liquid fertilizers No. 1, No. 4, No. 5 was 1-3 points, solid fertilizers No. 2, No. 3 - 1-2 points), the absence of a sensitizing effect in guinea pigs within the standard research protocol (reactions of specific leukocyte lysis (RSLL) showed negative skin tests in guinea pigs of all experimental groups; the relative percentage of lysis did not exceed 10%). Research limitation. The definition of the hazard class was revealed in the study of the acute toxic effect of new complex chlorine-free mineral fertilizers with trace elements on the body of laboratory animals. Conclusion. Generalization of all the obtained results of experimental toxicological studies of complex chlorine-free nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers with trace elements from the point of view of hygienic safety allows them to be classified as moderately dangerous substances (hazard class - 3).

Alfvén velocity sudden increase as an indicator of the plasmapause

A radial distribution of ion mass density in the Earth’s magnetosphere may be different from an electron one when local narrow enhancement of heavy ions flux is presented, e.g. oxygen torus. This difference may be important for ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves research that includes Alfvén waves whose eigenfrequency is dependent on Alfvén velocity and thus on mass density. One of consequences is a shift of the plasmapause location that is thought as a resonator and generation area for ULF waves. In the present study we found an Alfvén velocity increase by a factor of 1.65 or more within a radial distance of 0.5 RE to be a threshold that corresponds to the classic plasmapause definition that is the electron density drop by a factor of 5 or more within a radial distance of 0.5 RE. This result was obtained under all-proton plasma assumption to be confident that the Alfvén velocity may be used to detect the plasmapause with the same accuracy as by electron density. We wish to use this threshold to reveal the plasmapause location when heavier ions will be included and direct comparison with electron density is not possible.

The Secondary Myelodysplastic Neoplasms (MDS) Jigsaw.

There is a great deal of controversy in the hematologic community regarding the classification of secondary myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDSs). Current classifications are based on the presence of genetic predisposition and MDS post-cytotoxic therapy (MDS-pCT) etiologies. However, since these risk factors are not exclusive for secondary MDSs and there are multiple overlapping scenarios, a comprehensive and definitive classification is yet to come. In addition, a sporadic MDS might arise after a primary tumor fulfills the diagnostic criteria of MDS-pCT without a causative cytotoxicity. In this review, we describe the triggering pieces of a secondary MDS jigsaw: previous cytotoxic therapy, germline predisposition and clonal hematopoiesis. Epidemiological and translational efforts are needed to put these pieces together and ascertain the real weight of each of these pieces in each MDS patient. Future classifications must contribute to understanding the role of secondary MDS jigsaw pieces in different concomitant or independent clinical scenarios associated with the primary tumor.

Evidence-Based Assessment of Congenital Heart Disease Genes to Enable Returning Results in a Genomic Study.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common major congenital anomaly and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Epidemiologic evidence supports a role of genetics in the development of CHD. Genetic diagnoses can inform prognosis and clinical management. However, genetic testing is not standardized among individuals with CHD. We sought to develop a list of validated CHD genes using established methods and to evaluate the process of returning genetic results to research participants in a large genomic study. Two-hundred ninety-five candidate CHD genes were evaluated using a ClinGen framework. Sequence and copy number variants involving genes in the CHD gene list were analyzed in Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium participants. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic results were confirmed on a new sample in a clinical laboratory improvement amendments-certified laboratory and disclosed to eligible participants. Adult probands and parents of probands who received results were asked to complete a post-disclosure survey. A total of 99 genes had a strong or definitive clinical validity classification. Diagnostic yields for copy number variants and exome sequencing were 1.8% and 3.8%, respectively. Thirty-one probands completed clinical laboratory improvement amendments-confirmation and received results. Participants who completed postdisclosure surveys reported high personal utility and no decision regret after receiving genetic results. The application of ClinGen criteria to CHD candidate genes yielded a list that can be used to interpret clinical genetic testing for CHD. Applying this gene list to one of the largest research cohorts of CHD participants provides a lower bound for the yield of genetic testing in CHD.

Performance of the Thresholding Greedy Algorithm with larger greedy sums

The goal of this paper is to study the performance of the Thresholding Greedy Algorithm (TGA) when we increase the size of greedy sums by a constant factor λ⩾1. We introduce the so-called λ-almost greedy and λ-partially greedy bases. The case when λ=1 gives us the classical definitions of almost greedy and (strong) partially greedy bases. We show that a basis is almost greedy if and only if it is λ-almost greedy for all (some) λ⩾1. However, for each λ>1, there exists an unconditional basis that is λ-partially greedy but is not 1-partially greedy. Furthermore, we investigate and give examples when a basis is(1)not almost greedy with constant 1 but is λ-almost greedy with constant 1 for some λ>1, and(2)not strong partially greedy with constant 1 but is λ-partially greedy with constant 1 for some λ>1. Finally, we prove various characterizations of different greedy-type bases.

