Definition Of Rules Research Articles

Research on the Rules of Electronic Evidence in Chinese Criminal Proceedings

As a new object in judicial practice, electronic evidence is of great practical significance. To locate the probative force of electronic evidence, which can be used to prove the facts of the crime, judging the electronic evidence validity, and how to establish scientific rules of electronic evidence, which not only effectively contains crime, but also protects civil rights from illegal infringement of state power becomes very important. This article outlines the definition of electronic evidence and rules and establishes a suitable electronic evidence system of China's criminal procedure system based on the analysis of problems in each link of judicial proof in judicial practice and the four aspects of judicial proof.

A Smart Mapping Editor for Standardised Data Transformation.

The integration of heterogeneous healthcare data sources is a necessary process to enable the secondary use valuable information in clinical research. Data integration is time-consuming for data stewards. The transformation using predefined rules for data harmonization can reduce the time-consuming and error-prone work and ease the data integration at various sites. In our study, we examined various script(ing) languages to find the most suitable candidate for definition of transformation rules and implement a smart editor which supports the data stewards in selecting rules reusing them. Thereby, it also provides an automatic and seamless documentation to strengthen the reliability of the defined transformation rules.

Comparing the Rules in Digital Algorithmic Generation Methods for Architectural Designs

The paper deals with digital generative algorithmic systems. Its aim is to investigate the extent to which the difference between rule-based algorithmic systems affects the definition of rules themselves. To achieve this aim, the paper put forward a theoretical framework of rule-based systems including the characteristics of rules, and the way they work. The framework was adopted as a basis for the comparison of four common rule-based algorithmic design approaches in architecture. They are Shape Grammars, L-systems, Cellular Automata, and Swarm Intelligence Algorithm. The results showed that the differences between the rule-based algorithmic systems are slightly reflected in their rules. The similarities are identified in many rule’s properties and their way of work such as: using symbols in the representation of rules, using substitution rules in the generation process, using the same procedures included in rules, the possibility of rule’s repetition and rule’s termination. However, shape grammars showed some individuality, especially in the reference of rules to architectural precedents.

Composition formula of transparent conductive tin doped indium oxide in terms of cluster plus glue atom model

Abstract As transparent electrode, the tin (Sn) doped indium oxide (In2O3) film has been widely used in the photo-electric and electric-photo conversion devices. While, the relation between carrier concentration and Sn doping content in Sn doped In2O3 (ITO) film hasn’t be revealed satisfactorily enough. In this article, the so-called ‘cluster plus glue atom’ model was first used to describe In2O3 and ITO. Based on the definition rule of cluster, the principal and unit cluster formula of In2O3 were [In–O6]In3 and ([In–O6]In3)-([In–O6]In3)6-([In–O6]In3), respectively. Then, with the lowest Sn doping content, the unit cluster formula and composition formula of ITO could be expressed as ([Sn–O6]In3)-([Sn–O6]In3) ([In–O6]In3)5-([Sn–O6]In3) and Sn3In29O48, respectively. The unit cluster of ITO showed Sn/In atom ratio of 10.34 at.%, which corresponded well with that of commercial ITO material (10.30 at.%). Based on ITO unit cluster, the theoretical optimal value of ITO electron carrier concentration could reach 2.9 × 1021 (/cm3). Actually, the experimental value of electron carrier concentration of ITO was lower than 1/3 of the theoretical optimal one. The difference between theoretical optimal value and experimental value of ITO electron carrier concentration was discussed based on the unit cluster formula of ITO. Finally, with the better understanding of ‘cluster plus glue atom’ model, the new type of transparent conductive oxide materials could be designed and applied in future.

