Definitive Markers Research Articles

CONSONANT CLUSTERS IN INDONESIAN LOANWORDS

This paper investigates two types of loanwords in Indonesian from a list published by NUSA in 1997 and the online version of Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI, 2019): those of Sanskrit origin, and of European origins. When languages borrow words from one another, they may employ various strategies in dealing with unfamiliar sounds and/or sound combinations. Overall, the study is conducted by means of descriptive qualitative method, having a focus on corpus research. Specifically, this research is concerned with the handling of syllable-initial consonant clusters that is not present in native Indonesian words. The two different patterns dealing with consonant clusters in loanwords are 1) The tendency for consonant cluster preservation in European loanwords; and 2) The tendency to insert a vowel sound to break up consonant clusters in Sanskrit loanwords. It happens due to the differences in the time frame and scope of Sanskrit and European language influences in Indonesia. The results show that onset consonant clusters have become a definite marker of loanwords in Indonesian

An Unbridgeable Gap? The Treatment of Definiteness Restrictions in French and Chinese Presentational Constructions

Availing ourselves of a parallel corpus – composed of two written and spoken subcorpora –, in this study we adopt a contrastive perspective to explore the (lack of) correspondence between French il y a-constructions with a definite pivot and Chinese yǒu-constructions. It is shown that most il y a-constructions appear in enumerative contexts (including the sentence-level and inter-clause list-reading, as well as the instantiation of an explicit part-whole relation). Written Chinese uses other strategies to ensure textual coherence and to mark a part-whole relation between the “pivot” and a given referential group (e.g., the lexical verb bāokuò “include”). In the spoken subcorpus, the yǒu-construction is the most frequent strategy which however competes with the locative shì “be” construction when a Ground is overtly expressed. Presentational and event-reporting il y a-constructions are mostly found in the spoken corpus and align more neatly with yǒu-constructions. Overall, the present study argues that the differences between the two languages are more nuanced than has so far been believed, showing that the correspondence between the cognitive status of referents and the formal marking of definiteness is not straightforward. Chinese pivots that are unmarked with respect to definiteness (e.g., bare nouns and bare-head noun phrases) can be semantically definite despite their postverbal position. At the same time, French definite pivots do not always denote identifiable referents, as is the case of the weak use of the definite article but also the special use of demonstrative determiners in topic-promoting and event-reporting contexts.

The history of the K-suffix -ū in Shirazi

AbstractThis article investigates the use and frequency of what I refer to as the K-suffixes -ō/-ū/-o in the Shirazi dialects, namely, Old and Modern Shirazi. It shows that the use of K-suffixes as definiteness markers is more highly developed in Modern Shirazi than in Old Shirazi. In Old Shirazi, the K-suffix, with its original evaluative meaning, demonstrated some degree of multi-functionality. This has mostly been lost in Modern Shirazi, and the suffix is now used to express definiteness. The high frequency of use of the K-suffix appears to be independent of genre, speaker, and speech setting. Data from a corpus of written texts in Old Shirazi, mainly comprised of poems, are quantitatively analysed, along with data from a corpus of spoken Shirazi narratives and data from a questionnaire answered by ten speakers. The results show that an evaluative suffix can develop into a definiteness marker by passing through a stage of combination with deictic markers, which paves the way for extending the use of the K-suffix to include non-deictic anaphoric tracking. This article concludes that the development of definiteness marking can proceed down a pathway that is distinct from the one normally assumed for demonstrative-based definiteness marking, even if the endpoint may be similar. The detailed documentation of this process presented here is a further contribution to Iranian studies, and augments the small group of well-documented cases of a non-demonstrative origin of definiteness marking cross-linguistically.

Profile of biological characterizations and clinical application of corneal stem/progenitor cells.