Performance analysis of rule-based classification and deep learning method for automatic road extraction

The need for accurate and up-to-date spatial data by decision-makers in public and private administrations is increasing gradually. In recent decades, in the management of disasters and smart cities, fast and accurate extraction of roads, especially in emergencies, is quite important in terms of transportation, logistics planning, and route determination. In this study, automatic road extraction analyses were carried out using the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data set, belonging to the Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus road route. For this purpose, this paper presents a comparison between performance analysis of rule-based classification and U-Net deep learning method for solving automatic road extraction problems. Objects belonging to the road and road network were obtained with the rule-based classification method with overall accuracy of 95%, and with the deep learning method with an overall accuracy of 86%. On the other hand, the performance metrics including accuracy, recall, precision, and F1 score were utilized to evaluate the performance analysis of the two methods. These values were obtained from confusion matrices for 4 target classes consisting of road and road elements namely road, road line, sidewalk, and bicycle road. Finally, integration of classified image objects with ontology was realized. Ontology was developed by defining four target class results obtained as a result of the rule-based classification method, conceptual class definition and properties, rules, and axioms.

Occurrence Rate and Outcomes of Weaning Groups According to a Refined Weaning Classification: A Retrospective Observational Study.

The weaning according to a new definition (WIND) classification groups mechanically ventilated (MV) patients into "short weaning," "difficult weaning," "prolonged weaning," and "no weaning." The aims of the study were: 1) to describe the weaning group distribution, 2) to evaluate if "short weaning" patients can be divided into groups with distinct characteristics and outcomes depending on the MV duration, and 3) to study 1-year outcomes related to weaning groups. Retrospective observational study. Tertiary center with a mixed, mainly surgical ICU population. MV patients admitted between April 11, 2018, and April 10, 2019. None. A refined WIND classification was used, dividing "short weaning" patients into patients MV less than or equal to 24 hours, "short weaning a," and those MV greater than 24 hours, "short weaning b." Data were collected from electronic medical records. Of 1,801 MV patients, 65% were categorized as "short weaning a," 13% "short weaning b," 8% "difficult weaning," 6% "prolonged weaning," and 8% "no weaning." "Short weaning a" patients were older, more frequently male, and had lower disease severity compared with "short weaning b." Weaning duration (days: 0 [0-0] to 14 [10-21]), weaning success rate (99-69%), ICU length of stay (days: 2 [1-4] to 28 [19-48]), ICU mortality (1-37%), and hospital length of stay (days: 10 [7-18] to 48 [27-89]) and hospital mortality (4-42%; all p < 0.01) increasingly worsened from "short weaning a" to "prolonged weaning." One-year mortality increased from "short weaning a" (9%) to "short weaning b" (27%), "difficult weaning" (39%), and "prolonged weaning" (49%). In adjusted analyses, weaning groups remained independently associated with 1-year mortality. The high proportion of "short weaning" patients in this mainly surgical ICU population could be divided into two groups with distinct characteristics. This refined WIND classification allowed to enhance prognostication, also beyond hospitalization, highlighting the need to further optimize the weaning process.

Multimodal predictions of treatment outcome in major depression: A comparison of data-driven predictors with importance ratings by clinicians

BackgroundReliable prediction models of treatment outcome in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are currently lacking in clinical practice. Data-driven outcome definitions, combining data from multiple modalities and incorporating clinician expertise might improve predictions. MethodsWe used unsupervised machine learning to identify treatment outcome classes in 1060 MDD inpatients. Subsequently, classification models were created on clinical and biological baseline information to predict treatment outcome classes and compared to the performance of two widely used classical outcome definitions. We also related the findings to results from an online survey that assessed which information clinicians use for outcome prognosis. ResultsThree and four outcome classes were identified by unsupervised learning. However, data-driven outcome classes did not result in more accurate prediction models. The best prediction model was targeting treatment response in its standard definition and reached accuracies of 63.9 % in the test sample, and 59.5 % and 56.9 % in the validation samples. Top predictors included sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, while biological parameters did not improve prediction accuracies. Treatment history, personality factors, prior course of the disorder, and patient attitude towards treatment were ranked as most important indicators by clinicians. LimitationsMissing data limited the power to identify biological predictors of treatment outcome from certain modalities. ConclusionsSo far, the inclusion of available biological measures in addition to psychometric and clinical information did not improve predictive value of the models, which was overall low. Optimized biomarkers, stratified predictions and the inclusion of clinical expertise may improve future prediction models.