Planning, management and administration of HS contents with BIM and VR in construction: an implementation protocol

PurposeBuilding construction is considered a complex, dynamic and highly hazardous process, which embraces many factors that are potentially dangerous to workers. Many studies proved that the improvement of preventive and proactive measures – dynamically included in the building design, planning and construction – could reduce site accidents as well as increase the site productivity. In this context, process management models and information visualization techniques such as building information modeling (BIM) and virtual reality (VR) seem to be devoted to strongly contribute to the advancement of the current safety management practices. For these reasons, the presented contribution is based on the assumption that a more nuanced approach for construction worker's safety training is warranted and the authors propose a safety training protocol based on BIM-enabled VR activity simulations.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology comprised a safety training protocol based on BIM-enabled VR activity simulations. The protocol addresses three methodological issues: (1) Planning in terms of training typologies and related health and safety contents to be implemented in the VR construction site scenarios; (2) Management regarding the solution to integrate BIM and game technologies to deliver VR training experiences; (3) Administration in terms of definition of standardized rules to define a safety training schedule in a given construction project.FindingsThis work contributes to provide a standardized protocol for a viable integration of BIM and VR technologies for construction safety training in real projects.Practical implicationsThe VR training protocol was applied to a construction project based in Italy that served as case study for the development of the training sessions' contents and their implementation. This case demonstrated the feasibility of the protocol's implementation and pointed out the drawbacks and limitations on which further efforts need to be spent in order to take the proposed protocol from a prototypical stage to a maturity for its larger-scale adoption from the practitioners involved in construction safety training.Originality/valueThe research gives a contribution to reduce the currently existing knowledge gap regarding how BIM and VR can be simultaneously integrated in real projects for construction safety training by using standardized rules to be extensively reproduced in different construction projects. It uses a customized toolkit with a mobile smartphone solution to administer Safety Training Scenarios which increases its portability in construction site compared to PC-based VR solutions.

Semi-automatic construction of video game design prototypes with MaruGen

Machinations Ruleset Generator (MaruGen) is a semi-automatic system for the generation of mechanics, rules, spaces (environments), and missions for video games. The objective of this system is to offer an expression mechanism for the video game designer role based on the definition of rules, and the ability to explore the concepts of progression and emergence in video games by using a formal, usable, and defined tool to design games with innovative and complex elements, and behaviors defined from combinations of basic elements. Based on the expressed designs and with the participation of programmers and video game artists, MaruGen allows the generation of agile video game prototypes in the Unity game engine. These prototypes can be analyzed by the entire workgroup to look for games with diverse complexities that make them attractive to their users. MaruGen is based on the expression of rules on elements of interest in video games and the rewriting mechanism using L-Systems for the generation of procedural content. MaruGen was evaluated in the construction of the Cubic Explorer video game and tested by gamers and video game developers during the Game Jam Ludum Dare 38.

A graph theory approach for scenario aggregation for stochastic optimisation

The development of fast, robust and reliable computational tools capable of addressing process management under uncertain conditions is an active topic in the current literature, and more precisely for the process systems engineering one. Particularly, scenario reduction strategies have emerged as an alternative to overcome the traditional issues associated with large-scale scenario-based problems. This work proposes a novel and flexible scenario-reduction alternative that integrates data mining, graph theory and community detection concepts to represent the uncertain information as a network and identify the most efficient communities/clusters. The capabilities of the proposed approach were tested by solving a set of two-stage mixed-integer linear programming problems under uncertainty. For comparison and validation purposes, these problems were also solved using two available methods (SCENRED and OSCAR). This comparison demonstrates that the results obtained by using the proposed approach are at least as good or better, in terms of quality and accuracy, than the results obtained bu using SCENRED and OSCAR. Additionally, the practical advantage of the proposed parameter definition rule is demonstrated as a way to overcome the limitations of the current alternatives (i.e. arbitrary user-defined parameters).

