Definition Of Citizenship Research Articles

Disenfranchised minorities: Trust, definitions of citizenship, and noncitizen voting rights in developed democracies

Western societies show varying reactions to the challenges of immigration. This is especially true with regards to voting rights for immigrants. This article shows that previous research has neglected generalized trust as a powerful predictor for different degrees of inclusiveness in this policy area. Elections are the gateways to the political decision-making processes in all democracies. For members of the host society, extending voting rights to noncitizens means granting members of an ‘out-group’ direct influence on their own lives. This requires a ‘leap of faith’ that is only possible at higher levels of generalized trust.

Producing the German Civic Nation: Immigrant Patriotism in Berlin's World Cup Flag Fight

In order to untangle the tension between the exclusionary prerogative of sovereignty and the universalizing philosophy of the nation-state under civic nationalism, this study examines the press coverage of a flag fight in an immigrant neighborhood of Berlin during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In the heavily mediatized struggle, German anti-fascists repeatedly damaged and stole a 22-meter-tall German flag belonging to a family of Lebanese extraction. The flag fight and the media's coverage of it demonstrated competing and overlapping definitions of citizenship, with the media and the flag owners promoting a civic form of nationalism. The case illuminates a national project to redefine German national identity and expand it beyond the boundaries of ethnic nationalism. At the same time, it reveals persistent anxieties about migrant spaces and their place in the nation.

CITIZEN OF EUROPE STATUS

Citizenship of the European Union has its origin in the Maastricht Treaty, and now is reflected in the Treaty of Lisbon. European Citizenship is subsidiary to national citizenship and shall not replace it. Author points out historical overview emergence of European citizenship, the legal basis of European citizenship, the definition of citizenship in the legal system of the European Union, the fundamental right of citizens of the European Union. Also author points out further measures taken by the European institutions in the framework of the European Year of Citizens 2013.

The archaeology of citizenship

While the subject of citizenship has often been examined from a sociological, historical, or legal standpoint, historical archaeologists yet to fully explore what it means to be an American from a material perspective. The Archaeology of Citizenship aims to fill that gap. Since the founding of the United States, the rights to citizenship have been carefully crafted and policed by the Europeans who settled and formed the country. Immigrants have been either extended or denied citizenship in various legal and cultural ways. Using a late-nineteenth-century California resort as a case study, Stacey Camp discusses how the parameters of citizenship and national belonging have been defined and redefined since Europeans arrived on the continent. In a unique and powerful contribution to the field of historical archaeology, Camp uses of the remnants of material culture to reveal how those in power sought to mould the composition of the United States as well as how those on the margins of American society carved out their own definitions of citizenship.

Weitere Überlegungen zu den Voraussetzungen und Folgen des Perikleischen Bürgerrechtsgesetzes: Naturalisierung und Epigamie im Klassischen Athen

Summary This study departs from the recent re-assessment of Pericles’ Citizenship Law: it made descent from two citizen parents a necessary requirement for citizenship, without allowing for any deadlines or exemptions. Behind this background, at first all traces of potential exceptions that might have been formulated in the law are considered - and rejected. However, special regulations would still have been necessary, if one posits that the assembly of the people had been used to convey either citizenship to individuals or epigamia to foreign poleis prior to the mid-5th century BC. In fact, two examples of early naturalization in Athens have been adduced in scholarly literature: those of Menon of Pharsalus and Polygnotus of Thasus. While these cases are in conflict with the aforementioned interpretation of Pericles’ Citizenship Law, they do not stand up to closer inspection. Likewise, the existence of any positive right to legitimate intermarriage beyond the boundaries of the polis community cannot be ascertained for that early period. It will rather be shown that the assembly bothered to convey citizenship or epigamia only as a result of the radically narrow definition of citizenship by Pericles.

PROBATION OFFICERS, SOCIAL ENQUIRY REPORTS, AND IMPORTUNING IN THE 1960s

ABSTRACTThis article explores how probation officers encouraged magistrates to hand down supervision orders for men charged with importuning via Social Enquiry Reports in the 1960s, a period characterized by a penal-welfare approach to crime and delinquent behaviour. Using nine reports on men charged with importuning, the article will show how ideals of citizenship were crucial to securing supervision. The article will consider to what extent definitions of citizenship varied depending on the offender's social class. In particular, the article will explore how ideals of citizenship were invoked to encourage supervision in circumstances where the offender already had previous convictions for importuning as well as cases where there were none. Finally, the article will consider to what extent the liberalization of the sexual offences laws in 1967 affected the way probation officers defined citizenship for homosexuals and altered the way supervision was encouraged in reports for men charged with importuning. Rounding up the above findings, the conclusion will also look at how successful probation officers were in securing supervision orders by portraying importuners as good citizens and will assess to what extent probation can be conflated with leniency and permissiveness.

