Definition Of Authorship Research Articles

Problems of copyright for the products created by artificial intelligence

The article discusses current problems of authorship of intellectual products created by artificial intelligence, as well as the concept and legal personality (quasi-subjectivity) of artificial intelligence. The relevant provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Articles 1225, 1228, etc.) and the practice of their application are analyzed using general and specific scientific methods – analysis, synthesis, analogy, formal legal, comparative legal methods, interpretation of legal norms, etc. Based on a study of legal literature and current regulations, the author analyzes the concept of legal personality (quasi-subjectivity) of artificial intelligence. It is shown that copyright for the products created by artificial intelligence has not yet been legally regulated. It is concluded that currently such a product does not fall under the criteria defined by Article 1228 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and is not anyone’s intellectual property; thus, it is not subject to legal protection. For the purposes of legal regulation, the author proposes his own definition of authorship in relation to a product of intellectual creativity. Considering the rapid development of information technologies, the legal personality (quasi-subjectivity) of artificial intelligence needs scientific understanding. In the future, a legal definition of artificial intelligence should be adopted and corresponding copyrights should be regulated.

ChatGPT as an “author”: Bibliometric analysis to assess the validity of authorship

ABSTRACT Background: Following the 2023 surge in popularity of large language models like ChatGPT, significant ethical discussions emerged regarding their role in academic authorship. Notable ethics organizations, including the ICMJE and COPE, alongside leading publishers, have instituted ethics clauses explicitly stating that such models do not meet the criteria for authorship due to accountability issues.Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence and ethical implications of listing ChatGPT as an author on academic papers, in violation of existing ethical guidelines set by the ICMJE and COPE.Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review using databases such as Web of Science and Scopus to identify instances where ChatGPT was credited as an author, co-author, or group author.Results: Our search identified 14 papers featuring ChatGPT in such roles. In four of those papers, ChatGPT was listed as an “author” alongside the journal’s editor or editor-in-chief. Several of the ChatGPT-authored papers have accrued dozens, even hundreds of citations according to Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.Discussion: The inclusion of ChatGPT as an author on these papers raises critical questions about the definition of authorship and the accountability mechanisms in place for content produced by artificial intelligence. Despite the ethical guidelines, the widespread citation of these papers suggests a disconnect between ethical policy and academic practice.Conclusion: The findings suggest a need for corrective measures to address these discrepancies. Immediate review and amendment of the listed papers is advised, highlighting a significant oversight in the enforcement of ethical standards in academic publishing.

"Doctrinal views on understanding the legal nature of conflict of interest "

In this article, the doctrinal views on understanding the legal nature of the conflict of interests in the activities of state civil servants are analyzed based on the scientific opinions and views of national and foreign scientists. In the article, the field of public civil service was selected as the main fundamental basis, and the cases related to the conflict of interests in it were discussed. At the same time, the international and national documents describing the conflict of interests were analyzed, and the problems in the system were discussed on the basis of a scientific discussion. In the research work, each case is analyzed from a scientific point of view using methods such as logic, systematicity, comparison, induction, and deduction. At the end of the research, the issues of preventing conflicts of interest in the state civil service were substantiated from a scientific and theoretical point of view, and suggestions and recommendations were developed regarding the improvement of the activity. At the end of the study, it was concluded that the conflict of interests as a form of corruption is a socio-legal problem that seriously damages the state administration and the rights and interests of citizens. The basis of the conflict of interest is not only the personal interest of a single person - a civil servant, but also the connection with the interests of third parties. As a general conclusion, a conflict of interest is recognized as a conflict that occurs between the powers of a civil servant and his personal interests. The author's personal position regarding the object of research is stated, and the definition of authorship is developed regarding the topic.

