Definition Of Corruption Research Articles

Combating Corruption Crime in Poland: Selected Legal Aspects, With Particular Reference to the Role of the Central Anticorruption Bureau

This article highlights issues related to corruption in Poland. The definition of corruption is examined in national and international terms, for example, as developed by the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) or the World Bank. This study contributes to the discussion of the scale of corruption as well as on the effectiveness of anticorruption agencies. Particular attention has been paid to one of the leading special services entites, the Central Anticorruption Bureau, which was established on 9 June 2006 to address the deepening corruption in both the economic and political life in Poland. The study also examines the role of the prosecutor’s office and the efforts to transform its organisational structure to effectively and efficiently combat crime, particularly those related to corruption. In addition, relevant statistics on the effectiveness of anticorruption measures are presented. The fundamental research problem is to understand the current scale of corruption in Poland. The main hypothesis focuses on determining whether the level of corruption has decreased or remained constant since the beginning of the socio-economic transition. This study used the detailed research method—primarily statistics (desk research). Data were collected through face-to-face interviews conducted by the Centre for Public Opinion Research (CBOS). The article ends with conclusions and postulates de lege futura.

Investigating corruption, maladministration and misconduct in public administration: Has South Australia struck the right balance?

This article considers the appropriateness of reforms to the South Australian Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) passed by the state Parliament in 2021. Specifically, the author considers the narrower definition of ‘corruption’ in public administration for the purposes of ICAC investigations, and further examines the transfer of ‘misconduct’ and ‘maladministration’ investigations to the SA Ombudsman. The author contends that the excessive application of ICAC power on alleged minor offending justified a transfer of responsibility for such matters. However, the amended definition of corruption in public administration is argued to unreasonably limit the intended utility of the ICAC.

International Methods to Combat Corruption Crimes

Corruption crimes are among the most dangerous crimes at the national and international levels, in addition to their terrible spread quickly. In order to address them, we address in this research a statement of the definition of corruption, its forms and characteristics, the reasons that led to its spread, its types and its destructive effects on the social, economic, legal and political levels, and the extent of the impact of corruption crimes on international relations, which was indicated by the United Nations Convention of 2003 AD and the Arab Convention of 2010 AD, and the research touched on the most important international mechanisms in combating corruption through international treaties and intergovernmental organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, or non-governmental organizations such as Transparency International. In this research, we will discuss at the international level the experience of the United States of America in combating corruption. As for the Arab level, we reviewed the Saudi experience, then we dealt with combating this crime in Iraq. The research ended with a conclusion, conclusions, and recommendations.

Law Enforcement of Corruption Crimes in the State-Owned Enterprises Sector in Indonesia

Corruption often occurs in public service institutions, especially BUMN. This research was conducted to examine corruption in the BUMN sector with the Aristotelian ethical theory. Aristoteles theory of ethics serves to deliver humans to achieve the highest goals of their lives through ratios and make humans the main humans. This study uses a normative juridical research method in which the use of this method uses a conceptual approach and legislation. Regarding the conclusions obtained from this research, the definition of corruption is that it is a matter of moral deviation from a moral problem in humans. Therefore, law and the economy are not the main factors that encourage corruption in the BUMN sector. In the abuse of power in the BUMN sector which is the starting point for corruption, it is clear that there is a moral charge in this case, an element of intent. Thus, it is clear that corruption is closely related to moral issues in humans, in this case, BUMN officials. This is where the portrait of Aristotle's ethical philosophy is very visible in the phenomenon of corruption in the BUMN sector in Indonesia.