What Makes a Citizen? Critical and Multicultural Citizenship and Preservice Teachers' Understanding of Citizenship Skills

Utilizing a framework of critical and multicultural citizenship, this qualitative study investigates how preservice teachers at a Midwestern university defined ideal citizenship, how these definitions influenced which civic skill they valued most, and how they envisioned teaching for this skill in the classroom. Findings indicated that participants adopted either a conservative-values-based or awareness-based definition of citizenship. Conservative-values-based approaches related ideal citizenship to possessing various character traits and good morals. Awareness-based approaches centered on the citizen being aware of issues in the community so as to be able to change the community. The data revealed that participants held different civic worldviews, which served as the primary motivation underlying their beliefs about civic education. Findings suggest that teacher educators must work to increase civic competence among preservice teachers to foster more critical and multicultural citizenship.

The Court’s approach to services (2006-2012): From case law to case load?

Undertheimpactoftheeconomicand legal developmentsofthe last years, an unprecedentedsurgeofservices' caseshavetransformedtheCourt'scaselawintocaseload. Sheernumberscombinewith strong diversity: cases touching upon crucial social issues, the delivery of welfare and the definition of citizenship, alternate with cases raising highly technical taxation issues and touching upon procedural specificities of public procurement or of copyright protection. Thearticle puts this case law into context and accounts for its input in the completion of the Internal Market. First, it explores the scope of the rules on services, the way they impinge upon the other EU fundamental freedoms, and the conditions under which they apply to private measures, as well as to purely internal situations; burden of proof issues are also important in this respect. Second, the interplay between the rules on services and other EU policy areas is discussed: fundamental rights, citizenship, services of general economic interest and migration rules either complement or antagonize with the rules on services. Third, the way in which this recent case law has affected essential regulatory means and concepts of the Internal Market, such as mutual recognition and proportionality, is presented. The conclusion drawn is that the increase and trivialization of the Court's case law on services has overstretched the judiciary's capacities in this area, thus calling for some sector-specific regulation; and with it, for fresh and/or alternative means of regulation.

The Arab Spring Meets the Occupy Wall Street Movement: Examples of Changing Definitions of Citizenship in a Global World

The essay takes the logic of Empire/multitude as a starting point for the study of forms of citizenship in an increasingly global world. The neo-liberal models of development that emerged in the South and the North in the 1980s have contributed to high levels of exclusion, expensive national security states, and economic crisis. While there are many historical economic and political differences between these models, there are also important similarities that can be seen in the protest movements that responded to them. The comparative study of the Arab Spring and the Occupy Wall Street movement offer interesting insights into the development of the multitude as a global actor. The results are economic and political agendas that reflect the specificities of these different regions of the global world and their intersection.

Beyond the state? Civil sociality and other notions of citizenship

Social scientists generally begin with a definition of citizenship, usually the rights-bearing membership of nation-states, and have given less attention to the notions of citizenship held by the people whom they study. Not only is how people see themselves as citizens crucial to how they relate to states as well as to each other, but informants' own notions of citizenship can be the source of fresh theoretical insights about citizenship. In this article I set out the four notions of citizenship that I encountered during interviews and participant observation across two contrasting regions of Mexico in 2007–2010. The first three notions of citizenship were akin to the political, social and civil rights of which social scientists have written. I will show that they took particular forms in the Mexican context, but they did still entail a relationship with nation-states – that of claiming rights as citizens on states. But the most common notion of citizenship, which has been little treated by social scientists, was of civil sociality – to be a citizen was to live in society, ideally in a civil way. I argue that civil sociality constitutes a kind of citizenship beyond the state, one that is not reducible to the terms in which people relate to states.

Nira Yuval-Davis, The Politics of Belonging: Intersectional Contestations.