Gledališki eksperiment na Slovenskem (1966–1986) in njegovi odmevi v mladinski dramatiki – Andrej Rozman Roza

In Slovenian (youth) literature, three authors who have worked in the field of drama and/or theatre stand out – namely, Svetlana Makarovič, academically trained actress (Sapramiška), Milan Jesih (Four Plays for Children, adaptations of Andersen’s fairy tales The Emperor’s New Clothes and The Ugly Duckling) and Andrej Rozman Roza. The paper will focus on the latter, who was strongly influenced by the theatre experiment in Slovenia, especially during the formative period of his studies of the Slovenian language (1974–1978). Andrej Rozman Roza (1956) started performing and/or publishing plays in the period 1981– 1990 (Inspector Schwake, 1986; collection of texts Ana Monró Theatre, 1991, etc.). He is known in literary history as a youth poet and is included in Slovenian language curricula (1998, 2011, 2018). However, the definition of a systemic author is more appropriate for him (I. Even Zohar, M. Dović) since of the six functions in the literary system (author, institution, market, repertoire, book, reader) he holds at least three roles (author, “institution”, book [living book], etc.). This paper focuses on adaptations of classics of Slovenian (Cankar, Levstik, Linhart, Prešeren, etc.) or world literature that – regardless of literary genre or type – have become crossover literature in the process of literary reception, especially in picture-book editions (e.g., A Midsummer Night’s Dream which has the international fairy tale type number ATU 899A [Pyramus and Thisbe]). According to B. Kümmerling-Meibauer’s definition of crossover classics or authorship, Rozman is a crossover author. In addition, according to L. Hutcheon’s theory, adaptations are an important part of Rozman’s work and contribute to the updating of classics and modern classics. The paper presents the collection Brvi čez morje (The Footbridge Across the Sea), which contains thirteen plays, three of which are folktale texts – Janko and Metka (Hansel and Gretel) [ATU 327], Obuti maček (Puss in Boots) [ATU 545B], Vžigalnik (The Tinderbox) [ATU 562] – and one which is a fairy tale, Kekec [ATU 1137]). Intertextually, they refer to folktale types.

A Manual of Zaydī Muʿtazilī Dogmatic Texts from Early Sixth/Twelfth-Century Iran

Abstract MS Riyadh, Maktabat Malik Fahd al-Waṭaniyya 748 is a multitext volume copied by al-Ḥasan b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. ʿAlī Ibn Abī l-ʿAshīra in 552/1157 in Ṣaʿda. It consists of doctrinal texts by Zaydī and Muʿtazilī authors, invariably Iranian. The codex is the only known extant witness of all but two of the tracts it includes (the exceptions being Ismāʿīl b. ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl al-Farrazādhī’s K. Taʿlīq al-Tabṣira and Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-Dāʿī al-Ḥasanī’s K. Ḥaqāʾiq al-aʿrāḍ wa-aḥwālihā wa-sharḥihā), and two of its tracts, K. al-Nasīm fī l-uṣūl by one Abū Jaʿfar and K. Muhaj al-ʿulūm by Muʿādh b. Abī l-Khayr al-Hamadhānī, are not even attested in the relevant biobibliographical sources. This study includes critical editions of the doctrinal tracts included in the majmūʿa as well as an additional tract preserved in a related codex that was apparently also copied by Ibn Abī l-ʿAshīra (MS Milan, Ambrosiana, ar. E 462). The edited tracts include Abū l-Faḍl al-ʿAbbās Ibn Sharwīn’s K. al-Wujūh allatī taʿẓumu ʿalayhā l-ṭāʿāt ʿinda llāh, his K. al-Yāqūta, and his Ḥaqāʾiq al-ashyāʾ, ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadhānī’s Ḥudūd al-alfāẓ, Ibn al-Dāʿī’s K. Ḥaqāʾiq al-aʿrāḍ wa-aḥwālihā wa-sharḥihā, the extant part of the K. al-Nasīm fī l-uṣūl, K. Muhaj al-ʿulūm, by Muʿādh b. Abī l-Khayr al-Hamadhānī, fragments of two theological summae by unidentified Zaydī scholars, and collections of doctrinal definitions of uncertain authorship.

