Definition Of Types Research Articles

Toward a unified account of definitions in mathematics education research: a systematic literature review

In this paper, we provide a conceptual framework of the central aspects of mathematical definitions discussed in the mathematics education literature. Based on a systematic literature review, we found that characterizations of definitions in the mathematics education literature can be classified into five main themes: requirements, preferred features, role and function, nature, and types of definition. Within each theme, a refined set of aspects was found by means of inductive coding. We discuss each aspect and point out areas where we believe further research is needed. The framework can be used both as a research tool and a didactical tool, as it highlights many aspects of mathematical definitions that call for attention by teachers and researchers.

K‐Go: An executable formal semantics of Go language in K framework

AbstractGo is a relatively new programming language and has become one of the most important programming languages used widely in blockchain. A formal semantics plays an important role in program synthesis, analysis and verification. The existed formal semantics of Go are not executable and do not cover the core features, hence, this paper presents an executable formal semantics for Go, called K‐Go, using rewriting logic in framework to make sure the semantics is both executable and applicable. K‐Go includes syntax, configuration and rules and covers the declaration and definition of basic types, basic expression, concurrency, main statement data reading and writing based on channel. K‐Go is validated by test set with 100% semantic coverage based on the official test suite. The evaluation experiment shows that K‐Go is correct. Using formal semantics of Go language, building Go program synthesis, analysis and verification tools is easy for analyzing more characteristics of Go programs.

Identifying type 1 / type 2 diabetes in medico-administrative database to improve health surveillance, medical research and prevention in diabetes: Algorithm development and application

IntroductionBig data sources represent an opportunity for diabetes research. One example is the French national health data system (SNDS), gathering information on medical claims of out-of-hospital health care and hospitalizations for the entire French population (66 million). Currently, a validated algorithm based on antidiabetic drug reimbursement is able to identify people with pharmacologically-treated diabetes in the SNDS. But it cannot distinguish type 1 from type 2 diabetes. Differentiating type 1 and type 2 diabetes is crucial in diabetes surveillance, because they carry differences in their prevention, populations at risk, disease natural history, pathophysiology, management and risk of complications.This article investigates the development of a type 1/type 2 diabetes classification algorithm using artificial intelligence and its application to estimate the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in France. MethodsThe final data set comprised all diabetes cases from the CONSTANCES cohort (n = 951). A supervised machine learning method based on eight steps was used: final data set selection, target definition (type 1), coding features, final data set splitting into training and testing data sets, feature selection and training and validation and selection of algorithms. The selected algorithm was applied to SNDS data to estimate the type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence among adults 18–70 years of age. ResultsAmong the 3481 SNDS features, 14 were selected to train the different algorithms. The final algorithm was a linear discriminant analysis model based on the number of reimbursements for fast-acting insulin, long-acting insulin and biguanides over the previous year (specificity 97% and sensitivity 100%). In 2016, after adjusting for algorithm performance, type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence in France was estimated to be 0.3% and 4.4%, respectively. ConclusionOur type 1/type 2 classification algorithm was found to perform well and to be applicable to any prescription or medical claims database from other countries. Artificial intelligence opens new possibilities for research and diabetes prevention.

Diagnostic classification of childhood cancer using multiscale transcriptomics

The causes of pediatric cancers’ distinctiveness compared to adult-onset tumors of the same type are not completely clear and not fully explained by their genomes. In this study, we used an optimized multilevel RNA clustering approach to derive molecular definitions for most childhood cancers. Applying this method to 13,313 transcriptomes, we constructed a pediatric cancer atlas to explore age-associated changes. Tumor entities were sometimes unexpectedly grouped due to common lineages, drivers or stemness profiles. Some established entities were divided into subgroups that predicted outcome better than current diagnostic approaches. These definitions account for inter-tumoral and intra-tumoral heterogeneity and have the potential of enabling reproducible, quantifiable diagnostics. As a whole, childhood tumors had more transcriptional diversity than adult tumors, maintaining greater expression flexibility. To apply these insights, we designed an ensemble convolutional neural network classifier. We show that this tool was able to match or clarify the diagnosis for 85% of childhood tumors in a prospective cohort. If further validated, this framework could be extended to derive molecular definitions for all cancer types.

Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine Position Paper: The Clinician's Role in Addressing and Preventing Maltreatment in Sport-10-year Anniversary.

In 2011, the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine released their first position paper on Abuse, Harassment, and Bullying in Sport. Since this time, there have been significant advancements within the global sport landscape, including the emergence of regulatory bodies and initiatives aimed at prioritizing athletes' health and well-being. While the shift to a more proactive approach for safeguarding athletes is evident and promising, athletes continue to be affected by cases of maltreatment. To advance safe sport, it is critical that all supporters of safe and healthy performance are aware of their roles and responsibilities for preventing and addressing maltreatment, including the Canadian sport medicine community. In this updated position statement, recent advancements in research on issues of maltreatment are summarized and specific recommendations are provided on how the medical community can contribute to appropriately identifying, treating, and preventing harm in sport, as well as their role in advocating for the health and well-being of athletes in their care.

Definitions of fatal bleeding in clinical studies evaluating anticoagulant treatment for venous thromboembolism: A scoping review

BackgroundFatal bleeding is a component of the primary safety outcome in most studies evaluating anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism (VTE), but a standardized definition for fatal bleeding is lacking. ObjectivesTo summarize definitions of fatal bleeding and describe the range of case-fatality rates of major bleeding in VTE studies. MethodsMEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases were searched from January 2008 to July 2021 for prospective studies that enrolled patients with VTE and evaluated the efficacy/safety of anticoagulation for VTE treatment or included fatal or major bleeding as primary outcome. Two authors independently performed study selection and data extraction. The primary outcome was the definition of fatal bleeding. The secondary outcome was the case-fatality rate of major bleeding. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. ResultsOf 4911 records identified, we included 132 articles representing 89 distinct studies. Twenty-seven (20%) articles and 7 of 89 (8%) studies reported a definition of fatal bleeding. Overall, we identified 3 different types of definitions that were either on the basis of a specific time interval between bleeding and death, bleeding location (intracranial) or clinical presentation (hemodynamic deterioration), or mainly relied on the judgment of the adjudication committee to determine the cause of death. The case-fatality rate of major bleeding ranged from 0 to 60% (median, 9.1%; interquartile range, 2.8%-18%). ConclusionLess than 10% of studies assessing anticoagulant treatment for VTE reported a definition for fatal bleeding. The lack of a (standardized) definition for fatal bleeding may lead to inaccurate estimates of the risk of fatal bleeding, particularly when compared across studies.

Dysregulation of innate cell types in the hepatic immune microenvironment of alcoholic liver cirrhosis.

The risk of alcoholic cirrhosis increases in a dose- and time-dependent manner with alcohol consumption and ethanol metabolism in the liver. Currently, no effective antifibrotic therapies are available. We aimed to obtain a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing to analyze immune cells from the liver tissue and peripheral blood form patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and healthy controls to profile the transcriptomes of more than 100,000 single human cells and yield molecular definitions for non-parenchymal cell types. In addition, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis to reveal the immune microenvironment related to alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Hematoxylin and eosin, Immunofluorescence staining and Flow cytometric analysis were employed to study the difference between tissues and cells with or without alcoholic cirrhosis. We identified a fibrosis-associated M1 subpopulation of macrophages that expands in liver fibrosis, differentiates from circulating monocytes, and is pro-fibrogenic. We also define mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells that expand in alcoholic cirrhosis and are topographically restricted to the fibrotic niche. Multilineage modeling of ligand and receptor interactions between the fibrosis-associated macrophages, MAIT, and NK cells revealed the intra-fibrotic activity of several pro-fibrogenic pathways, including responses to cytokines and antigen processing and presentation, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, cell adhesion molecules, Th1/Th2/Th17 cell differentiation, IL-17 signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Our work dissects unanticipated aspects of the cellular and molecular basis of human organ alcoholic fibrosis at the single-cell level and provides a conceptual framework for the discovery of rational therapeutic targets in liver alcoholic cirrhosis.