Knowledge extraction from trained ANN drought classification model

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are one of the most widely used techniques for solving a variety of problems including classification and function approximation type of problems. However, the use of ANNs in hydrology is limited to academics and research; and hydrologists/policymakers are skeptical to use the ANNs in operational hydrology, especially where a premium is placed on the comprehensibility of the systems. This is probably because of the perceived ‘black-box’ nature of the ANNs as they do not provide an insight into their learning process or elucidation of obtaining a particular result. Since a long time, researchers have been trying to improve the comprehensibility of trained ANN models by knowledge extraction for improving their reliability and acceptability among the decision makers for operation purposes. There are few such attempts in hydrology particularly for ANN models developed for function approximation problems such as flow forecasting and evaporation estimation. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed that is capable of extracting knowledge from trained ANN models for classification type of problems in hydrology. This is achieved by extracting knowledge in terms of rules by inducing a Decision Tree using input–output relation of a trained ANN model for forecasting drought classes with standardized precipitation index for Indian Meteorological sub-divisions. The reported researches on knowledge extraction in hydrology is primarily been for the function approximation type of problems, however, the present approach is fundamentally different from them and useful for knowledge extraction exclusively for classification problems in hydrology. The findings of this research indicate that definite rules are learned by ANN models during their training to forecast a specific drought class. These extracted rules are simple, easily implementable, and can be used as the drought class forecasting tool in a drought management activity. The results suggest that due to the nature of the drought index used, the rules extracted from one region may be suitable for drought monitoring of other regions.

Fully Automated Approach for Early Detection of Pigmented Skin Lesion Diagnosis Using ABCD.

Computerized analysis of pigmented skin lesions (PSLs) is a lively space of survey that dates back over 25years. Recently, different automated computer-based systems stand to be a helpful tool. Physicians' usage for ABCD worldwide as the main tool of diagnosis and self-examination make it the common reference for different skin cancer diagnosis models. This system is comprised of the main four key warning signs of the ABCD model that can be detected by visual inspection and more accurately identified by the automated system to diagnose melanoma. Based on the image area identified as PSL, through pre-processing and segmentation step, the features will then be detected regarding ABCD rule. According to what ABCD stands for, the proposed study extracts Asymmetry, Border and Color features, in addition to various parameters introduce parameter "D." Finally, as the worldwide definition of ABCD rule of cancer diagnoses was discussed, this research also makes the final decision according to the Total Dermoscopic Score (TDS) Index, in addition to another three popular machine learning classifiers. ANN, SVM, and K-nearest neighbor were used for classification of the segmented lesions in addition to the traditional TDS. This research shows perfect results for calculating the ABCD score automatically, which reflects its viability. Different experiments developed in regard to features variety and different classification methods to reach 98.1%, 95%, and 98.75% classification accuracy when dermoscopic images were classified by TDS, Automatic ANN, and linear SVM, respectively, where the clinical images reached perfect accuracy 100% when classified by linear SVM, and very promising result 98.75% as per automatic ANN. This system considered to be the first promising digitalized system for traditional TDS regarding the achieved accuracy and using of a simple Graphical User Interface (GUI) to facilitate user easy use.

Hot Off the Press: Troponin Testing and Coronary Syndrome in Geriatric Patients With Nonspecific Complaints: Are We Overtesting?

Elderly patients frequently present to the emergency department with nonspecific complaints and it falls to the emergency physicians to determine whether a workup for acute coronary syndrome is warranted. We discuss a study by Wang et al published in Academic Emergency Medicine, January 2020, looking at the value of troponin testing in elderly patients presenting to the emergency department with nonspecific complaints. We provide critical analysis of the article, and summarize the social media discussion and a podcast in which the authors discuss their work.

CAPITAL ALLOCATION FOR SET-VALUED RISK MEASURES

We introduce the definition of set-valued capital allocation rule, in the context of set-valued risk measures. In analogy to some well known methods for the scalar case based on the idea of marginal contribution and hence on the notion of gradient and sub-gradient of a risk measure, and under some reasonable assumptions, we define some set-valued capital allocation rules relying on the representation theorems for coherent and convex set-valued risk measures and investigate their link with the notion of sub-differential for set-valued functions. We also introduce and study the set-valued analogous of some properties of classical capital allocation rules, such as the one of no undercut. Furthermore, we compare these rules with some of those mostly used for univariate (single-valued) risk measures. Examples and comparisons with the scalar case are provided at the end.

