Definite Information Research Articles

Epidemiological Model of the Regional Distribution and Analysis of Hepatitis B in Ghana: A Sub-Saharan African Country

Hepatitis B (HB) is a global public health burden which has impacted economies of many countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The effect is worse where there is lack of definite information regarding policy direction and capacity towards implementing interventions to control the transmission and spread of the infection. In this study, a SEIR deterministic compartmental model and a hybrid optimisation method for parameter estimation, similar to that of Awuah-Mensah et al. (2022), were used to analyse the regional distribution of HB in Ghana, a sub-Saharan African country. The regional epidemiological threshold parameters [Formula: see text] and herd immunity threshold parameters [Formula: see text] computed based on the estimated parameters for each of the regions ranged from a minimum of [Formula: see text] for Volta region in the southeast to a maximum of [Formula: see text] for Upper West region in the northwest of Ghana. These values of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] indicated that HB persists in Ghana and the transmission and spread and the associated burden were found to generally increase from south to north of the country. Based on the estimated parameters, only Western region recorded a recovery rate of [Formula: see text]. The remaining nine regions recorded zero recovery rates. The trend of transmission and spread of the infection was also found to be positively related to poverty and health sector inequalities across the regions of the country.

Realitas Kemanusiaan dalam Naskah Feature “Cermin Kehidupan Pejuang Penyu” pada Buletin Pro 1 Radio Republik Indonesia Bengkulu

This study analyzes and describes the reality of humanity in the feature script "Mirror of the Life of Turtle Fighters" in the pro 1 bulletin RRI Bengkulu, with three discourse structures, namely macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure. Data collection techniques use text content analysis and literature studies relevant to this study. With data analysis and processing techniques using Critical Discourse Analysis (AWK) model Teun A.van Dijk. The results of Teun van Dijk's Critical Discourse analysis found that from the elements of macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure this feature script wants to explain a warrior's struggle regarding changes that have occurred in turtle populations in recent years that continue to decline and can cause damage to marine ecosystems, but in the feature script there is a lot of lack of information about how important sea turtles are for the sea and humans also there is no definite information What bad possibilities will happen if Extinct sea turtles.

Surgical Significance of Variant Anatomy of Inferior Mesenteric Artery and Left Colic Artery: A Computed Tomography Angiographic Study

Introduction: A variation in vessel morphology determines flow dynamics and vascular disease pathogenesis. Definite information on the distinctive anatomical variations of the mesenteric vessels is extremely important for laparoscopic surgical procedures and interventional radiological procedures in the abdominal region. Three-dimensional-computed tomography angiography (3D-CTA) is a less invasive method to evaluate vascular anatomy using a visual tracking method on high-definition images, contrast-enhanced inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) can be traced to its terminal branches beside the colon wall. Subjects and Methods: Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan data from 180 patients was retrospectively collected, reconstructed, and analyzed. The origin, length of IMA from origin to the first branch, branching patterns of IMA, and tracking patterns of the ascending branch of left colic artery (LCA), were examined, and their associations with clinical features were analyzed. Results: IMA displayed variations in the level of origin ranging from upper 1/3 of L3 to upper 1/3 of L4, mean length from origin to the first branch was 27.4 ± 7.8 mm. Observed branching patterns of IMA were grouped according to Yada classification: Type 1 (52.2%), Type 2 (15.5%), Type 3 (14.4%), and Type 4 (17.7%). Tracking of the ascending branch of LCA before anastomosis with marginal artery revealed four patterns: Type A LCA pattern in 43.9%; Type B LCA anatomy pattern was (19.4%); Type C LCA anatomy pattern was (20.0%); and Type D LCA anatomy pattern was observed (16.7%). Conclusion: Preoperative understanding of the vascular variations of IMA and LCA can be obtained by 3D-CTA. This may be helpful to surgeons in planning preoperative strategies to prevent iatrogenic injuries.

Effect of capitation payment method on health outcomes, healthcare utilization, and referrals in Ghana.

