Definition Language Research Articles

АКСІОЛОГІЧНЕ (ЦІННІСНЕ) ЗНАЧЕННЯ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ МОВИ КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ЇЇ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ У СФЕРІ ОСВІТИ УКРАЇНИ

The article is dedicated to the study of the state language as a constitutional value in the context of its application in the field of education in Ukraine. An analysis of the development of value ideals and benefits for society, which is a social value transformed into a legal category of constitutional values in view of various factors, including historical and legal tradition as well as its transformation, the need to implement constitutional rights in the native (state) language, the influence of modern factors of using language as a tool of hybrid war is performed. The example of Ukraine proves the fact that in addition to expressing the state language as the foundation of statehood, consolidation of a multiethnic nation, a factor of national security, protection of sovereignty and territorial integrity - this legal phenomenon is valuable for its bearer from another point of view. In particular, it is about the need for the Ukrainian nation to use the native language in the exercise of the constitutional right to education. In addition, the article comprehensively reveals the issue of the place of the state language in the system of constitutional values of Ukraine with the appropriate justification, which allows to refer it to the values of the constitutional order of Ukraine. In turn, the main features of the state language as a constitutional value are identified and clarified, including the indisputable attributive connection between the language and the titular autochthonous ethnic group and the state; bearing the factor of national security, the factor of territorial integrity and inviolability of state sovereignty; means of consolidating the nation and integrating linguistic minorities; definition of language as a national good, social ideal and state-building basis.

Ibn Jinnī's Views on the Origin and Emergence of Languages

Bu makalede Arap dili bilgini olan İbn Cinnî’nin (ö. 392/1002) dillerin kökeni ve oluşumuna dair teorik görüşleri ele alınmıştır. İbn Cinnî, Arap dil ilimleri tarihinde dilin ortaya çıkışını kapsamlı bir şekilde betimleyen ilk dilcilerdendir. O, dilin kökenine dair söylenen, ilahi ilham (tevkīfī), uzlaşı ve sesler (doğalcı) şeklindeki üç temel tezi ifade eder; fakat bu görüşlerden birini kendisinin nihai görüşü olarak söylemez. Bazı klasik ve çağdaş dilcilerin onun tamamen uzlaşı görüşünü savunduğu iddiası doğru değildir. İbn Cinnî bu konuda tercihte bulunmayıp her bir görüşü kendi bağlamında doğru ve güçlü bulur. O, dilin Allah tarafından insanlara öğretilmesi yani ilham edilmesi görüşünü kendi içinde güçlü bulur. Bu konuda bazı âyet ve nakillerle beraber dönemindeki alimlerin görüşlerinden etkilenir. Bununla birlikte Allah’ın Âdem’e bütün isimleri öğretmesiyle ilgili âyetin dilin tevkīfī oluşuna delil yapılamayacağını, bu âyetin uzlaşı görüşü yönünde tevil edilebileceğini söyler. İkinci olarak, İbn Cinnî dilin bir uzlaşı sonucu olduğuna dair de örnekler verir. Ona göre uzlaşı görüşü duyusal, tayin, delalet ve soyutlama olmak üzere dört aşamayı içerir. İbn Cinnî’nin yapmış olduğu dil tanımı da uzlaşı görüşünü teyit etmektedir. Onun, dilin uzlaşısallığını gerekçelendirirken Fârâbî’nin dilin ortaya çıkışına dair görüşlerinden faydalandığını düşünmekteyiz. Üçüncü olarak, İbn Cinnî dilin kökeninin işitilen sesler ve taklitle bu seslerden seçilen lafızlar olduğuna dair görüşü de nakleder. Çağdaş dilbilimde dilin ‘uylaşım’ veya ‘ses-yansıma’ yoluyla oluştuğuna dair yeni teoriler, İbn Cinnî’nin ‘uzlaşı’ ve ‘ses’ görüşleriyle temellendirilebilir.

Latinity: Rhetoric and Anxiety after Antiquity

This introduction sets the scene for six essays devoted to the study of the discourse of Latin. Despite the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century, Latin remained the dominant code of communication in European society for a millennium. And yet in the minds of many of its most prolific users and commentators, it has experienced a continuous cycle of existential crises. After multiple reappraisals and re-fashionings of Latinity in the early and high Middle Ages, the self-conscious definition of language and its relationship to culture which arose in fourteenth-century Italy led to the bestowal of the much-controverted title of “renaissance” on the ensuing age. But, with respect to Latinity, was (and is) this label a distinction without a difference? Not only in the Quattrocento, but also in earlier and later eras, cultivating “good Latin”, however this was defined, and indeed being seen to cultivate it were matters of the utmost importance, an inexhaustible wellspring of sociocultural capital. Our object here is to study the language of the language itself: the valueattributed to Latin, its standing vis-à-vis other languages, the qualities linked with it, and the issues in which it was implicated. Our remit is Latinity after Antiquity, and the six essays which follow range from late antique North Africa to nineteenth-century Hungary.