Comparison of Operational Definition of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on Data from Korean National Health Insurance Service and Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

We evaluated the validity and reliability of the operational definition of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database. Adult subjects (≥40 years old) included in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2008 to 2017 were merged with those from the NHIS health check-up database, producing a cross-sectional dataset. We evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and agreement of the NHIS criteria for defining T2DM by comparing them with the KNHANES criteria as a standard reference. In the study population (n=13,006), two algorithms were devised to determine from the NHIS dataset whether the diagnostic claim codes for T2DM were accompanied by prescription codes for anti-diabetic drugs (algorithm 1) or not (algorithm 2). Using these algorithms, the prevalence of T2DM was 14.9% (n=1,942; algorithm 1) and 20.8% (n=2,707; algorithm 2). Good reliability in defining T2DM was observed for both algorithms (Kappa index, 0.73 [algorithm 1], 0.63 [algorithm 2]). However, the accuracy (0.93 vs. 0.89) and specificity (0.96 vs. 0.90) tended to be higher for algorithm 1 than for algorithm 2. The validity (accuracy, ranging from 0.91 to 0.95) and reliability (Kappa index, ranging from 0.68 to 0.78) of defining T2DM by NHIS criteria were independent of age, sex, socioeconomic status, and accompanied hypertension or dyslipidemia. The operational definition of T2DM based on population-based NHIS claims data, including diagnostic codes and prescription codes, could be a valid tool to identify individuals with T2DM in the Korean population.

Childhood Bullying Experience and Its Potential Effects on Criminal Behavior

The general purpose of this article is to examine the pathway from bullying behaviors in children and adolescents to later criminal behaviors as they grow up by examining previous literature works, thus drawing some reasonable conclusions and suggestions to prevent the events. The first part of this paper focused on explaining the definition of different types of bullying, including bullying in general and cyberbullying, and criminal behaviors. Subsequently, this essay exerted effort in examining previous kinds of literature in an attempt to find some main reasons regarding the reason why children and teenagers tend to bully their counterparts based on careful rationale processes. Finally, this article examined the pathway from bullying to criminal behaviors as children and teenagers grow up in detail and finally provided some possible suggestions for easing the current bullying situation and obtaining a purpose to prevent criminal behaviors in the future.

Виртуальная экскурсия как инновационная форма обучения русскому языку как иностранному на довузовском этапе обучения при реализации регионального компонента

The aim of the study is to reveal the linguodidactic potential of a virtual excursion in teaching Russian as a foreign language. The article discusses the advantages of this innovative form of classes in the process of teaching students of the pre-university teaching stage. The scientific novelty lies in the definition of various types and kinds of virtual excursions in the context of the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language, taking into account the regional component. As a result, methodical recommendations have been developed on the use of virtual excursions as a means of optimizing the teaching of Russian as a foreign language at the pre-university (preparatory) teaching stage.

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ЕКОНОМІКО-ПРАВОВИЙ АСПЕКТ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ РЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНОСТІ Й ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ РОЗБУДОВИ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ТИПІВ ТЕРИТОРІЙ УКРАЇНИ