КОРРУПЦИЯ КАК ПРОБЛЕМА НЕСПРАВЕДЛИВОСТИ

This article reviews existing scientific approaches to the corruption study such as political, economic, functional, and normative-values-based approaches. The political approach views corruption as the misuse of power by a public official for personal and/or group political gain, the solution to corruption is put forward to improve democratization. The economic approach regards the individual as a rational agent, and defines corruption as rationally selfish behavior with careful calculation. All individuals, including politicians and businessmen, commit corruption on selfishly rational calculations because the benefit of corruption is greater than the risk. The functional approach asserts the positive role of corruption in developing countries depending on the socio-cultural context. In this regard, in each society corruption is defined according to each sociocultural context. The author puts forward that the main task in the fight against corruption is to develop a «judgment criterion of corruption», according to which corruption can be defined and which does not fluctuate in each context. In this regard, the author first considers legal norms as a «judgment criterion of corruption» for a more consistent definition of corruption. According to the normative value approach, when discussing the «criterion» it is necessary to consider not only legal norms but also the «a tacit consent» of society. This approach additionally treats corruption as inappropriate behavior with tacit consent and suggests moral principles such as ethics, morality, goodwill and other similar values as the judgment criterion for corruption. However, in order to say that the «criterion of society's judgment» equals moralprinciples or a tacit consent, precise explanations must be provided as to what the values presented above are and whether they can serve as a «just criterion» regardless of any sociocultural context and time horizon. Considering the above approaches, the author concludes that for a true fight against corruption it is necessary to develop a «judgment criterion of corruption», which allows to identify the fundamental causes of corruption, to define its universal definition and to develop a coherent anti-corruption strategy.

CORRUPTION IS A HUMILIATION OF THE HONOR AND DIGNITY OF A PERSON

Since gaining independence, the issue of effective anti-corruption has become one of the most important concerns in Kazakhstan’s society and state. The most common definition of corruption is the abuse of an official position or power for personal gain. By a broader definition, corruption is an abuse of trust. Of particular concern is the destructive impact of corruption on the moral foundations of society, as it distorts the nature of the values historically developed by mankind and emasculates their content. Corruption, derived from the Latin term "corrumpere," is defined by the grim word "to corrupt," which should be understood as a moral and legal decline in society and the state. Objectively, moral harm manifests in the deteriorated psychological state of individuals, resulting in feelings of humiliation, helplessness, fear, and the inability to lead an active, creative, and initiative-driven life. In public consciousness, there arises a sense of indifference to societal interests, along with an acceptance of corruption and the illegal, insulting actions of state representatives. Therefore, there must be a growing recognition in our country that previous methods of combating corruption are ineffective and will not yield the expected results. The urgent need for a decisive reform of the entire public service system hinges on changing the consciousness of individuals, both within society and among civil servants.

Political Corruption and Democratic Representatives - Emanuela Ceva and Maria Paola Ferretti: Political Corruption: The Internal Enemy of Public Institutions. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021. Pp. 232.)

Ceva and Ferretti's book offers an innovative account of political corruption as “a form of unaccountable use of entrusted power” (14). Accordingly, an officeholder's conduct counts as corrupt when in her institutional capacity she pursues an agenda whose rationale cannot be vindicated as coherent with the power mandate specified by her institutional role. Among the numerous advantages of this persuasive view, one is that it offers a nonmoralized definition of corruption with explanatory and discriminatory potential (21). Another point of strength is that the authors outline an original path to anticorruption centred on developing a public ethics of office accountability. To ensure public institutions’ good functioning, officeholders must exercise their power mandate in accordance with institutions’ raison d’être and engage in practices of mutual answerability, as they are all accountable to each other in virtue of the interrelatedness of their institutional roles (25).

General principles of combating corruption in the countries of the Visegrad Four: the experience of the Czech Republic