DeConNet: Deep Neural Network Model to Solve the Multi-Job Assignment Problem in the Multi-Agent System

In a multi-agent system, multi-job assignment is an optimization problem that seeks to minimize total cost. This can be generalized as a complex problem in which several variations of vehicle routing problems are combined, and as an NP-hard problem. The parameters considered include the number of agents and jobs, the loading capacity, the speed of the agents, and the sequence of consecutive positions of jobs. In this study, a deep neural network (DNN) model was developed to solve the job assignment problem in a constant time regardless of the state of the parameters. To generate a large training dataset for the DNN, the planning domain definition language (PDDL) was used to describe the problem, and the optimal solution that was obtained using the PDDL solver was preprocessed into a sample of the dataset. A DNN was constructed by concatenating the fully-connected layers. The assignment solution obtained via DNN inference increased the average traveling time by up to 13% compared with the ground cost. As compared with the ground cost, which required hundreds of seconds, the DNN execution time was constant at approximately 20 ms regardless of the number of agents and jobs.

Adolescents' Understanding of Smoking and Vaping Risk Language: Cognitive Interviews to Inform Scale Development.

Perceived message effectiveness (PME) is a common metric to understand receptivity to tobacco prevention messages, yet most measures have been developed with adults. We examined adolescents' interpretation of language within candidate items for a new youth-targeted PME measure using cognitive interviewing. We sought to understand the meaning adolescents assigned to our candidate PME items to improve item wording. Participants were 20 adolescents, ages 13-17 years from the United States. Cognitive interviews used a structured guide to elicit feedback on comprehension, answer retrieval, and language regarding a set of Reasoned Action Approach-based survey items that assessed the PME of smoking and vaping prevention ads. We employed thematic analysis to synthesize findings from the interviews. Interviews identified three main issues related to survey items: ambiguity of language, word choice (risk and other terminology), and survey item phrasing. Adolescents preferred direct, definitive language over more ambiguous phrasing which they saw as less serious (eg, "will" instead of "could"). For risk terminology, they preferred terms such as "harmful" and "dangerous" over "risky," which was viewed as easy to discount. The term "negative effects" was interpreted as encompassing a broader set of tobacco harms than "health effects." Adolescents said that the term "vape" was preferable to "e-cigarette," and identified ways to simplify item wording for greater clarity. Tobacco risk terms that appear similar differ in meaning to adolescents, and more direct and unambiguous language is preferred. Our findings informed changes to the PME scale items to improve clarity and reduce measurement error. This study adds to the literature on how adolescents interpret tobacco prevention language. Adolescents may interpret terminology differently than adults, which could lead to ambiguity in meaning and thus measurement error. Through cognitive interviewing, we identified and improved the language in a youth-focused PME measure for tobacco and vaping prevention.

Ontology Summit 2021 Communiqué: Ontology generation and harmonization

Advances in machine learning and the development of very large knowledge graphs have accompanied a proliferation of ontologies of many types and for many purposes. These ontologies are commonly developed independently, and as a result, it can be difficult to communicate about and between them. To address this difficulty of communication, ontologies and the communities they serve must agree on how their respective terminologies and formalizations relate to each other. The process of coming into accord and agreement is called “harmonization.” The Ontology Summit 2021 examined the overall landscape of ontologies, the many kinds of ontology generation and harmonization, as well as the sustainability of ontologies. The Communiqué synthesizes and summarizes the findings of the summit as well as earlier summits on related issues. One of the major impediments to harmonization is the relatively poor quality of natural language definitions in many ontologies. The summit surveyed the state of the art in natural language definition development, based on lexicographic principles, as well as examples of ongoing projects that are explicitly dealing with harmonization and sustainability.