Corneal stem/progenitor cells are typical adult stem/progenitor cells. The human cornea covers the front of the eyeball, which protects the eye from the outside environment while allowing vision. The location and function demand the cornea to maintain its transparency and to continuously renew its epithelial surface by replacing injured or aged cells through a rapid turnover process in which corneal stem/progenitor cells play an important role. Corneal stem/progenitor cells include mainly corneal epithelial stem cells, corneal endothelial cell progenitors and corneal stromal stem cells. Since the discovery of corneal epithelial stem cells (also known as limbal stem cells) in 1971, an increasing number of markers for corneal stem/progenitor cells have been proposed, but there is no consensus regarding the definitive markers for them. Therefore, the identification, isolation and cultivation of these cells remain challenging without a unified approach. In this review, we systematically introduce the profile of biological characterizations, such as anatomy, characteristics, isolation, cultivation and molecular markers, and clinical applications of the three categories of corneal stem/progenitor cells.

Towards a typology of attributive adjectives in Arabic dialects

AbstractArabic is a typical noun-attribute language with head-driven agreement in gender and number. As for definite attributive NPs, the default in most spoken Arabic varieties is definite marking of both the noun and the adjective – a feature that is rarely found cross-linguistically. This article shows that there are also cases of reversed word order, lacking agreement in gender, and dialects with definite marking on the nominal head. In dialects at the northern fringe of the Fertile Crescent, definiteness is by default only marked on the adjective. In these dialects, adjectival attributes are structurally identical to nominal attributes, including the use of the construct state with feminine heads.

Incipient articles in Old East Scandinavian varieties

AbstractThis is a study of the semantics of definiteness marking and of its applicability to the Old East Scandinavian linguistic scenario. Contrary to the Modern Continental Scandinavian languages, Old East Scandinavian varieties did not possess fully-fledged definite articles, although all three demonstrative systems (hinn, -inn, sá/þænn, andsjá/þænni) show some evidence of being used as markers of definiteness. A semantic analysis of these forms in extracts from theScanian LawandGuta Lagreveals the differentiated intermediate stages along the cline of grammaticalisation these definiteness markers found themselves in during this linguistic period. This confirms, in turn, that despite not being employed as definite articles proper,hinn, -innandsá/þænnshow some degree of semantic bleaching.

Gender/Definiteness and Number in Kara

This paper aims to examine the noun inflection for gender/definiteness and number in the Kara language. which is spoken by approximately 1,000 people. The data for this study were collected using communicative events and elicitation. Kara nouns distinguish gender/definiteness and number. Kara has two-way gender distinctions for animates: the masculine and the feminine, and it is semantically motivated. Some inanimate Kara nouns are feminine by default, and some are masculine by default. The inanimate noun that is feminine by default may sometimes take the masculine gender marker to express smallness or less importance. On the contrary, an inanimate noun that is masculine by default may take the feminine gender marker to refer to largeness or more importance. One of thefascinating features of the Kara nouns is that it uses feminine gender to express augmentative value, but it uses masculine gender to express diminutive semantic value. The masculine and feminine gender are marked by the suffixes -(t)a and -(to)no respectively. Kara also uses different lexical items to denote feminine and masculine gender, and these lexical items or nouns particularly refer to human entities. Gender and definiteness markers are portmanteau in Kara; in other words, the gender markers mark both gender and definiteness simultaneously. Indefiniteness, contrary, is not morphologically marked. Unlike general nouns, the particular noun forms show the number distinction-. singular and plural. Both animate and inanimate nouns use the suffix -na or -a to mark pluralnumbers; however, the singular number is not morphologically marked. Besides, modifiers agree in number with their head.

Deep Learning-Based Classification of Uterine Cervical and Endometrial Cancer Subtypes from Whole-Slide Histopathology Images.

Uterine cervical and endometrial cancers have different subtypes with different clinical outcomes. Therefore, cancer subtyping is essential for proper treatment decisions. Furthermore, an endometrial and endocervical origin for an adenocarcinoma should also be distinguished. Although the discrimination can be helped with various immunohistochemical markers, there is no definitive marker. Therefore, we tested the feasibility of deep learning (DL)-based classification for the subtypes of cervical and endometrial cancers and the site of origin of adenocarcinomas from whole slide images (WSIs) of tissue slides. WSIs were split into 360 × 360-pixel image patches at 20× magnification for classification. Then, the average of patch classification results was used for the final classification. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) for the cervical and endometrial cancer classifiers were 0.977 and 0.944, respectively. The classifier for the origin of an adenocarcinoma yielded an AUROC of 0.939. These results clearly demonstrated the feasibility of DL-based classifiers for the discrimination of cancers from the cervix and uterus. We expect that the performance of the classifiers will be much enhanced with an accumulation of WSI data. Then, the information from the classifiers can be integrated with other data for more precise discrimination of cervical and endometrial cancers.