Resolving the trade-off between silver eel escapement and hydropower generation with simple decision rules for turbine shutdown

Hydropower plants are commonly reported as a major cause of the worldwide decline of freshwater eels (Anguillidae), so that management solutions are urgently needed to mitigate their impacts. Where downstream passage solutions are complex to develop, turbine shutdown appears as an effective management solution to protect silver eels during their river migration toward spawning areas. However, the definition of operational decision rules for turbine shutdown is challenging due to the duality between the benefit for eel conservation and the concomitant cost in term of hydropower production. Here, we proposed a decision framework for turbine shutdown based on simple hydrological criteria to guide negotiations between stakeholders toward a trade-off between silver eel escapement and hydropower generation. Eel migration was assumed to be triggered by a minimum river flow associated with a minimum discharge pulse, so that threshold values can be directly implemented as decision rules for turbine shutdown. To estimate relevant thresholds, a generic methodological framework was developed to generate alternative decision rules from data collected at hydropower plants, which can include telemetry surveys and estimates of eel abundance. A multiple-criteria decision analysis was then conducted to rank alternatives and to determine the best compromise between promoting silver eel escapement and limiting turbine shutdown duration. Graphic outputs can help stakeholders to understand the competitive interests between eel conservation and hydropower production, while visually identifying a range of consensual alternatives to support negotiations in the choice of operational thresholds. The method was illustrated for three river systems in Europe featured by distinct hydrological conditions and can be applied in other areas, providing that eel monitoring surveys and flow data are available.

Reducing uncertainties of reservoir properties in an automatized process coupled with geological modeling considering scalar and spatial uncertain attributes

The current work introduces an automatized process coupled with geological modeling to reduce uncertainty in reservoir properties. The method assimilates dynamic data of wells interactively, and applies the deviations to constrain uncertainties. The methodology deals with scalar (e.g. rock compressibility) and spatial (e.g. porosity) attributes at same time, employing specialized uncertainty reduction procedures. The procedure reduces the uncertainty of scalar attributes through Iterative Discrete Latin HyperCube method (IDLHC). To reduce uncertainties of spatial attributes, we worked on an extension of a regionalized co-simulation (co-DSS) method. The main contributions regard the proposition of update, at same time, both kinds of uncertainties (spatial and scalar); the definition of sequential rules, that simplify the process execution and avoiding subjectivities on the coupling of the geological modeling on data assimilation, as well as the automation of the process. The procedure was validated under a siliciclastic black-oil benchmark field (UNISIM-I-M), established based on Namorado Field, Campos Basin, Brazil. The procedure reduced the range of uncertainty of the scalar attributes, centralizing final PDFs with the values presented in the reference model, without collapse to a particular level, as well as preserved the geological consistency throughout data assimilation, obtaining porosity responses in agreement with the reference porosity distribution. The potential of the procedure is supported by the consistent production forecast observed in the outcomes.

A competency question-oriented approach for the transformation of semi-structured bioinformatics data into linked open data

Bioinformatics data obtained using different molecular biology techniques must be processed through different analysis tools to discover new biological knowledge. Since plain processed data have no explicit semantic value, the extraction of additional knowledge through data exploration would benefit from the transformation of bioinformatics data into Linked Open Data (LOD). Different approaches have been proposed to support the transformation of different types of biomedical data into LOD. However, these approaches are not flexible enough so they can be easily adapted for the transformation of semi-structured bioinformatics data into LOD. Thus, this paper proposes a novel approach to support such transformation. According to this approach, a set of competency questions drive not only the definition of transformation rules, but also the data transformation and exploration afterwards. The paper also presents a support toolset and describes the successful application of the proposed approach in the functional genomics domain.