Nira Yuval-Davis, The Politics of Belonging: Intersectional Contestations. Los Angeles: Sage, 2011, 252 pp. $46.00 paper (9781412921305), $108.00 hardcover (9781412921299) Nira Yuval-Davis's book is an original contribution to ongoing scholarly debates on intersectionality, belonging, and citizenship. She seeks to expand theories of intersectionality beyond women and gender studies, and presents a remarkable intersectional analysis of politics of belonging. The main argument of the book can be summarized as follows: In the context of neoliberal globalization, multiple political projects of belonging have emerged as alternatives to hegemonic forms of and nationalism. She takes a closer look at political projects that are centred around religion, cosmopolitanism, feminist ethics of care, as well as alternative discourses of nationalism, and argues that it is no longer possible to fully understand formal state without examining how it intersects with these multilayered projects at sub-state, cross-state, and supra-state levels. In other words, individuals simultaneously engage in these multiple political projects of belonging, and they are affected and positioned differently by each one. And, the author believes that these complexities of belonging can be best approached through the perspective of intersectionality. The book consists of six chapters, plus the conclusion. Each chapter is devoted to a major contemporary political project of belonging, where the author presents an extensive overview of theoretical debates and a set of examples. In chapter 1, Yuval-Davis introduces her theoretical framework. She first engages in a detailed analysis of theories of intersectionality, belonging, and politics of belonging, and then examines the interlocking processes of globalization and glocalization, with a special emphasis on neoliberal capitalism and transnational migration. In chapter 2, the author continues with a rigorous discussion of state citizenship. She maps out the rights and obligations associated with state and then looks at the set of technologies through which states define and control citizenship, such as official statistics and the use of passports. Moreover, she pays special attention to some contemporary constructions of other than formal state citizenship, such as active/ist citizenship, intimate citizenship, consumerism as citizenship, multicultural citizenship, and multilayered citizenship. It is remarkable that Yuval-Davis goes beyond the framework of the nation-state in her definition of citizenship: As opposed to formal state citizenship, she believes, citizenship encompasses a diverse set of memberships in local, regional, national, cross and supranational political communities (p. 61). That is, state is now being interlocked with or implicated in these multiple forms of people's citizenships. However, while state is being contested by these alternative projects of belonging, the author is careful enough to acknowledge the persisting importance of state as well as the increasing state control in the everyday life of many people. In chapter 3, Yuval-Davis turns her gaze to alternative nationalist discourses. After a summary of theories of nation and nationalism, she carefully investigates alternative nationalist projects of autochthony, indigeneity, and diasporism, and she ends the chapter with a brief analysis of feminism and nationalism. Chapter 4 offers a useful examination of another major contemporary political project of belonging, religious fundamentalism. The author examines the collapse of the secularization thesis and argues that religion has become a key principle of political mobilization in our current era of neoliberal globalization. She goes on by discussing notions of secularism, fundamentalism, and multifaithism, and finishes up the chapter with an overview of religious and antifundamentalist feminisms. …

Spatial allegories of democratic pluralism in Laurent Cantet's Entre les Murs

Entre les Murs/The Class (Laurent Cantet 2008) is one in a long line of critically acclaimed French films to address the social and political dynamics of contemporary immigrant experience. The film's focus on a multicultural suburban high school has fuelled ongoing debates about the ability of the French public education system to accommodate the interests of the nation's diverse population. While much of the critical response to Entre les Murs has focused on its realism, this article addresses the allegorical significance of the film's primary narrative spaces - the classroom, faculty rooms and the playground - in the context of contemporary French immigra-tion policies, definitions of citizenship and mechanisms of political governance. The ambivalent representation of cultural particularism in Entre les Murs is discussed in relation to the self-legitimating ideologies of French Republicanism, while the tension in the film between individualism and institutional analysis is set against discourses of objectivity long associated with art cinema.

Re-imagining Citizenship, Re-imagining Social Work: U.S. Immigration Policies and Social Work Practice in the Era of AZ SB1070

The literature on immigrant cultural citizenship (Ong, 1996; Rosaldo, 1997) has argued that traditional and normative definitions of citizenship ignore various forms of civic participation and belonging and fails to capture the experiences of immigrants in an increasingly globalized world (Getrich, 2008), calling for more nuanced and multiple meanings of citizenship. As agents of civil society, social workers have much power in constructing and maintaining (or resisting) normative discourses of citizenship, and how we participate in this process has material consequences for those we serve. Applying poststructural and postcolonial theories, this paper excavates discourses of exclusion and inequity that produce the idea of U.S. citizenship through a critical historical analysis of key U.S. immigration and naturalization-related policies and proposes immigrant cultural citizenship as a conceptual frame for re-imagining social work practice with immigrants.

French Settlers, Familial Suffrage, and Citizenship in 1920s Tunisia.

[[FranceTunisiacitizenshipsettler colonialismgenderpronatalism ]] After the First World War, many politicians sought, and ultimately failed, to replace universal suffrage with familial suffrage in French elections. This article analyzes how this new effort to think of French citizens in terms of gender and familial identities extended to the empire with the 1922 introduction of familial suffrage in Tunisia. This reform redefined the relationship between French settlers and their government. It also shows that Tunisia, which has thus far been absent from the developing literature on settler citizenship in the empire, represents a particularly compelling case study of the intersection of gender and familial status with definitions of citizenship.