Grammaticalization of the Definite Article in Armenian

The Classical Armenian definite article system is unusual for Indo-European, but paralleled in prehistoric common Kartvelian. It may represent an intermediate stage in grammaticalization between demonstratives and definite articles. The Kartvelian articles progressed further down the path of grammaticalization, becoming markers of argument status, and eventually being incorporated into the case system. It has been suggested that the modern Armenian definite article has also progressed further than the stage of definiteness marking, becoming a marker of specificity, but in fact, its non-definite uses are better described as associated with nominalisation, and in particular with core argument status, than with specificity.

Peripheral Treg Levels and Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ) in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis: A Systematic Review Meta-Analysis.

Studies on the level of regulatory T(Treg) cells in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) have been controversial, leading to disagreement regarding the role Treg cells play in the pathogenesis of the disease. To clarify the status of Treg cells in patients with PsA, we performed a meta-analysis to determine the levels of Treg cells and serum Treg-associated cytokines in PsApatients. According to published data from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Clinical Trials.gov, MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Library, and FDA.gov, we determined the Treg and Treg cytokine levels in patients with PsA. The effect estimates were pooled using a random-effects model. This meta-analysis included 12studies. Compared to healthy controls (HCs), the proportions of Treg cells had no significant difference in patients with PsA (based on standardized means[SMD] = - 1.038, 95% confidence intervals[CI] = - 2.165 to 0.089, p = 0.071). On the basis of subgroup analysis, patients with PsA had a lower percentage of CD4+ Treg cells (SMD = - 1.501, 95%CI - 2.799 to - 0.202, p = 0.023) than OKT8+ Treg (SMD = 0.568, 95%CI - 2.127 to 3.263, p = 0.679). Besides, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells and CD4+CD25highCD127low Treg cells were both significantly decreased on the levels of PBMCs in patients with PsA (SMD = - 0.764, 95%CI - 1.404 to - 0.125, p = 0.019; SMD = - 5.184, 95%CI - 6.955 to - 3.412, p < 0.001). CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells were particularly more abundant in the synovial fluid thanin peripheral blood (SMD = 3.288, 95%CI 2.127 to 4.449, p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in the proportion of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells in peripheral blood and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells in CD4+ Tcells (SMD = - 2.498, 95%CI - 7.720 to 2.725, p = 0.349; SMD = - 0.719, 95%CI - 2.525 to 1.086, p = 0.435). PsA patients had decreased cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) (SMD = - 2.199, 95%CI - 3.650 to - 0.749, p = 0.003). Treg definition markers influence the scale of Treg cells in patients with PsA. Pathogenesis of PsA may be attributed to an insufficient or malfunctioning Treg population.

The evolution of the (in)definite future markers POU and VA in 20th century Mauritian Creole

Following a series of articles about the status of Mauritian’s future markers in the 1993 edition of Etudes Créoles (Baker 1993; Hazaël-Massieux 1993; Touchard & Véronique 1993) there has been little debate about the division of labour between POU and VA in the domain of future marking. With the exception of the article by Hazaël-Massieux (1993), literature on the distinction between POU and VA in Mauritian exhibits a strong consensus that the choice of marker depends on whether the context constitutes a definite or indefinite future (Adone 1994 : 40; Baker 1972: 109; Henri & Kihm 2015: 261 amongst many others). This article gives a detailed description of how these markers have evolved and interacted over time; more specifically, it shows that the label ‘indefinite’ does not adequately capture the complex nature of VA. Attempts to explain an ‘indefinite’ future in the literature until now are at best vague and at worst inadequate. This paper suggests an alternative way of addressing the issue, following Corbett’s (2007) canonical typological approach, which breaks down meanings into ‘features’ based on assumptions and propositions in the previous research.