PROSPECTS OF ZONING TERRITORIES IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF AGRO-TOURISM ACTIVITIES IN FERGANA PROVINCE

The article explores the issues of zoning areas in the strategic management of agrotourism activities in the Fergana region. The activities of agrotourism and some related concepts of foreign and domestic scientists, reflecting the results of various studies, were presented, and the definition of authorship was developed. Based on the integration of the indicators of total potential determined by the regions of the Fergana region, integral indicators were identified that assess the possibility of developing agrotourism activities in 19 regions. In order to group the identified integral indicators, using the Sterjess formula, it was established that the regions are divided into 4 zones in terms of the development of agrotourism activities.

‘This I rebel against’: television advertising, Rod Serling’s The Twilight Zone, and a changing industry

ABSTRACT This article re-examines Rod Serling’s career as he transitioned from writing live anthology teleplays to his famous series, The Twilight Zone (1959–1964), in service of investigating the changing definitions of authorship as the television industry changed. It does so in order to show that the techniques many critics agree Serling used to subvert corporate sponsors may have been rooted in pragmatic compromise engendered by the need to remain working within the shifting world of TV. These techniques include using science fiction and fantasy on television and becoming a writer-producer and the face of The Twilight Zone. Serling’s transition to science fiction and fantasy, this article argues, could also be seen as a retreat from early TV’s dominant mode of storytelling: social realism. His becoming the face of The Twilight Zone may have been a way to assuage producers’ fears in supporting another anthology series without a consistent cast. This leads to the conflation of Serling the writer with Serling the salesman. Ultimately, these compromises result in the blurring of the line between commercial and series, as well as between writer and salesman.

Ink under the Fingernails: Printing Politics in Nineteenth-Century Mexico by Corinna Zeltsman

Reviewed by: Ink under the Fingernails: Printing Politics in Nineteenth-Century Mexico by Corinna Zeltsman Christopher Conway KEYWORDS Print Culture, Printing, Mexico, Mexican Newspapers, Authorship, Public Sphere, Broadsides corinna zeltsman. Ink under the Fingernails: Printing Politics in Nineteenth-Century Mexico. U of California P, 2021, 327 pp. The increasing availability of digitized nineteenth-century Mexican journalism and print has encouraged a boom in keyword research that allows scholars to recover, collect, and curate collections of articles from that period. These keyword archives can be illuminating, but their promise is limited by how search engines shape the visuality and experience of access. For example, while digital platforms allow quick and satisfying keyword searches, broader page-by-page views can be unwieldy and awkward. Under these conditions, our ability to absorb the form, variety, and evolution of newspapers or broadsides becomes more difficult, as does our ability to explain their history and uniqueness. These challenges are a reminder of the importance of combining digital resources with traditional archives and of being more probing and ambitious in how we interact with primary sources of all kinds. In other words, the scholar, and not the digital platform, should be the research algorithm. Corinna Zeltsman's Ink under the Fingernails: Printing Politics in Nineteenth-Century Mexico is a fantastic example of what is possible when a scholar puts their sights beyond keywords toward the bigger story of the political, discursive, and symbolic meanings of print culture. Zeltsman sketches vivid portraits of the most important printers of the century as well as their disputes with state and religious authorities over freedom of speech. Unlike narrower, thematic studies, Ink under the Fingernails delivers a wide-ranging history and framework for studying Mexican print culture and nineteenth-century intellectual life writ large. The latter point is important because virtually all nineteenth-century Mexican writers were newspaper writers who frequently found themselves in print skirmishes. Zeltsman tells the story of the print ecosystem that published these writers and provides invaluable information about newspapers and their editors, the material and technological practices of printing, and changing definitions of authorship and editorship. The book elegantly stores its literature reviews and secondary sources in notes, producing a readable narrative that will appeal to scholars in different disciplines. Chapter 1, "The Politics of Loyalty," explores the political and bureaucratic hierarchies of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century state-s ponsored newspaper printing, particularly Manuel Antonio Valdés (1742–1814), the editor of the Gazeta de México. Official printed material required viceregal licensing and was assessed by representatives from the Mexican Inquisition and other Catholic dignitaries. This network of power and patronage defined print through negotiation with power brokers whose authority was, in turn, reinforced by the publication of censors' reports and official licenses. Zeltsman also underlines competing definitions of what an official newspaper should be and identifies the kinds of political, technical, and financial barriers that troubled the printing of the Gazeta de México. The cultural politics of printing during the Mexican War of Independence is at the center of chapter 2, "Negotiating Freedom." This chapter considers competing definitions of freedom of speech and how royalists and insurgents deployed print to argue their respective causes. Zeltsman tracks the uneven and inconsistent application of freedom of speech and how editors and authors like José Joaquín [End Page 110] Fernández de Lizardi (1776–1827) tried to support and expand the role of print. She also examines the controversy surrounding Felipe Merino's broadside El liberal a los bajos escritores (1820), which attacked the timidity of writers and the reluctance of Viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca (1754–1835) and other military officials in implementing parts of the Constitution of Cadiz. This cause célèbre, like other case studies contained in the book, is a kind of laboratory that allows Zeltsman to delineate actors, interests, trends, and shifts in political and cultural debates about print. Chapter 3, "Responsibility on Trial," explores two topics: the management and understanding of legal responsibility regarding print, and how one of the most notable printers of the century, Ignacio Cumplido (1811–1887), theorized the role of the printer in a republic. These two issues are linked because...