Language-parametric static semantic code completion

Code completion is an editor service in IDEs that proposes code fragments for the user to insert at the caret position in their code. Code completion should be sound and complete. It should be sound, such that it only proposes fragments that do not violate the syntactic and static semantic rules of the language. It should be complete, such that it proposes all valid fragments so that code completion can be used to construct all programs. To realize soundness and completeness, code completion should be informed by the language definition. In practice, the implementation of code completion is an additional effort in the implementation of a language. In this paper, we develop a framework for language-parametric semantic code completion for statically typed programming languages based on their specification of syntax and static semantics, realizing the implementation of a code completion editor service with minimal additional effort. The framework builds on the SDF3 syntax definition formalism and the Statix static semantics specification language. The algorithm reinterprets the static semantics definition to find sound expansions of predicates and solutions to name resolution queries in scope graphs. This allows a search strategy to explore the solution space and synthesize completion proposals. The implementation of the strategy language and code completion algorithm extend the implementation of the Statix solver, and can be used for any language defined in Statix. We demonstrate soundness and completeness of the completion proposal synthesis, and evaluate its performance.

Task Roadmaps: Speeding up Task Replanning.

Modern industrial robots are increasingly deployed in dynamic environments, where unpredictable events are expected to impact the robot’s operation. Under these conditions, runtime task replanning is required to avoid failures and unnecessary stops, while keeping up productivity. Task replanning is a long-sighted complement to path replanning, which is mostly concerned with avoiding unexpected obstacles that can lead to potentially unsafe situations. This paper focuses on task replanning as a way to dynamically adjust the robot behaviour to the continuously evolving environment in which it is deployed. Analogously to probabilistic roadmaps used in path planning, we propose the concept of Task roadmaps as a method to replan tasks by leveraging an offline generated search space. A graph-based model of the robot application is converted to a task scheduling problem to be solved by a proposed Branch and Bound (B&B) approach and two benchmark approaches: Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL). The B&B approach is proposed to compute the task roadmap, which is then reused to replan for unforeseeable events. The optimality and efficiency of this replanning approach are demonstrated in a simulation-based experiment with a mobile manipulator in a kitting application. In this study, the proposed B&B Task Roadmap replanning approach is significantly faster than a MILP solver and a PDDL based planner.

DECONSTRUCTING MAINSTREAM DISCOURSES OF CHILD AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT AS IT CONNECTS TO SEXUALIZED VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN

This article reviews literature on survivors of child sexual abuse (CSA) who were preschool-aged when the abuse occurred, and applies critical discourse analysis to reveal power relations within this field of research. Utilizing themes of narrative theory, this article demonstrates how the current discourse has promoted a single story of developmental trajectories marred by entrenched deficits. The reviewed literature often utilized definitive language in describing a narrative of damage that not all survivors identify with. We critically examine this narrative as an expression of power that risks misrepresenting a large group of people. Additionally, we recommend that future research promote a discourse of multiple stories in which survivors have agency to author their own stories.

Overlap not gap: Understanding the relationship between animal communication and language with Prototype Theory

What is the relationship between language and animal communication? This has largely been discussed within research on language evolution and disciplines beyond linguistics, but impacts upon the study of language generally. There are two extant views on the nature of this relationship: either there is a stark divide, with language considered as completely unique to humans, or there is a linear continuum from animal communication to language, aligning with gradualist evolutionary principles. Yet, each view involves considerable limitations. Moreover, there is no agreed-upon definition of language, which further complicates the determination of its relationship with animal communication. Withdrawing from attempts to define language with traditional fixed criteria (as characteristic of classical categorisation), this article suggests a different approach to conceptualising language and assessing the concept’s applicability to other species. Categorising phenomena through family resemblances and graded typicality of features (as in prototype-based categorisation) enables a new approach to conceptualising language, its typological diversity amongst humans, and the systematic integration of animal communication. Ultimately, with an illustrative model, this article proposes a strong overlap of animal communication with language. This approach illuminates more of the nature of language, facilitates more cohesive interdisciplinary research, and introduces potentially positive ethical implications for non-humans.

Without Commitment to an Ontology, There Could Be No Causal Inference.

Without Commitment to an Ontology, There Could Be No Causal Inference.

A REVIEW OF LEGAL LANGUAGE: A NEW DIRECTION FOR LEGAL COMMUNICATION

The definition of language being the vehicle of communication underscores the importance of mutual intelligibility in every communicative discourse. The advent of computer mediated communication has revolutionized communicative systems and practices in terms of attracting a wider audience and unrestricted accessibility. However, legal language seems distant from this practice as it still adopts a purist stance in terms of its drafting and composition aside from being patriarchal and sexist.

Lang-n-Send: Processes That Send Languages

We present Lang-n-Send, a pi-calculus that is equipped with language definitions. Processes can define languages in operational semantics, and use them to execute programs. Furthermore, processes can send and receive pieces of operational semantics through channels. We present a reduction semantics for Lang-n-Send, and we offer examples that demonstrate some of the scenarios that Lang-n-Send captures.