Different provider payment systems generate different incentives for patients, providers, and purchasers. Ghana introduced the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in 2003 and has made reforms to its provider payment methods to create incentives in providers for cost containment. Starting with the fee for service method, it shifted to the Diagnostic Related Group (DRG) method in 2008 to improve cost containment. In 2012 the NHIS began piloting capitation method of payment which has been suspended since 2017 to allow for thorough review. This study uncovers the association between capitation payment system and patient health outcomes, utilization of healthcare services and referral patterns in Ghana based on data collected between November 2012 and January 2013. Using a cross-sectional data on 500 malaria patients who were enrollees of the NHIS from the two payment plans (i.e., capitation and DRG plan), ordered logit, negative binomial and logit regression results showed that patients under capitation were 11.9% less likely to report better health and had 1.583 fewer visits relative to patients under DRG. In relation to referrals, capitated providers were more likely to refer patients than under DRG plans. In the capitated region, better health outcomes were reported by patients of private health facilities. Capitation in Ghana was associated with under-provision of care, hence decreasing any efficiency gain from the reform. Implementors of capitation need to ensure a good monitoring and evaluation system for adequate provision of quantity and quality of care. Some limitations of this study include the use of cross sectional rather that panel data which follows individuals over time and therefore may be more able to provide definite information about cause-and-effect relationships. It also does not account for events before and after the introduction of any payment method. Overall, this study provides valuable information on the implementation policy for reintroducing capitation.

Design and Implementation of a Software Result Processing and Transcript Generation

Result processing can be seen as a continuous process of converting data (scores, grade points, credit units etc.) into a definite and meaningful information (statement of result, transcripts etc.). These results are used to check the performance of each student in various courses. These results when processed manually leads to many problems such as error during computation, insecurity of results, untidy results after changes must have been affected and work load on the exam officer(s) etc. However, designing and implementing, as well as the computerization of result processing and transcript generation system will reduce these problems to the barest minimum. Providing password can do this, which grants access to only authorized user(s). Corrections or changes are affected without making the work untidy. Also stress on exam officer(s) is or are reduced. The design and implementation will be developed using the structured system analysis and design methodology (SSADM). The new system was designed using Visual Basic and MS Access. This language was chosen because of its easy syntax and features for developing web applications.

Asset Maintenance Monitoring Application: A Case Study of a Government Bank Branch Office

Asset management in a company is essential to do. Asset management may include record keeping, maintenance, and management environment further. Recording information asset owned by a company is the primary and most important thing to do to record data assets owned by the company. The existence of definite information about the asset owned by a company will provide convenience for the company that is and automatically, the company will also easier to carry out the asset management process further. One of the governments in the Jakarta Branch, which has assets, should be maintained. Recording information assets in one of the government banks, Jakarta Branch, is only partially managed with a computerized system. The process of recording data assets is still done manually and also not maximum. This research developed an Asset Monitoring Application Maintenance feature that can do registration detail information about the attributes and Monitoring of existing assets and Online Work Order. The software development model used in this study is the waterfall model. This thesis will explain the activities in each development phase. With this application, all the attributes of data assets owned by the company can be well identified and inventoried so that the process of monitoring assets is more optimum and easier to do

Composition and localization of the leaf waxes in seven epiphytic Tillandsia species

Air plants (Tillandsia) rely on leaves to absorb water and nutrients, and waxy trichomes on the leaf surface play an important role in this process. However, there is no definite information on the waxy components of air plant leaves or whether they are located on the trichomes. In this study, SEM and GC-MS were used to analyze the leaf surface structure and waxy components in seven Tillandsia species. The results showed that the waxy components included hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, and esters. Only T. brachycaulos contained low levels of acids. There were significant differences in the levels of leaf waxy components among different species and differences in the levels of specific components. The amount of waxy component in the seven air plant species was ordered as follows: T. ionantha > T. brachycaulos > T. velutina > T. usneoides > T. medusa > T. stricta > T. streptophylla. Correlation analysis revealed that the total waxy component level was significantly positively correlated with the total trichome area. After trichome wing cells were manually removed from T. brachycaulos and T. velutina, the levels of various chemical components significantly decreased. The levels of various chemical components in trichomes accounted for more than 50% of the total corresponding level in the entire leaf. These results indicated that the waxy components in air plant leaves were mainly located on trichomes.