Reference production in Mandarin-English bilingual preschoolers: Linguistic, input, and cognitive factors.

Reference in extended discourse is vulnerable to delayed acquisition in early childhood. Although recent research has increasingly focused on effects of linguistic, input, and cognitive factors on reference production, these studies are limited in number and the results are mixed. The present study provides insight into bilingual reference production by investigating how production of referring expressions in the two languages of preschool bilingual children may be influenced by structural similarities and differences between the languages, frequency of referring expressions in maternal input, amount of exposure to each of the languages, and working memory capacity. Using two stories in the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN), we examined character introduction and re-introduction in oral narratives of 4–6-year-old Singaporean bilingual children acquiring Mandarin Chinese and English (n = 21), and in child-directed speech of the mothers (n = 17). The children’s language exposure, executive function, and general bilingual proficiency were also recorded or directly tested through structured interviews with the parents or standardized assessments with the children. Data collection was conducted remotely in real time over a video-conferencing platform, supplemented by on-site audio recording to ensure sound quality. Results showed prolonged development in the production of felicitous REs for first mentions and over-reliance on overt marking of definiteness in our bilingual children. Mixed modeling revealed that frequency of felicitous REs in the input predicted children’s production of felicitous REs across languages and discourse functions, with a modulating effect of working memory. Overall, our findings are consistent with previous ones in that reference production is vulnerable in early Mandarin-English bilinguals in a multilingual society. This study also presents novel evidence that structural frequency in the input interacts with working memory in shaping patterns of reference production in bilingual children.

Mir-122 upregulation and let-7f downregulation combination: The effects on hepatic differentiation of hiPSCs on the PCL-Gel-HA nanofibrous scaffold.

Cell therapy and tissue engineering as promising candidates for the liver transplantation dilemma are of special interest. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are one of the best sources in this field, but their differentiation methods to hepatocytes have remained challenging. We transduced human iPSCs (hiPSCs) with miR‐122 and off‐let‐7f (hiPSCsmiR‐122 + off‐let‐7f) to evaluate how they can differentiate hiPSCs to hepatocyte‐like cells (HLCs) without any extrinsic growth factor. Additionally, we studied the effect of Poly ɛ‐caprolactone‐gelatin‐hyaluronic acid (PCL‐Gel‐HA) nanofibrous scaffold as an extracellular matrix (ECM) simulator on differentiation improvement. Definitive endoderm markers (FOXA2 and SOX17), as well as hepatic markers (AFP, Albumin, CK18, HNF4α) expression, were significantly higher in hiPSCsmiR‐122 + off‐let‐7f derived HLCs (hiPSCs‐HLCs) compared to the control group (miR‐scramble transduced hiPSCs: hiPSCsscramble). hiPSCs‐HLCs indicated hepatocyte morphological characteristics and positive immunostaining for AFP, Albumin and HNF4α. Albumin and urea secretion were significantly higher in hiPSCs‐HLCs than hiPSCsscramble. Comparing these markers in the PCL‐Gel‐HA group with the tissue culture plate (TCP) group revealed that PCL‐Gel‐HA could improve differentiation towards HLCs significantly. Regarding our results, these microRNAs can be used to differentiate hiPSCs to the functional hepatocytes for disease modelling, drug screening and cell‐based therapy in future studies.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF LAND TAX FROM LEGAL ENTITIES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE "GREEN" ECONOMY: THEORY AND PRACTIC

The rental resources and property potential of land tax on legal persons is not sufficiently represented in economic literature both from the fiscal position of local budgets and in the regulatory context of local green economy. The contribution of land tax on legal persons remains significant for local budgets.&#x0D; Local budgets land tax on legal persons competentions from the position of local green economy development processes regulation are minimal. The paper goal: researching and definition options and markers of the land tax on legal persons transformation for local green economy development. The theoretical approaches and practice of taxation on lands, statutory instruments content were analyzed. Tax rates and its differentiation were analyzed as taxes regulation instruments. The foreign practice of legal persons lands taxation and its budget efficiency ware analyzed. The significance of the land tax on legal persons was proved as the most stable fiscal instrument of forming local budget income, which are necessary for public goods of territory financing. The problematics of the land tax on legal persons was researched, markers of its improving were pointed. The necessity of tax transforming was substantiated as instrument of local green economy development.