The [Dissipative] Joy of Accounting: Desiring, Imagining, and Talking about NFTs While the Planet Burns

Promoters of art-oriented non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and online NFT auction houses like Foundation, OpenSea, and SuperRare claim to be “revolutionizing” and “democratizing” the worlds of art and art collecting by deploying blockchain technology to track sales and purchases and thereby eliminating the threats of transactional opacity and fraud that have long plagued art markets. This article complicates such claims by arguing that with NFTs, the usual clamoring for authenticity in art becomes so abstract that only code remains, as the aesthetic object becomes effectively indistinct from the account of its provenance and transaction history. An NFT, like a financial derivative, has no necessary or representational relationship with any actual underlying object. The artwork associated with the token is, rather, prised apart from its existence as property and finds its use not in being seen or felt, but in the truth of its copyability. Looking beyond the NFTs themselves, this article interrogates the discourses promulgating this trend. Comment threads in Reddit and Discord groups, for example, do much to channel the libidinal energy elicited by an artwork, while the digital token itself generates an acquisitive enthusiasm wholly apart from the sensation of seeing or hearing the associated work. Despite fronting radical social change, NFTs ultimately reinforce traditional forms of property and ownership, exhibit reactionary aesthetic and cultural values, and anticipate increasingly authoritarian modes of social control. Taking a wider view, I consider ours an age of post-information, wherein, contrary to Bateson’s classic definition of information in terms of a doubled difference, we find data-based artifacts like NFTs (following cryptocurrency) to be increasingly productive of widespread social and political indifference, a perpetuation of sameness, and an augmentation of the narcissistic ego. In this case: data as the afterlife of art.

Constitutive material law improvements for metals that manifest an unstable behavior in dynamic condition

Numerical analysis is regularly used in engineering practice as useful mean to study component behavior in service, especially when an experimental campaign is too expensive or not practicable. Numerical software is becoming more and more powerful and integrated, leaving the correct use of a material model as a weak point. As some materials could manifest an unstable behavior if deformed at high strain rate, it is of primary importance to use an appropriate constitutive law to reproduce their behaviour. This paper shows the results of the inverse calibration of two material (Ti-4Al-6V and AA 7075-T6) constitutive laws in their classical definition, as present in the literature. Moreover, both of them have been modified by the authors in the attempt of improving the complex material behaviour. The calibrated models are Johnson-Cook (JC) and Nowak-Pecherski (NP) models. The improvement of these models showed that JC is not suitable for calibrate materials that show an unstable behavior also after its improvement; conversely NP provided a better matching with the experimental data.

THEORY OF GENERALIZED CONNECTEDNESS (g-Tg-CONNECTEDNESS) IN GENERALIZED TOPOLOGICAL SPACES (Tg-SPACES)

In this paper, the definitions of novel classes of generalized connected sets (briefly, g-Tg-connected sets) and generalized disconnected sets (briefly, g-Tg-disconnected sets) in generalized topological spaces (briefly, Tg-spaces) are defined in terms of generalized sets (briefly, g-Tg -sets) and, their properties and characterizations with respect to set-theoretic relations are presented. The basic properties and characterizations of the notions of local, pathwise, local pathwise and simple g-Tg-connectedness are also presented. The study shows that local pathwise g-Tg -connectedness implies local g-Tg-connectedness, pathwise g-Tg-connectedness implies g-Tg-connectedness, and g-Tg-connectedness is a Tg-property. Diagrams establish the various relationships amongst these types of g-Tg-connectedness presented here and in the literature, and a nice application supports the overall theory.

Analysis of the Person Concept in Nursing Theories

The notion of the human as a person influences immediate action, which is especially evident in care during illness and suffering. Although medicine is as old as humanity, in the last two centuries it has developed within a bio–medical paradigm marked by positivism.Since Florence Nightingale, nursing has been trying to develop within its own paradigm characterized by four concepts of which the person is central. It is only in the past half century that unique nursing theories have been developed in which the features of personalism can be discerned. The attempts by some theorists to define the concept of person have brought it closer to the classical definition of a person as found in philosophical anthropology.The fact that there are theoretical models that direct practice from bio–medical to holistic and personalistic view speaks in favor of the maturing idea about the importance of observing man as a person with all the immediate positive effects of such a view.

Conceptualizing social resilience in the context of migrants’ lived experiences

The current concept of social resilience, which developed from the classic definition of resilience, neglects social resilience as a social phenomenon including social experiences and practices in the face of change and adversity. I argue that framing social resilience as a capacity or ability undermines its characteristics as a complex and contextualized social phenomenon that contributes to adaptive and transformative abilities in the context of migrants' lived experiences. In this article, I present a social constructionist approach to conceptualizesocial resilience. From a life course perspective, I emphasize on migrants' lived experiences. In this context, I describe status, network, support, and visibility as four institutionally embedded dimensions of social resilience that interconnect environmental factors to impact social experiences and practices. Social resilience is a phenomenon characterized by migrants' lived experiences marked by uncertainty and turning points embodied in the host country's political, economic, cultural, and social contexts.