The article is devoted to the study of the general principles of combating corruption in the territory of the Czech Republic. The fight against corruption, according to the Ministry of Regional Development of the Czech Republic, is a long-term process that requires the cooperation of all elements of the public administration system and includes prevention activities, transparency of all processes and the imposition of sanctions for violations. The purpose of the article is to study the experience of implementing anti-corruption activities on the territory of one of the countries of the Visegrad Group, namely the Czech Republic, establishing the path taken by the Czech Republic in the field of prevention and countering corruption, building its anti-corruption bodies, forming a strategy and clarifying the possibility of taking into account certain aspects in the activities of state bodies authorities and local self-government of Ukraine.
 As a result of the study, the place of the Czech Republic and Ukraine in the global rating of corruption perception in 2021 has been clarified. The definition of corruption in Ukraine and the Czech Republic has been given. The nature of the activity of the Visegrad Group as an institutional organization has been outlined. It has been determined that it is customary to distinguish three time periods of the Czech Republic's development on the way to overcoming corruption.
 The priority areas of combating corruption, determined by the government of the Czech Republic and enshrined in the Anti-corruption agenda, have been considered, including: creation of an independent, efficient, professional, integrated and corruption-resistant state administration; transparency and efficiency of the decision-making process and the legislative process; regulation of the system of free access to information, etc. There are two groups of main state and non-state organizations in the Czech Republic whose activities are aimed at preventing and combating corruption: 1) those engaged in analytical and investigative activities; 2) those that carry out preventive, educational and coordination activities. The first group includes the Police of the Czech Republic, the General Inspectorate of Security Forces, the Prosecutor's Office of the Czech Republic, and the Financial and Analytical Unit of the Ministry of Finance. The second group includes the Anti-Corruption Commission of the Police of the Czech Republic, the Ombudsman of the Police of the Czech Republic and the Fire and Rescue Corps of the Czech Republic, the State Defender of Rights in the Czech Republic, the Institute of Public Administration in Prague, etc.
 It has been concluded that it is necessary to promote the role of the public in the field of control over anti-corruption activities and the possibility to take as a basis the experience of the functioning of public initiatives of the Czech Republic.

Destroying the City, Burning the fields: Towards a New Testament Concept and Definition of Corruption

The aim of this article is to construct a New Testament concept and definition of the phenomenon of corruption. It contends that current definitions which are based on the World Bank’s and Transparency International’s political-materialistic definitions either miss or ignore the “unique” position adopted by New Testament writers whose focus is on the protection of the ideal, that is, the “common good”, against disruptors’ destructive actions. Pursuant to its aim and with some assistance from socio-literary criticism, the article pays special attention to Luke-Acts, the epistles and Greek terminology for corruption. It then concludes that while there is no direct reference to abuse of material resources or public office in the New Testament, any behaviour that is tantamount to subverting the vision of the common good is viewed as corruption; it is no different from the “destruction of the city” or “burning of the fields”.

The impacts of corruption on forest loss: A review of cross‐national trends

AbstractThis research lays out the debates and contradictory findings regarding the impacts of corruption on forest loss in a cross‐national context, specifically in low‐ and middle‐income nations. After, I describe how these inconsistent findings may be due to difficulties in untangling the complexities of corruption definitionally and then operationalizing it in a cross‐national context. Then, I review the advances in corruption data collection and measurement. Finally, I discuss how these developments in data collection and operationalization have led to an expansion of research on corruption to other aspects of governance, bringing forward several avenues for future research, but also potentially conflating definitions of corruption with governance. Overall, I aim to capture how scholars are studying corruption and forest loss from a cross‐national context and what their findings tell us.

Challenges of Republic of Kosova in Her Fight Against Corruption

Corruption is a major problem, and it does not only affect developing countries. It hinders economic growth, weakens the rule of law and undermines the legitimacy of institutions. Although it has been studied nationally from different perspectives, recently we have seen growing bodies of research on local corruption. As far as we know, these recent studies focused on corruption and its effects on votes. The transformation of values and mentality as an integral part of the transition is slow and comes with certain consequences. The values that were favored in the old system (equality, union, collectivism), should be replaced by universal democratic values (individualism, democracy, human rights and freedoms, entrepreneurship, private property, fair privatization, etc.). This paper treats and analyzes corruption as a negative phenomenon which poses a risk to the development of the state. In this paper I aimed to provide more knowledge about corruption in general and inform about the challenges that Kosovo faces in fighting and preventing corruption. This paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter talks about the concept of corruption and its historical development, definitions of corruption, types of corruption, the forms in which it occurs, the manner of corruption. The second chapter presents an executive summary of corruption in Kosovo. The third chapter deals with the institutions dealing with the fight against corruption in the Republic of Kosovo as well as the legislative basis and Chapter four deals with the risks and damages that corruption does to the economy of Kosovo.