Association of anti thyroid peroxidase antibody with thyroid profile in the patients of subclinical hypothyroidism

Background: Thyroid is an endocrine gland which is ductless and plays very important roles such as metabolism of body along with maturation and growth. Subclinical Hypothyroidism is a mild form of Hypothyroidism which due to the abnormal level of TSH. Objectives: The aim of the study was to find out the correlation of anti-TPO antibody with thyroid profile in subclinical hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 200 cases and 200 controls who attended the OPD of Shri Guru Ram rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun. The various Biochemical investigation (TSH, FT3, FT4 &amp; Anti- TPO) of these patients were analyzed by ELISA Method with standard protocol. Data analyzed statistically by SPSS software. Results: The study observed TSH and Anti-TPO antibody level was statistically higher (p-value= &lt;0.05) in cases as compared to control. Free T3 and Free T4 value was in normal range in both subjects. Anti-TPO antibody has positive correlation with THS. Conclusion: Out of all the investigations and observations only record of TSH is the definite prognostic marker to ensure that the patients have subclinical hypothyroidism.

Diachronic Development of the K-suffixes: Evidence from Classical New Persian, Contemporary Written Persian, and Contemporary Spoken Persian

AbstractThis paper aims to investigate the usage and frequency of what we refer to as K-suffixes in Classical New Persian of the ninth to thirteenth centuries, Contemporary Written Persian of the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries, and Contemporary Spoken Persian. It shows that K-suffixes are most likely to be the reflexes of earlier evaluative morphemes, traditionally called “diminutives,” and are characterized by a high degree of multifunctionality. While evaluative functions continue to dominate in the Classical New Persian works, they have largely been lost in contemporary spoken Persian, and the suffix is now systematically used to express definiteness. The development of the K-suffix as a definiteness marker in contemporary colloquial Persian appears to be innovative, and is mainly dependent on genre, speaker, and speech situation.Data for Classical New Persian is taken from critical editions of works from the ninth to thirteenth centuries. The data for Contemporary Written Persian comes from comprehensive books of fiction from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries, and for Contemporary Spoken Persian from an extensive corpus of spoken Persian narratives and a questionnaire answered by fifteen speakers. The results suggest that evaluative morphology can develop into definiteness marking, with the development passing through a stage of combination with a deictic marker.This paper concludes that the development of definiteness marking can proceed down a new pathway that is different from the one normally assumed for demonstrative-based definite marking, though the endpoint may be similar. The study contributes the second detailed documentation of this process for any Iranian language, and one of the few well-documented cases of a non-demonstrative origin of definiteness marking worldwide.

The Cambridge Journal of Economics – A Forum of One’s Own

ABSTRACT This article explores the emergence of the Cambridge Journal of Economics, highlighting its strengths but also some tensions discernible at its advent. From 1912, Economic Journal, the disciplinary gold standard, was published under Cambridge editorial control: first, by Keynes himself, then through successive long-serving panels of Cambridge heterodox economists. The first significant success of the locally enacted, externally inspired, neoclassical campaign to displace heterodox traditions in Cambridge economics was the relocation of Economic Journal to Oxford in 1976; comprehensive neoclassical domination in the Faculty was enforced in the following decades. The launch of the Cambridge Journal of Economics in 1977 was a definitive marker in the survival and subsequent evolution of heterodox economics, not least because it was published from Cambridge, the undisputed original habitat of modern heterodox economics. The initiative was catalyzed by the apprehension of a prescient group of Cambridge young Turks that heterodox, left-oriented research would henceforth be excluded from Economic Journal. Notwithstanding the subsequent purges of all non-mainstream traditions from the Cambridge Faculty of Economics, the new theoretically and policy-oriented journal has flourished as an open, integrating forum linking diverse strands of post-Keynesian and heterodox economics and economists globally, but also notably within Cambridge itself.