Ethical principles of the scientific researcher: state of the art and updates

The ethical principles of the scientific researcher are fundamental to ensuring the integrity, transparency, and reliability of scientific research results. The current state of the art in ethics in scientific research involves a set of guidelines aimed at ensuring that research is conducted fairly, transparently, and with respect for human and animal rights. Among the most important ethical principles for the scientific researcher are respect for the autonomy and privacy of research participants, ensuring benefits and minimizing risks for participants, honesty in disclosing results, social and environmental responsibility, and respect for animal rights. In recent years, the ethical debate surrounding scientific research has intensified due to technological advances that present new ethical challenges, such as genetic manipulation, artificial intelligence, and data privacy. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought important ethical issues to light, such as conducting research quickly in the midst of a public health emergency. We envision three other fundamental pillars related to the moment following the completion of scientific research, namely the definition of authorship of the scientific article, the choice of the scientific journal to which the article will be submitted for publication, and finally, the authors need to disseminate their results to society. Faced with these challenges, it is necessary for researchers to always be attentive to the ethical principles that govern scientific research and to be able to apply them consciously and responsibly in their research.

Authorship in Communication Science Journals: Mapping Romanian Practices

Scientific authorship is an evolving concept, being challenged by the numerous varieties in definition and practice of its ideational form. Variations in interpretation occur not only along the traditional demarcation line between hard sciences and the social sciences and humanities but also within the same science branch, along parameters such as geography or institutional representation. This article explores the websites of internationally indexed communication science journals in Romania, from the point of view of authorship definitions, authorship requirements, and author-related ethical provisions. The web-based analysis is supplemented by opinions shared by editors of seven journal publishing venues. Findings show that less than half of the Romanian communication science journals allude to the international debate concerning authorship vs. contributorship models. A data-based critique of the self-presentation of the selected journals on their main page is also formulated. The findings of this study can help improve the journals’ self-presentation and self-promotion and set a benchmark for science communication among disciplines in SSH. In addition, it opens the floor for debate on scientific publishing patterns and practices in the given domain in Romania, making room for comparisons and filling in gaps in information on the topic.