Algorithmic basis for the functioning of private autonomous combat neural networks: algebraization of language forms

It is shown that the modern development of weapons and military equipment will trigger the issue of improving artificial intelligence systems, in particular, their gradual convergence with human intelligence. It is shown that this requires the discovery of the algorithmic basis of artificial intelligence systems, including on the basis of the transition to multivalued logics. A close relationship has been established between the algebraization of natural language and the creation of the language of combat neural networks distributed systems in which processing is carried out based on the same operations that are involved in the human brain. The basis for this is the natural definition of language as a transpersonal structure, which largely determines the nature of human intelligence. A universal means of aggregating police multi-valued logics is provided, many elements can be placed at the disposal of General Galois. Thus, an analogue of the Zhegalkin polynomial is used, which is valid for achieving multi-valued logic with the use of properties (the Zhegalkin polynomial itself applies only to the case of binary logic). A selective case study that proves the constructiveness of the proposed application, a discoverable solution that tests the operation of a ternary adder using a Galois field containing three elements.

Mission Planning for Underwater Survey with Autonomous Marine Vehicles

With the advancement of intelligent vehicles and unmanned systems, there is a growing interest in underwater surveys using autonomous marine vehicles (AMVs). This study presents an automated planning strategy for a long-term survey mission using a fleet of AMVs consisting of autonomous surface vehicles and autonomous underwater vehicles. Due to the complex nature of the mission, the actions of the vehicle must be of high-level abstraction, which means that the actions indicate not only motion of the vehicle but also symbols and semantics, such as those corresponding to deploy, charge, and survey. For automated planning, the planning domain definition language (PDDL) was employed to construct a mission planner for realizing a powerful and flexible planning system. Despite being able to handle abstract actions, such high-level planners have difficulty in efficiently optimizing numerical objectives such as obtaining the shortest route given multiple destinations. To alleviate this issue, a widely known technique in operations research was additionally employed, which limited the solution space so that the high-level planner could devise efficient plans. For a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed method, various PDDL-based planners with different parameter settings were implemented, and their performances were compared through simulation. The simulation result shows that the proposed method outperformed the baseline solutions by yielding plans that completed the missions more quickly, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed methodology.

The lexicon of PET/CT reports in prostate patients: Evaluating confidence.

232 Background: Pet/CT scans are increasingly used to evaluate prostate cancer patients with biochemical failure following surgery or radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. We assessed the language used in report impressions to characterize the reader's confidence for lesions in various anatomic sites. Methods: Between 2015 and 2021, 419 fluciclovine PET/CT scan reports were identified in our institutional outcomes database. Thirteen phrases routinely used in the report impression section by radiologists at least once to characterize a lesion of interest were identified. The phrases were categorized in the following confidence categories: Definitive (positive, negative), Likely (consistent with, most likely, favors, probable), and Unsure (suspicious for, concerning for, non-specific, conspicuous, compatible with, borderline, unknown). The final analysis set included 353 reports where the prescan PSA value was known within the prior 90 days of the scan. Descriptive statistics, stratified by prescan PSA value, were used to characterize this language for the following anatomic regions: bone, regional lymph nodes, prostate fossa, prostate gland/seminal vesicles, other soft tissue. Results: Overall, definitive language was used between 34.6% to 87.1% of the time, depending on the anatomic context (table). The intact prostate was the least likely site to use definitive language (34.6%), whereas bone was most likely (87.1%). Intact prostates in post-radiation patients had the most uncertainty to the persistence of disease (42.3% unsure, 23.1% likely). The highest degree of definitive certainty occurred in impressions of persons with PSA <0.5 (89.2%), whereas the least definitive certainty was in patients with PSA >1 (66.2%). Overall, definitive, likely and unsure findings were reported in 68.6, 9.7%, and 21.7% of scans. Conclusions: Fluciclovine PET/CT scans routinely result in equivocal findings, which vary by anatomic site of interest and prescan PSA level. The language utilized in these reports has not been standardized. Future work aims to create a clear confidence level lexicon standard to assist radiologists and providers in reporting standardization.[Table: see text]

Hybrid offline and online task planning for service robot using object-level semantic map and probabilistic inference

To make service robots plan a whole task execution sequence and deal with task failure intelligently in the face of object occlusion and incomplete home environment information, a hybrid offline and online task planning strategy is proposed. We establish object-level semantic map and object location probabilistic relations between dynamic and static objects. Semantic mapping helps to obtain semantic locations of static objects, and the probabilistic relationship between dynamic and static objects can obtain semantic locations of dynamic objects through probabilistic reasoning. Probabilistic planning domain definition language (PPDDL) can generate offline action sequences, while partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) can generate online action sequences. Therefore, a hybrid task planner that can receive semantic location information is constructed to generate offline and online action sequences, and realizes the dynamic switching of the two kinds of sequences through the designed planner switching mechanism. In order to improve the robustness and intelligence of robot task planning, a task replanning mechanism considering the position relationship between robot and candidate static objects is designed. Experimental results in real environment and simulation environment show that this approach can effectively increase the intelligence of task planning and improve the robustness and efficiency of robot task execution.