Organic Matter (OM) Associated Uranium Mineralisation in Kaimur Group of Vindhyan Supergroup near Maha-Rampura, Gwalior District, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract The Proterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup overlying Bundelkhand Granite Complex (BGC) presents an ideal environment for exploration of uranium mineralisation. Recent exploratory drilling in Kaimur Group of sandstone overlying unconformably the basement Bundelkhand granite at Maha Rampura area has revealed a significant correlatable uranium mineralisation. The mineralisation hosted by subfeldspathic arenite with reddish/ greenish shale intercalations enriched with organic matter is delineated. The subfeldspathic arenite has a definite marker bed with 1-2 m thickness located ~ 30 m to 40 m above the unconformity. Organic matter (OM) is disseminated in subfeldspathic arenite and occurs within intergranular spaces as rounded globules. Uranium occurs within the subfeldspathic arenite as primary minerals i.e. uraninite and coffinite as well as in adsorbed form on organic matter and clay within the marker horizon. Significant correlatable uranium mineralisation with primary uranium minerals in Maha Rampura area thus opens up a broad exploration target in the entire Vindhyan Basin.

Decrease in Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme activity but not concentration in plasma/lungs in COVID-19 patients offers clues for diagnosis/treatment

Although several therapeutics are used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, there is still no definitive metabolic marker to evaluate disease severity and recovery or a quantitative test to end quarantine. Because severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects human cells via the angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and COVID-19 is associated with renin-angiotensin system dysregulation, we evaluated soluble ACE2 (sACE2) activity in the plasma/saliva of 80 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 27 non-COVID-19 volunteers, and levels of ACE2/Ang (1–7) in plasma or membrane (mACE2) in lung autopsy samples. sACE2 activity was markedly reduced (p < 0.0001) in COVID-19 plasma (n = 59) compared with controls (n = 27). Nadir sACE2 activity in early hospitalization was restored during disease recovery, irrespective of patient age, demographic variations, or comorbidity; in convalescent plasma-administered patients (n = 45), restoration was statistically higher than matched controls (n = 22, p = 0.0021). ACE2 activity was also substantially reduced in the saliva of COVID-19 patients compared with controls (p = 0.0065). There is a strong inverse correlation between sACE2 concentration and sACE2 activity and Ang (1–7) levels in participant plasmas. However, there were no difference in membrane ACE2 levels in lungs of autopsy tissues of COVID-19 (n = 800) versus other conditions (n = 300). These clinical observations suggest sACE2 activity as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for COVID-19.

Is There a Role for Laboratory Parameters in Predicting Coronary Artery Involvement in Kawasaki Disease?

Kawasaki disease (KD) may cause cardiac and coronary complications. Since definite markers to accurately predict coronary involvement is not present, we aimed to analyze the role of hematological indices [neutrophil-to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to monocyte ratio (LMR), and mean platelet volume (MPV)-to lymphocyte ratio (MPVLR)], prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in predicting coronary involvement of KD. Patients The medical records of 134 KD patients admitted between January 2008 and December 2019 were investigated. Also, 268 age-matched healthy controls (HCs) were included in the study. KD patients were divided into two groups: KD with coronary artery lesions (KD-CALs) and KD without CALs. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine parameters that may predict coronary involvement in children with KD. Among KD patients, 39 (29.1%) had CALs. When compared with HCs, the median levels of WBC, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, platelets, MPV and, the values of NLR, PLR, MPVLR, SII were significantly higher; whereas lymphocyte count, PNI, platelet distribution width (PDW), LMR were markedly lower in the KD group (p˂0.001 for all, except for p=0.010 for eosinophil count). The CALs group's SII, PLR, and PNI values were significantly lower than those without (p=0.030, p=0.032, and p ˂0.001; respectively). Multivariable regression analysis revealed that PNI, SII, and gender (male) were associated with CALs in KD. Our analysis revealed that male sex, lower PNI, and lower SII levels were independently associated with CALs in children with KD.