Young America: Dime Novels and Juvenile Authorship

American dime novels, first published under that term in 1860, built on earlier movements in American literary traditions. Critics for over a century have recognised that this popular form emphasised the same sense of literary nationalism strongly at play in the nineteenth century when cultural pundits sought to define and assert a properly American character for so-called “serious” publications. This essay expands that understanding by directly grounding the dime novel within the tenets of the 1830s and 1840s Young America movement, as it formed around the New York circle of Evert Duyckinck. Recovering that heritage stresses how Americanness was intrinsically associated with youth, innovation, and promise. It recovers as well another movement behind the growth and popularity of the dime novel: the juvenile tradition of teenage writers that had flourished in Britain and America at the beginning of the nineteenth century. This tradition found a new form in popular fiction as young writers moved into the new markets of the dime industry. In addition to resituating the dime novel within the debate over what made literature American, augmenting literary history through an attention to the role of juvenile writing expands understandings of the changing definition of authorship. Wide-awake youth figured a new mode of authorship – not so much visionary and romantic as pragmatic, productive, capable.

The Medieval and Early Modern Reception of Marco Polo's Description of the World: An Introduction

The Medieval and Early Modern Reception of Marco Polo's Description of the World:An Introduction Mark Cruse The four essays in this special issue of Digital Philology are devoted to Marco Polo's Description of the World (1298). Or, to be more precise, these essays examine what happened to the Description after it left Marco Polo's hands and ventured into the world, there to be transformed in many ways. In these four essays we discuss a host of actors—compilers, hagiographers, humanists, kings, mendicants, missionaries, printers, and translators—who refashioned the Description to their own ends. We trace their interventions from the early fourteenth century to the seventeenth century, in manuscripts and print. We show how the Description defies strict definitions of authorship, periodization, and genre and emblematizes a textual culture of adaptation and alteration that has become much more familiar in the digital era. It is particularly appropriate to dedicate a special issue of Digital Philology to the Description of the World, given this journal's origins. One of the founding editors of Digital Philology, Stephen G. Nichols, was a proponent of the new philology of the 1980s and 1990s, which questioned the privileging of the urtext and insisted upon the value of individual textual witnesses.1 New philology prized idiosyncrasy and variation over authority and uniformity. Combining reconceptualizations of the author with manuscript studies, new philology asked medievalists to embrace the otherness of medieval textuality—its improvisations, adaptations, compilations, and multiple authors. As a practice and an ethos, digital philology is the realization of new philology's ambitions. By harnessing the computer's ability to record textual variation, digital philology has enabled scholars to illuminate the value of individual manuscripts and texts in unprecedented ways by examining [End Page 233] scribal intervention, versions across time and space, inventory records, marginalia, illumination, compilation, networks, and palimpsests, to name but a few of the dimensions unlocked by the digital. This journal thus represents the culmination of a decades-long transformation in medieval textual studies whose effects are particularly visible in work on the Description of the World. Variance, adaptation, and (inter)textual networks are the focus of the essays in this special issue. Indeed, it could hardly be otherwise. Even before Marco Polo's death in 1324, the Description had apparently already acquired different forms. The text was composed in 1298 in Franco-Italian, a dialect of Old French comprehensible to those who read or spoke the langue d'oil (French of northern France).2 Polo likely chose French because it was an international lingua franca, particularly around the Mediterranean, and assured him a wide audience. It was also the language in which his amanuensis, Rustichello da Pisa, had composed an Arthurian compilation. Within twenty-four years the Description had been translated into Tuscan, Venetian, and Latin and adapted into Old French; by 1503, translations appeared in Catalan, Czech, Gaelic, German, Portuguese, and Spanish. As it moved to new languages and audiences, the text also changed titles and content. The Description has never been known by a single title. To cite but a few examples: in French it has been Le romant du grant Kam, Le devisement du monde, and the Livre de Marc Paul et des merveilles; in Latin, the De conditionibus et consuetudinibus orientalium regionum (the title given to it by the translator Francesco Pipino [see Gadrat-Ouerfelli infra]) and the De Regionibus orientalibus libri III (its title in the Novus Orbis print compilation of 1532 [see Pochmaliki infra]), among others; in Venetian, the Libro de lo savio et honorevole homo e fidele signore miser Marcopolo de Venesia (among others); and in Tuscan Il Milione (see Klarer and Alisade infra), a title that appears to derive from a nickname for the Polo family but that is traditionally said to refer to the text's descriptions of the great wealth of Kubilai Khan.3 This variance extends to the text's contents, as the copies in different stemmata preserve different passages. One of the most salient examples of this variance concerns manuscript Z (Toledo Cathedral, MS Zelada 49.20, in Latin), which contains several passages that do not appear in the oldest surviving manuscript (Paris, BnF, fr...