Обґрунтовано економіко-правове забезпечення оцінювання соціально-економічної результативності й ефективності розбудови функціональних типів територій України. В умовах повномасштабної війни норми державної регіональної політики розробляються з використанням територіально орієнтованого і безпекового підходів, що передбачає визначення таких функціональних типів територій, як території відновлення, території з особливими умовами для розвитку, регіональні полюси зростання, території сталого розвитку. Віднесення макро- і мікрорегіонів, територіальних громад до того чи іншого функціонального типу територій залежить від показників їх соціально-економічного становища, з огляду на що їх когерентність встановлено за допомогою матричного підходу. Розроблено матрицю оцінки результативності й ефективності розбудови функціональних типів територій України і треки їх розвитку (повний і короткі). Зауважено про появу потенційно небезпечних територій і територій тимчасового невідновлення. Запропоновано два ключових індикатори для попереднього віднесення макро- і мікрорегіонів, територіальних громад до того чи іншого функціонального типу територій: коефіцієнт доцільності розбудови (відновлення і розвитку) територій після війни і коефіцієнт зменшення населення регіону або територіальної громади через війну. Для розбудови регіонів і територіальних громад передбачаються розроблення і реалізація програм комплексного відновлення регіону (області) й територій територіальних громад. Виокремлено індикатори (показники, характеристики), які відображають специфіку руйнувань, обґрунтовують доцільність і можливість відновлення територій у контексті програм їх комплексного відродження на основі чинного законодавства. Наголошено, що при цьому доречно визначити кількісні й якісні показники оцінки результативності та ефективності розбудови функціональних типів територій України з урахуванням впливу війни.

Технико-юридические основания развития современного права как фактор повышения эффективности его функционирования

The article is devoted to the study of one of the significant areas of scientific and scientificpractical analysis. Currently, there is a tendency to improve the technical and legal foundations of the development of modern law, which predetermine the increase in the efficiency of its functioning. The most important of them should include: the choice of the optimal form of consolidation of normative legal institutions; the consistency of legislative definitions and other types of legal definitions; the ordering and systematic use of doctrinal means of legal technology plays an essential role; the reorientation of the right to regulate actively developing social relations presupposes the emergence and development of complexes of a supranormative systemic nature, which are based on a different structuring of normative legal content.

Some Super Hyper Degrees and Co-Super Hyper Degrees on Neutrosophic Super Hyper Graphs and Super Hyper Graphs Alongside Applications in Cancer’s Treatments

In this research, new setting is introduced for new notions, namely, Super Hyper Degree and Co-Super Hyper Degree. Two different types of definitions are debut for them but the research goes further and the Super Hyper Notion, Super Hyper Uniform, and Super Hyper Class based on that are well-defined and well-reviewed. The literature review is implemented in the whole of this research. For shining the elegancy and the significancy of this research, the comparison between this Super Hyper Notion with other Super Hyper Notions and fundamental Super Hyper Numbers are featured. The definitions are followed by the examples and the instances thus the clarifications are driven with different tools. The applications are figured out to make sense about the theoretical aspect of this ongoing research. The cancer’s treatments are the under research to figure out the challenges make sense about ongoing and upcoming research. The special case is up. The cells are viewed in the deemed ways. There are different types of them. Some of them are individuals and some of them are well-modeled by the group of cells. These types are all officially called “Super Hyper Vertex” but the relations amid them all officially called “Super Hyper Edge”. The frameworks “Super Hyper Graph” and “neutrosophic Super Hyper Graph” are chosen and elected to research about “cancer’s treatments”. Thus, these complex and dense Super Hyper Models open up some avenues to research on theoretical segments and “cancer’s treatments”. Some avenues are posed to pursue this research. It’s also officially collected in the form of some questions and some problems. If there’s a Super Hyper Edge between two Super Hyper Vertices, then these two Super Hyper Vertices are called Super Hyper Neighbors. The number of Super Hyper Neighbors for a given Super Hyper Vertex is called Super Hyper Degree. The number of common Super Hyper Neighbors for some Super Hyper Vertices is called Co-Super Hyper Degree for them and used Super Hyper Vertices are called Co-Super Hyper Neighbors. A graph is Super Hyper Uniform if it’s Super Hyper Graph and the number of elements of Super Hyper Edges are the same. Assume a neutrosophic Super Hyper Graph. There are some Super Hyper Classes as follows. It’s SuperHyperPath if it’s only one SuperVertex as intersection amid two given Super Hyper Edges with two exceptions; it’s SuperHyperCycle if it’s only one SuperVertex as intersection amid two given Super Hyper Edges; it’s Super Hyper Star it’s only one SuperVertex as intersection amid all Super Hyper Edges; it’s SuperHyperBipartite it’s only one SuperVertex as intersection amid two given Super Hyper Edges and these SuperVertices, forming two separate sets, has no Super Hyper Edge in common; it’s SuperHyperMultiPartite it’s only one SuperVertex as intersection amid two given Super Hyper Edges and these SuperVertices, forming multi separate sets, has no Super Hyper Edge in common; it’s SuperHyperWheel if it’s only one SuperVertex as intersection amid two given Super Hyper Edges and one SuperVertex has one Super Hyper Edge with any common SuperVertex. The number of Super Hyper Edges for a given Super Hyper Vertex is called Super Hyper Degree.