Patient-Friendly Radiology Reporting-Implementation and Outcomes.

To evaluate patient use and experience with patient-centered radiology reports provided via a radiology-specific patient portal in an outpatient setting. Patient-centered interactive radiology reports were made available to all patients who had imaging examinations performed at any of seven outpatient imaging centers via a radiology-specific patient portal, using commercially available software. We recorded portal usage statistics including report access rate, report view time, and use of interactive diagrams and plain language explanations. We assessed patients' subjective report comprehension and experience via survey questions. Results were stratified by age. The majority of patients accessed their online radiology report (59%). For patients who used the interactive plain language definitions and diagrams, the average report viewing time was 5.8 ± 6.6 min compared with 1.8 ± 1.9 min for patients viewing only the raw text report (P < .005). The majority (84.7%) of patients reported that the definitions and diagrams helped them understand their report, and 86.7% of patients endorsed an overall positive experience viewing their report online. Our results suggest that patient-centered radiology reporting is feasible in the outpatient private practice setting and that dedicated patient-centered content has the potential to increase engagement across all age groups. Our experience suggests that patient-centered radiology reports may improve subjective patient comprehension and positively impact the patient experience.

Strategies for Teaching the Arabic Language in light of its characteristics and social functions: استراتيجيات تدريس اللغة العربية في ضوء خصائصها ووظائفها الاجتماعية

The study entitled Strategies for Teaching the Arabic Language in light of its characteristics and social functions, as this study consisted of an introduction in which it was presented about the importance of the Arabic language, and what are the duties imposed on the Arabic language teacher, and his knowledge of modern strategies for learning, and then presented in the introduction the problem of the study towards reasons Choosing the topic and its importance, and some previous studies that I used in my study, then the objectives through which the study was carried out, which are: - Determine the nature of the Arabic language. - Determine the Arabic language functions. - Explain the characteristics of the Arabic language. - Describe the strategies of the Arabic language in light of its social characteristics and functions. Then I talked in the topic about the definition of the Arabic language, speaking about the characteristics of the Arabic language, and I linked these characteristics to the strategies that can be applied and employ these characteristics through them. Then I presented the functions of the Arabic language explaining the role and position of the Arabic language for the individual and for society, then I explained the best methods To teach the Arabic language represented by the flexible integrative method, then I talked about the teaching method represented in concept maps, the hot chair, the story, inductive teaching, the modified text method, and then at the end I presented the results of the study, which are: - The status of the Arabic language, and that it is a language that has characteristics that other living languages ​​have not represented in foreign languages. - The need to find alternative solutions to the linguistic invasion that arose through cultural exchange, which led to dependence on the Arabic language more than any other language, then a set of proposals and recommendations, then a list of sources and references that I relied on in my study, and then an index of the topics mentioned in the study.

Using Knowledge Graph Structures for Semantic Interoperability in Electronic Health Records Data Exchanges

Information sharing across medical institutions is restricted to information exchange between specific partners. The lifelong electronic health records (EHR) structure and content require standardization efforts. The existing standards such as openEHR, HL7, and CEN TC251 EN 13606 (Technical committee on Health Informatics of the European Committee for Standardization) aim to achieve data independence along with semantic interoperability. This study aims to discover knowledge representation to achieve semantic health data exchange. OpenEHR and CEN TC251 EN 13606 use archetype-based technology for semantic interoperability. The HL7 Clinical Document Architecture is on its way to adopting this through HL7 templates. Archetypes are the basis for knowledge-based systems as these are means to define clinical knowledge. The paper examines a set of formalisms for the suitability of describing, representing, and reasoning about archetypes. Each of the information exchange technologies such as XML, Web Ontology Language, Object Constraint Language, and Knowledge Interchange Format is evaluated as a part of the knowledge representation experiment. These examine the representation of Archetypes as described by Archetype Definition Language. The evaluation maintains a clear focus on the syntactic and semantic transformations among different EHR standards.