Authorship in medical research: what should authors know?

There are many terms related to authorship. This confuses researchers, especially the most juniors. This narrative review summarizes the definition and criteria of authorship as well as types, number, order, and responsibilities of authors in the medical research. Authorship is classified into three major groups: appropriate, acceptable, and inappropriate. Remedies for authorship misconduct are mentioned.

Mediale Inszenierung geteilter Autor*innenschaften: Pauline Viardot-Garcìas Rollenporträts als Orphée (Paris, Disdéri, 1859)

AbstractThe methodology and subject matter of this essay venture into the disciplinary borderlands of musicology. Taking Disdéri’s carte-de-visite portraits of the singer Pauline Viardot-Garcìa as a starting point, it attempts to broaden the notion of of the author for a historical period that quintessentially stood for the establishment of the concept of genius and thus for a definition and limitation of authorship as individual and singular. The article combines an interdisciplinary approach by considering image and media theory, theories of art and its practices, alongside historical musicological methods. Its theoretical perspective is situated at the intersection of performativity and media theory via the concepts of the ›messenger figure‹ (Botenfigur) and the ›reading of traces‹ (Spurenlesen) both according to Krämer, thus opening up a historical resonance space for contemporary music practices. As a consequence, the re-perspectivization goes beyond the basic understanding that multiple authorships are at work in every form of sounding music. Instead, it fixes diverse facets of the term authorship on a concrete example and reframes them methodologically. Thus, as a basis for a systematic generalization in music research, a model is proposed that makes medial transitions in performatively negotiated authorships describable, categorizable, and at the same time historicizable. With these interdisciplinary concerns in mind, Viardot-Garcìa’s photographic portraits in her role as Orphée in Gluck’s opera of the same name from 1859 appear to have been instrumentalized in a multilayered representational way: as images standing for a performance, as a photographic image reminiscent of a painting, as a depiction of classical Greek costume that takes on meaning for the present, as the visual standing in for the acoustic, as a depiction of a female singer embodying a man, and finally also of a title role standing in for an opera as a whole. How exactly these relations of representation are to be grasped – both in the French Gluck opera revival and in the photographic images discussed – has not yet been explored in depth. To attempt to entangle all these meanings is not motivated by trying to identify the ›actual‹ portions of the musical adaptations made by different persons to Gluck’s opera in the course of its 1859 revivals. Rather, this new perspective on the carte-de-visite photographs is intended to outline Viardot-Garcìa’s figure with the help of the numerous functions the singer assumed in the production. The essay thus looks at a blind spot that is still dominant in music research, namely the question of the methodological framing of performative authorship in historical perspective. It questions the critical concepts of ›messenger figure‹ and of the ›reading of traces‹ not only for their suitability to grasp the basic questions of the example dealt with in the text, but also for their potential for generalization.

The new ICMJE disclosure form

Effective 30 June 2021, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE, has updated its disclosure form. It is now public on ICMJE’s web page, and member journals have started using the form. In the ICMJE, editors of general medical journals discuss and adopt proposals to address important problems in medical publishing, such as authorship definition, trial registration, data sharing, and the declaration of conflict of interest. All of ICMJE’s proposals are summarized in the “Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals”, a 19-page document containing advice on a wide variety of topics related to manuscript writing and publishing.

Multivalence and Relevance of the Myth of Don Quixote

Cervantes published the two volumes of his masterpiece Don Quixote in early 17th century that came to be known as the first modern novel as well as a precursor to the postmodern novel. This book is considered as a canon in Western literary tradition and is one of the most translated works. The novel has the dichotomy of ideal and real at its core, however, it deals with a multitude of themes through its complex narrative. This metafictional text that continues to inspire its readers even today, questions the definition of authorship as well as readership. It holds a special relevance in every age since the publication of its first volume in 1605, nevertheless, for varied reasons. In the present work, a detailed study is done to understand the multivalence and relevance of the myth of Don Quixote in different ages that are characterised by their distinct epistemic beliefs.