Brain Data Standards - A method for building data-driven cell-type ontologies

Large-scale single-cell ‘omics profiling is being used to define a complete catalogue of brain cell types, something that traditional methods struggle with due to the diversity and complexity of the brain. But this poses a problem: How do we organise such a catalogue - providing a standard way to refer to the cell types discovered, linking their classification and properties to supporting data? Cell ontologies provide a partial solution to these problems, but no existing ontology schemas support the definition of cell types by direct reference to supporting data, classification of cell types using classifications derived directly from data, or links from cell types to marker sets along with confidence scores. Here we describe a generally applicable schema that solves these problems and its application in a semi-automated pipeline to build a data-linked extension to the Cell Ontology representing cell types in the Primary Motor Cortex of humans, mice and marmosets. The methods and resulting ontology are designed to be scalable and applicable to similar whole-brain atlases currently in preparation.

The standard versus prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy after the XINSORB bioresorbable scaffold implantation (SPARTA) trial: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundDual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor is the standard of care after coronary stenting, including coronary stenting involving bioresorbable scaffolds (BRSs). Current clinical guidelines recommend at least 12 months of DAPT after BRS implantation. However, the correlation between prolonged DAPT and net clinical benefits remains unknown.MethodsThe SPARTA trial is designed to be a prospective, randomized, parallel-group, clinical trial. It aims to compare the benefits and risks of DAPT applied for either 12 or 36 months after XINSORB BRS implantation. The primary endpoints are the incidence of the composite endpoint of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), including all-cause death, any myocardial infarction (MI), and all revascularizations, as well as Bleeding Academic Research Consortium Definition (BARC) type 3 or 5 bleeding events. The secondary endpoints of the study include the device-oriented composite endpoint of target lesion failure (defined as cardiac death, target vessel-related MI, or ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization), target vessel failure (defined as cardiac death, MI, or ischemia-driven target vessel revascularization), scaffold thrombosis, and minor bleeding events. This trial will enroll 2106 subjects treated with the XINSORB BRS only. All subjects will receive DAPT after the index procedure for 12 (± 1) months. Subjects without MACEs or major bleeding will be randomized to receive either 24 additional months of DAPT or aspirin alone.DiscussionThis trial is designed to investigate the impact of extending the duration of DAPT up to 3 years after XINSORB BRS implantation by investigating the balance of risks and benefits in a broad population of treated patients.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04501900. Registered on 6 August 2020.

The Role of Engineering Insurance in Completing Projects by Using Bank Loans:An Applied Study in a Sample of Iraqi Insurance Companies and Banks

Purpose: The aim of the study is to know the reasons for the discontinuation of engi-neering insurance in Iraqi insurance companies, and how to reactivate engineering insurance in project management and the benefits that bank loans can achieve to Ira-qi insurance companies. Theoretical framework: The theoretical aspect included the definition of engineer-ing insurance, its origins and types, the concept and characteristics of project man-agement and bank loans and their types, as well as a statement of the role of engi-neering insurance in project management and the advantages of using bank loans in activating engineering insurance. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: The study relied on the analytical descriptive approach by using the questionnaire tool to measure the relationship between the research variables. Three government companies and a group of Iraqi banks were se-lected. Findings: The study found the correlative and influencing relationship with the di-mensions of bank loans in activating the engineering insurance through the interpre-tation of the statistical results of the questionnaire data directed to workers in the Iraqi insurance companies. Research, practical and social implications: Spreading awareness about the im-portance of engineering insurance in encouraging investment for productive and vi-tal projects, reducing the effects of risks associated with projects, and facilitating pro-cedures for obtaining bank loans. Originality/ Value: The value of the study is to measure the relationship between the engineering insurance variable and the bank loan variable. This study has not been previously addressed by insurance companies and Iraqi banks.