Правовое регулирование особенностей рассмотрения споров третейскими судами в Республике Таджикистан (регулирование процедуры разбирательства споров)

The work is devoted to the analysis of legal regulation of the disputes consideration procedure by arbitration courts in the Republic of Tajikistan. We comment on the content of the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Arbitration Courts” dated January 5, 2008 no. 344. We provide an itemized commentary on the provisions of the above-mentioned law, which directly regulates the dispute resolution process by the arbitration court. In addition to the main issues related to the statement of claim, other requirements for the statement of claim are described, which are regulated by the arbitration rules. We carry out a comprehensive analysis of the procedure for submitting feedback on the statement of claim. We illustrate issues related to the competence of the arbitration court. We note that this is an important innovation of commented law, since the previous legislation did not consider the competence of the arbitration court. We assign a separate place to the definition of the arbitration rules, the arbitration language, and the arbitration confidentiality. We assign a separate place to the definition of the arbitral proceedings rules, the arbitral proceedings language, and the arbitral proceedings confidentiality. The features of applying interim measures are described. We consider the procedure for presenting evidence, as well as the features of the parties' participation in the arbitration court. We analyze the procedure for the appointment and submission of expertise. In addition, the regulation of the meeting protocol of the arbitration court is described. Attention is also drawn to the prohibition of bonded terms of the settlement agreement for any of the parties.

A nuclear owner/operator perspective on ways and means for joint programming on predisposal activities

Nuclear decommissioning is a worldwide competitive market. It is also the main source of radioactive waste from the nuclear energy field. In order to reduce the waste volume it is necessary to sort the actual radioactive waste to be disposed of and to separate them from other materials that could be recycled. Since 2015, Electricité de France (EDF) has gathered the waste management and dismantling (WM&D) projects, the related competences and human resources in the WM&D field, in a dedicated directorate (DP2D) and a company group called Cyclife (including waste treatment facilities). Taking into account the experience gained by carrying out its own WM&D projects as well as contributing to international cooperation, EDF considers that integrating collaborative research and development (R&D) on pre-disposal and waste management could be carried out following four main objectives: (1) alignment of the application of regulatory frameworks through appropriate definition of criteria and rules for radioactive waste to enable sensible worldwide comparison of technics; (2) improvement of technical and organisational aspects of nuclear reactors decommissioning using a demonstrator facility to be in operation, at first for graphite reactors, by 2022; (3) development of new techniques to decontaminate/homogenize metallic materials through a dedicated recycling route. These technics will be implemented in a new treatment facility foreseen to be available by 2030; and (4) increased training of decommissioning operators with the help of new technologies. All these improvements are aiming, beyond technical and experimental aspects, at reducing environmental impacts of nuclear activities as well as preserving the radioactive disposal volumes, as they are considered by EDF as rare resources.

Design for Automatic Assembly: A new Approach to Classify Limp Components

Abstract Part design is the most important enabler to automate assembly processes. Design work done in companies’ development departments determines most of the product and production costs through material selection and number of components. Part design mostly focuses on functionality but there is still high potential in production processes. To optimize part design for manufacturing and assembly processes first approaches were made between 1960 and 1980. Nowadays, these systematic procedures for optimized component development with respect to production processes are known as ‘Design for Manufacturing and Assembly’ and ‘Design for Automatic Assembly’. Existing part design rules mainly focus on rigid parts. Limp components are avoided in automatic assembly processes, due to limp material characteristics such as strong deformations due to external force or momentum and shape change during manipulation. However, many products, for example automotive wire harnesses, consist of a considerable amount of limp components. A better design for limp components and their joining-partners might be a solution to simplify subsequent automated production processes. The first step therefore is limp component classification. This paper introduces a new scheme of limp component classification oriented towards an abstraction of automated assembly processes. Different limp material characteristics influence several stages of this process. Therefore, relevant limp material characteristics are assigned to the affecting stages. With this classification, the specific challenges in the automated assembly process become clear. This serves as a basis to define challenges for future automated assembly. In addition, the definition of general design rules for limp components concerning automatic assembly becomes feasible. This paper highlights challenges in limp part assembly automation, abstracts automated assembly processes, reviews and discusses first approaches in limp part classification, and introduces a new scheme for limp component classification. The paper concludes with necessary future research based on the proposed limp component classification.

Configural perception of a binary olfactory mixture in honey bees, as in humans, rodents and newborn rabbits.