«Роспись Китайскому государству и Лобинскому...» томского казака Ивана Петлина: внешняя критика источника, лингвистическое издание

The article presents the text of the report on the trip to China of a small squad of Russian service people under the command of the Tomsk Cossack Ivan Petlin in 1618-1619. The text is prepared according to the rules of a linguistic publication. Written in the genre of rospis’ (list, inventory), this document became the first reliable evidence of a Russian visit to China and enriched world science with its geographical and ethno-cultural data. The research part of the publication contains the external criticism of the source, including the definition of authorship, time and place of origin of the source, the conditions for its formation and the genre features of the presented Rospis’. According to the established tradition, a complex of paleographic data of the text was considered within the framework of external criticism of Petlin’s report; this relates to its linguistic informativeness: the type of writing, spelling features and the presence of edits in the text, the readability of the text, as well as the characteristics of the graphics of the records created by two people. The text of the present Rospis’ is completed in cursive writing, typical for the beginning of the 17th century, with an even direction of the lines that contain traces of gridding, which gives the writing a certain accuracy. Repeated introductions (a ot - whom?/what? -ekhati/idti - how long?) and parallelism in the construction of sentences are noted on some sheets, which characterises business letters of this era. The analysis revealed new information that supplements the linguistic richness of the previous editions of this report by historians and made it possible to clarify some lexemes (so vstuku, Yunokach’), a number of morphological forms (yadra) reflecting the construction of nominal and pronominal paradigms at that time (vo khramu, vsyakimi obrazy, za plechmi); numerals which in this publication are represented in numbers (vosm’, po pyatidesyat) proved to be particularly informative. When reproducing the text, the rules of a linguistic publication were taken into account, involving the separation of words, the introduction of capital letters for proper names, marking the end of the line and sheet. Marginal graphemes are in italics, titles are omitted, and abbreviations are not opened due to their traditional character for medieval writing (tsr’, gdrstvo). Lost letters at the end of a line or omitted at the end of a word before a similar grapheme at the beginning of the next one are restored in square brackets, reading options are offered in parentheses. The only punctuation marks given are dots next to letter-numbers indicated in the record (da v to zh ozero .D reki / vpali), the selection of paragraphs corresponds to spaces at the end of lines. The text is reproduced letter for letter, reflecting the functional duplication of different graphic characters where possible. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Corporate Social Responsibility Is An Important Factor In The Sustainable Development Of Modern Companies

The article examines the necessity, essence and importance of Corporate Social Responsibility. On the basis of the analysis of definitions and points of view related to it, the definition of authorship is given. The formation and evolution of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility has been studied. According to the conclusion of the study, proposals and recommendations were developed on the development of corporate social responsibility in our country.

Copyright transfer in group-authored scientific publications

Academic publishers have different definitions of multiple authorship and ghost/guest authorship. When a scientific paper is submitted to a journal, the general assumption is that its ethics and authorship-related rules have been respected. Copyright transfer is a central issue in the flow of scientific information. To familiarize more academics with this topic, we examine the issue of copyright transfer from authors to a publisher. A key argument is the potential invalidation of a copyright transfer agreement if one or some of the co-authors do not authorize the transferring author to sign the agreement on their behalf.

The gender gap in citations of articles published in two demographic economics journals

This paper investigates gender differentials in citations of articles published between 2003 and 2014 in two journals specialized in Demographic Economics, the Journal of Population Economics (JPOP) and the Review of Economics of the Household (REHO). We utilize different definitions of authorship. Articles with female corresponding authors receive 24% more citations than articles with male corresponding authors. Citations go up by 36% when there is a female co-author. We did not detect any significant associations between citations and male co-authors. In addition, citations go up with the proportion of female authors. We discuss some potential explanations for our findings.