Reporter gene assays and chromatin-level assays define substantially non-overlapping sets of enhancer sequences

BackgroundTranscriptional enhancers are essential for gene regulation, but how these regulatory elements are best defined remains a significant unresolved question. Traditional definitions rely on activity-based criteria such as reporter gene assays, while more recently, biochemical assays based on chromatin-level phenomena such as chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, and localized RNA transcription have gained prominence.ResultsWe examine here whether these two types of definitions, activity-based and chromatin-based, effectively identify the same sets of sequences. We find that, concerningly, the overlap between the two groups is strikingly limited. Few of the data sets we compared displayed statistically significant overlap, and even for those, the degree of overlap was typically small (below 40% of sequences). Moreover, a substantial batch effect was observed in which experiment set rather than experimental method was a primary driver of whether or not chromatin-defined enhancers showed a strong overlap with reporter gene-defined enhancers.ConclusionsOur results raise important questions as to the appropriateness of both old and new enhancer definitions, and suggest that new approaches are required to reconcile the poor agreement among existing methods for defining enhancers.

Multidrug-Resistant ESBL-Producing E. coli in Clinical Samples from the UK.

Globally, cephalosporin therapy failure is a serious problem for infection control. One causative agent of cephalosporin-resistant infections is multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and/or plasmid-encoded AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamases. We evaluated the occurrence of ESBL/pAmpC genetic determinants in phenotypically MDR E. coli isolated from clinical samples of blood, faeces, ear effusion, urine and sputum from a UK hospital. Phenotypic resistance profiling for 18 antibiotics (from seven classes) showed that 32/35 isolates were MDR, with resistance to 4-16 of the tested antibiotics. Of the isolates, 97.1% showed resistance to ampicillin, 71.4% showed resistance to co-amoxiclav, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ceftiofur, and 68.5% showed resistance to cefquinome. blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaOXA-1 genes were detected in 23, 13 and 12 strains, respectively, and Intl1 was detected in 17 isolates. The most common subtypes among the definite sequence types were CTX-M-15 (40%) and TEM-1 (75%). No E. coli isolates carried pAmpC genes. Significant correlations were seen between CTX-M carriage and cefotaxime, ceftiofur, aztreonam, ceftazidime and cefquinome resistance; between blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaOXA-1 carriage and ciprofloxacin resistance; and between Intl1 carriage and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance. Thus, MDR phenotypes may be conferred by a relatively small number of genes. The level and pattern of antibiotic resistance highlight the need for better antibiotic therapy guidelines, including reduced use and improved surveillance.

Admissible Types-to-PERs Relativization in Higher-Order Logic

Relativizing statements in Higher-Order Logic (HOL) from types to sets is useful for improving productivity when working with HOL-based interactive theorem provers such as HOL4, HOL Light and Isabelle/HOL. This paper provides the first comprehensive definition and study of types-to-sets relativization in HOL, done in the more general form of types-to-PERs (partial equivalence relations). We prove that, for a large practical fragment of HOL which includes container types such as datatypes and codatatypes, types-to-PERs relativization is admissible, in that the provability of the original, type-based statement implies the provability of its relativized, PER-based counterpart. Our results also imply the admissibility of a previously proposed axiomatic extension of HOL with local type definitions. We have implemented types-to-PERs relativization as an Isabelle tool that performs relativization of HOL theorems on demand.