Phenomenon of Corruption in Legislation and Perception of the Russian Nobility of the Second Half of the 18th - First Quarter of the 19th Century

The article examines the attitude to the phenomenon of corruption by the state and its perception by the Russian nobility of the second half of the 18th - first quarter of the 19th centuries. Based on the phenomenological analysis of the corruption concept in legislative acts and regulatory documents, as well as sources of personal origin, the article reveals the contradictory attitude of the nobility to corruption, which has become widespread in the environment of the officials. It is emphasized that a certain ambivalence in its perception stemmed from the unclear definition of corruption in official documents as well as contradictory attitude of the state to offenses on the part of officials. As a result, the discrepancy between the criminal act and the measure of punishment often blurred the boundaries of what was permissible in the noble environment. In addition, the duality of the corruption perception in its deep basis was the collision result of the traditional tribal consciousness remnants with modernization processes, leading to the affirmation of the Enlightenment ideas and values, primarily the honor and dignity of the individual, in the noble community. The growing pragmatism of Russian society, which increasingly conflicted with the principle of honest service to the state, also played a role.

Kontekstualisasi Pemahaman dan Hukuman Gratifikasi dalam Perspektif Hadis

This research aims to discuss contextualization of the understanding of Gratification in Hadith. This research applies a type of qualitative research conducted with library studies and uses tahlili methods and contextualization. The results and discussions of this study include an overview of corruption and gratification, actions that include gratification, punishment in the world and the afterlife of gratification actors contained in the Qur'an, Hadith, and applicable laws. This study concluded that the act of gratification has existed since the time of the Prophet, where there are many differences in terms of social conditions, culture, and a more modern era. Then there needs to be contextualization of hadith in the legal system and the definition of corruption. This study outlines how contextualizing the understanding and punishment of gratification in hadith as the times progress.

Private electoral finance and democratic theory

Private electoral finance and democratic theory

KORRUPSIYA TUSHUNCHASI: TAHLIL VA TAKLIF

This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the problems of corruption, which is one of the most acute problems in the world, including Uzbekistan. Based on a comparison of the views of domestic and foreign scientists, the definitional norms in the legislation on corruption, including the content of the norms defined in the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the concept of corruption, the main features of the concept of corruption have been scientifically studied. The article also compares two main approaches to the definition of corruption, legal (narrow) and scientific (broad) approaches, by comparing the scientific views of scientists representing this approach. Based on the results of scientific research and analysis of the legislation studied in the article, the author’s definition of the concept of corruption is developed and the main features of the concept of corruption are highlighted, including the fact that corruption is a negative social and legal phenomenon committed by action or inaction, scientific conclusions are made on such issues, as the unlawful acquisition of property and non-property interests, as well as the breadth of the circle of persons who can receive property and non-property benefits, including the official himself (directly or through intermediaries) and third parties.

Guanxi and Moral Articulation: Strategies of Corruption During China’s Anti-Corruption Drive

What explains failures of large-scale anti-corruption campaigns in reducing corruption? Theories on developing country corruption see corruption as either a problem of weak formal institutions that incentivize naturally opportunistic actors or as remnants of traditional behaviors that persist despite changing modern state boundaries and regulations. Neither helps explain how participants continuously strategize to reframe and articulate the morality of those questionable transactions. This paper, through multi-year fieldwork and 34 interviews with business elites in China’s Guangdong province, examines how officials and businesses reconfigured their strategies of corruption during a recent anti-corruption campaign. We find that key actors engaged in ‘moral articulation’ – devising moral repertoires and realigning common exchange practices to accepted meaning frames to safeguard interests and obfuscate their activities. In doing so, they challenged some aspects of state-initiated definitions of corruption while embracing others. Rather than eliciting conformity, the campaign prompted new ingenious action frames that helped internally justify corruption and allowed questionable exchange practices to continue on.