How animals perceive and learn complex stimuli, such as mixtures of odorants, is a difficult problem, for which the definition of general rules across the animal kingdom remains elusive. Recent experiments conducted in human and rodent adults as well as newborn rabbits suggested that these species process particular odor mixtures in a similar, configural manner. Thus, the binary mixture of ethyl isobutyrate (EI) and ethyl maltol (EM) induces configural processing in humans, who perceive a mixture odor quality (pineapple) that is distinct from the quality of each component (strawberry and caramel). Similarly, rabbit neonates treat the mixture differently, at least in part, from its components. In the present study, we asked whether the properties of the EI.EM mixture extend to an influential invertebrate model, the honey bee Apis mellifera. We used appetitive conditioning of the proboscis extension response to evaluate how bees perceive the EI.EM mixture. In a first experiment, we measured perceptual similarity between this mixture and its components in a generalization protocol. In a second experiment, we measured the ability of bees to differentiate between the mixture and both of its components in a negative patterning protocol. In each experimental series, the performance of bees with this mixture was compared with that obtained with four other mixtures, chosen from previous work in humans, newborn rabbits and bees. Our results suggest that when having to differentiate mixture and components, bees treat the EI.EM in a robust configural manner, similarly to mammals, suggesting the existence of common perceptual rules across the animal kindgdom.

Addressing the Problems of Jurisdictional Conflicts in Criminal Matters within the EU

The current EU approach to jurisdictional conflicts is discussed in the first part of this article. The article highlights the persistent problems of the existing legal framework as well as those emanating from Eurojust’s approach to the matter. After linking the topic with the ne bis in idem principle, the Member States’ interests in prosecuting criminal offenses under their competence, and the EU’s objective in the AFSJ when fighting impunity, the author presents some pivotal reflections on a better solution in the second part. Any solution first and foremost has to respect the EU’s main characteristic as a supranational organisation aligned to its constitutional treaties and to its Charter of Fundamental Rights. Within this framework, the article: Opts for models that not only solve but also prevent conflicts of jurisdiction; Highlights the possibility of distinguishing between more flexible and less flexible models; Illustrates a model based on the territoriality principle (locus delicti criterion) for both the assignment of jurisdiction and conflict resolution; Advocates a model with definitive and binding jurisdictional rules on: forum selection, proceedings and rights of concerned persons, arguing that it is of secondary importance whether such a model would be construed horizontally (i.e., through interaction between competent state authorities) or vertically (i.e., by giving a substantial role to Eurojust and the ECJ). The article also discusses other critical issues that are affected by the EU’s choice to safeguard the ne bis in idem principle within the framework of preventing and solving jurisdictional conflicts, e.g., the exclusion of parallel investigations, the rights of suspects and victims to intervene in the proceedings judicial review of the relevant decisions, etc. Lastly, it addresses the legal basis of the EU’s competence to regulate jurisdictional conflicts and the proper legal instruments to be used according to the characteristics of the model chosen.

COVID-19 Diagnosed by Serological Antibody Test: A Case Report

The new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), first reported in Wuhan, China, is causing a pandemic. With an increased understanding of the disease, the diagnosis and treatment guidelines are being updated and improved. In addition to nucleic acid detection, antibody detection kits are also being developed and approved. A medical worker suspected of having COVID-19 in our hospital had fatigue and loss of appetite and pulmonary infection indicated by CT, but the nucleic acid test was negative three times. Finally, she was confirmed to have COVID-19 by a serological antibody test. After rest and oral antiviral treatment, she recovered and returned to work. This is a case report that focuses on suspected mild patients who tested negative for nucleic acids. Such a group of patients had to choose home isolation treatment during the outbreak. The majority of them did not make a definitive diagnosis or rule out COVID-19 by the time they recovered. The antibody test is of great significance to identify infected patients with multiple negative nucleic acid tests. It can complement nucleic acid testing to enhance diagnostic efficiency. We have reviewed the literature and realized that further validation and standardization of serological tests are needed for more mature application of antibody tests to clinical diagnosis and vaccine development.