Learning Civic Identity Outside of the Classroom: Diversity and Campus Associational Life

Cultivating an inclusive definition of citizenship is increasingly important to the maintenance of America's multicultural democracy. Yet, current college-level civic education and diversity interventions are incapable of fully addressing this problem. Hence, this comprehensive review of the literature on diversity and higher education suggests that political scientists—who are most likely to understand the pressing nature of this concern, as well as the role well-designed associational life might play in resolving it—address students' civic needs by renewing our interest in the on-campus equivalent of civil society. The article concludes with a recommendation for more empirical work to assess which specific features and activities of campus groups provide the most beneficial impact on students' civic identities.

Citizenship Education and the Politics of Public Participation: The Case of Same‐Sex Marriage

Citizenship education programs promote political participation by young people. These programs risk misrepresenting politics to students by encouraging them to believe that there are universally accepted principles which govern the definition of citizenship and who is entitled to participate in its various dimensions. The article argues that issues surrounding access to participation in citizenship are inescapably political, such that if young people are to be encouraged to participate in politics they should be helped to recognize the political significance of debates about inclusion in participation. If inclusion in citizenship itself is a focus of political contestation, then participation in politics can involve disputes about the scope of inclusion. Some students may face issues regarding their own access to participation. Students ought to learn that, since the outcome of political contests cannot be guaranteed, their own defeat is a possibility. The article draws on “agonistic” political theorists such as Chantal Mouffe to show that contests over participation cannot be resolved through appeal to principles such as equality and justice, because the meaning and application of these principles are politically disputed. The debate over same‐sex marriage is presented as an example of a legitimate political contest over access to citizenship, in which the life chances of participants are at issue, and defeat for some is inevitable.

The Citoyenne Tallien: Women, Politics, and Portraiture during the French Revolution

Portraiture dominated visual culture in France after 1789 because it addressed the central challenge of the Revolution: how to turn subjects into citizens. Women, however, were rarely included in Revolutionary definitions of citizenship. Jean-Louis Laneuville's 1796 portrait of Thérésia Cabarrus, better known as Mme Tallien, negotiates female subjectivity and political participation in radically new ways, inserting its sitter into debates about the place of women in the new republic. The ambitions and failures of Cabarrus's likeness speak to the ambitions and failures of French portraiture after 1789.

The New “Media Affect” and the Crisis of Representation for Political Communication

Political communication research in the United States, despite two decades of change in how the public receives information, follows theories that rely on definitions of citizenship from a century ago and on metaphors growing out of communication techniques and practices of five decades ago. A review of the state of news media, facing technical, labor, and economic crises, and the state of political science, illustrated through research methods, leads to a reexamination of communication at the intersection of media and politics. Political communication theory has come to rely on functional metaphors, economic background assumptions, an emphasis on method, and a legacy of structuralism. The crisis presents current theories with challenges for the representation of citizens and the press in democracy. Especially as young adults reject older forms of information, political communication can renew itself by deepening existing theory and shifting from old effects rationality to a new “media affect” sensibility.

Blogging in Baghdad: The Practice of Collective Citizenship on the Blog Baghdad Burning

This essay examines the blog Baghdad Burning written by Iraqi woman Riverbend. In the essay, I attune to two themes found on the blog. First, I argue that Riverbend cultivates a collective democracy through a privileging of “truth” as espoused by Iraqi bloggers, and, second, I find that she challenges politically constrictive definitions of citizenship through a performance of the everyday and an advocacy of a maternal peace. After attending to the themes, I argue that Riverbend's message of dissent becomes a way to assimilate and Americanize her, which contributes to the larger, wartime narrative that the United States has liberated Iraqi women.

Remaking citizenship: Latina immigrants and new American politics

Standing at the intersection of immigration and reform, immigrant Latin American women are the target of special scrutiny in the United States. Both the state and the media often present them as scheming welfare queens or long-suffering, silent victims of globalization and machismo. This book argues for a reformulation of our definitions of citizenship and politics, one inspired by women who are usually perceived as excluded from both. Weaving the stories of Mexican and Central American women with history and analysis of the anti-immigrant upsurge in 1990s California, this compelling book examines the impact of reform legislation on individual women's lives and their engagement in grassroots political organizing. Their accounts of personal and political transformation offer a new vision of politics rooted in concerns as disparate as domestic violence, childrearing, women's self-esteem, and immigrant and workers' rights.