НАПРЯМИ ПРОТИДІЇ КОРУПЦІЇ В ДЕРЖАВНИХ ОРГАНАХ

Nowadays situation in the global economic world shows that countries all over the world haven’t immune from corruption. There are a significant number of internal and external factors that affect the activities of the government and its institutions. The activities of government and its institutions affect the existence and the spread of corruption in the public sector in the turn. The article explores the concepts and definitions of corruption, the main motives for its occurrence, types and consequences for the economy of Ukraine. The legislative framework and institutions to combat corruption were studied. The anti-corruption infrastructure is represented in Ukraine by the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption, the High Anti-Corruption Court, the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office, etc. All these institutions were founded few years ago. The dynamic and changes in the Global Corruption Perceptions Index for Ukraine and the factors that influenced it were study. The investigation based on the results of the annual reports of Transparency International. Moreover, the violations of separate co-indexes, their direction and reasons were identified. The analytical report for the state budget formed for the number of penalties (as a result of anti-corruption measures), as well as losses (as a result of corruption). The study found that corruption takes various forms, such as bribery, an abuse of the influence for a personal gain, the abuse of the office, etc. The paper identifies the main areas of the anti-corruption and implementation of anti-corruption policy of the government. The paper grounded that anti-corruption measures should be being on a specific understanding of the factors that exacerbate corruption. The potential success factors in the fight against corruption include: the cooperation and coordination, the confidence building, using of modern opportunities, formation and using the political will and the support of citizens. It is determined that anti-corruption measures should be flexible, politically sensitive and designed to take into account potential negative reactions.

ANTI-CORRUPTION CRIMINOLOGY IN LINE WITH THE SPIRITUAL-VALUE PARADIGM: ETHICAL AND EDUCATIONAL SECTION

The article deals with moral and ethical aspects overcoming corruption with emphasis on the formation of the state anti-corruption ideology (criminology) on the basis of the spiritual and value component. This construction is based on three concepts: value-ideological, ethicalmoral and, in addition, theological-theological, and criminological and theological, where appropriate prevention and fight against corruption calls to the “minds” of the bureaucratic apparatus and population regarding the transformation of consciousness in much more pious states. Issues of the nature of corruption (criminogenic) manifestations are raised by revealing the meaning of the concepts “corruption” and “bribery”. The problem of moral (ethical) corruption is updated as a mechanism for speeding up (solving) many issues. Silent attitude of society towards corruption formed a dangerous phenomenon – “corruption culture”. Various approaches to the definition of corruption are considered. It is emphasized that it is necessary to overcome it permanent interdisciplinary analysis (discourse) scientific practices by identifying (finding) piety, which needs updating for the general public. If you do not conduct an effective spiritual and value opposition and struggle with corruption, this very thing the universal status of the specified phenomenon is evidenced, when regulations are found to be ineffective and it remains to appeal to the voice (Law) of Conscience. Special attention is focused on involvement of civil society institutions (journalistic corps) and the state of solving many problems of corruption by preparing anti-corruption practices (programs, strategies, plans and tactics) taking into account corruption risks. Special attention is focused on the institution of corruption whistleblowers and further scientific support of the state anti-corruption policy of Ukraine. The original aspects of the disclosure of the criminological (psychological) portrait of the personality of the criminal-corruptor are violated.

Opportunities and challenges of contemporary corruption research: An interview with Donatella Della Porta

This is an edited and revised version of an interview recorded in September 2021, which served as closing remarks for the 3rd edition of the Research Methods School on Corruption and Anti-Corruption Analysis (CORAN), Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon (Portugal), 27-30 September 2021. The event was organized jointly with the Centre for International Cooperation and Development Studies (IDC) of the University of Bucharest, as part of the 7th edition of the International Interdisciplinary Conference of Political Research SCOPE: Science of Politics. The notes and specific references were added to support especially younger researchers who may not be very familiar with the field or with certain past events. Keywords: corruption, political corruption, definitions of corruption, corruption studies, court cases, criminal investigations, scandal, methodology, legal protection of scholars, deregulation, super-rich, impact of COVID-19

Corruption and Illicit Tobacco Trade

This review critically engages with the debate on the importance of corruption for illicit tobacco trade. It proposes to solve the disagreement in the literature by advancing a nuanced analysis of how different types of corruption are linked to various forms of illicit tobacco trade. It conceptualises the role of corruption by breaking it down into necessary and sufficient conditions. The analysis shows that unlike price differential, corruption is mostly part of sufficient condition. It is a necessary condition only in the case of illicit whites whereby tobacco manufacturers are involved in one way or the other. The measurement indices and common definitions of corruption do not usually incorporate this kind of private sector corruption.