Public Perception of COVID-19 Booster Vaccination Qualitative Study in the Silangit Health Center Working Area North Tapanuli Regency in 2022

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>The covid-19 pandemic is a large-scale epidemic that affects millions of people in various countries, sometimes spreading worldwide. The administration of the Covid-19 vaccine aims to reduce the transmission of the coronavirus, reduce morbidity and mortality, achieve herd immunity and protect the public from Covid-19. The study aimed to determine community perceptions of the covid-19 booster vaccination qualitative study in the Silangit Health Center Working Area, North Tapanuli Regency, in 2022. The type of research used is a qualitative approach. This research was conducted in the Silangit Health Center Working Area, North Tapanuli Regency, from December 2022 - January 2023. The research informants were ten people. Research instruments using interview guidelines, digital camera, data collection matrix, and notebook. The results of the study, Informants explained that the covid-19 virus is a virus that causes respiratory system disorders, is transmitted through coughing and sneezing and a virus that causes many fatalities or deaths. The informant explained that the signs and symptoms of covid-19 are high fever, cough, flu, sore throat, dizziness for several days, body weakness, loss of smell or taste, skin changes, respiratory problems, chest pain, decreased consciousness, and sore throat until death. Informants explained that booster vaccination prevents the covid-19 virus, acts as an antiviral, controls the body's immunity, strengthens antibodies, and maintains immunity. The informant's perception of the booster vaccine is that the informant does not want to be vaccinated because he is afraid of the side effects that occur due to the absence of definite information about the side effects of booster vaccination; the informant also answered that he felt lazy to be vaccinated because he considered it did not have much effect on the body.</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><strong><em>Keywords: Booster Vaccination, Covid-19, Virus</em></strong>

Increasing longevity, NDC implementation in Italy and Sweden, and all that

The aim of the paper is twofold. First, it addresses the delicate issue of divisor obsolescence within Non-financial Defined Contribution (NDC) pension schemes. It suggests a method to measure the impact of this obsolescence, referring to the Swedish mechanism of diversifying divisors by birth cohort. Given the serious impact of divisor obsolescence on the fairness and sustainability of NDC systems, the paper also proposes possible solutions to limit this impact. The second aim is to analyze the shortcomings of the Italian system in the light of the challenge to NDC architecture resulting from the obsolescence of divisors. The first anomaly is the current mechanism of periodical revision of the divisors, which prevents Italian workers from planning their retirement on the basis of definite and unchanging information. The second is the extremely wide retirement age range due to the existence of seniority pensions: this needs to be replaced by a small retirement age range with a sufficiently high and rigorous lower bound. Finally, the paper focuses on the need for all NDC systems to compute new divisors based on a much lower frontloading rate, as has recently been done in Norway. It finally suggests that the severe reductions in the replacement rates implied by a lower ‘frontloading’ can be avoided by either removing the survivors benefit from the old-age scheme or by giving workers the option to choose it ‘at their own expense’, as in the second pillar.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Hepatitis E Virus Detection in Farmed Ruminants.

Swine are widely recognized as the main reservoir of zoonotic HEV; however, a growing body of data on the HEV prevalence in farmed ruminants of different species also points to a potential route for HEV transmission through ruminants and ruminant products and by-products. Definite information on the zoonotic potential of ruminants is still absent or unclear, compelling the necessity for increasing knowledge on this. The aim of the current study was to analyze the state-of-the-art in this research topic and provide a summary of HEV detection and characterization in farmed ruminants. A total of 1567 papers were retrieved from four search databases that resulted in 35 eligible papers after application of exclusion/inclusion criteria. Studies on HEV in farmed ruminants were mainly based on the detection of HEV RNA and were reported in Africa (n = 1), America (n = 3), Asia (n = 18) and Europe (n = 13), and focused on a variety of ruminants species, namely cow, goat, sheep, deer, buffalo and yak. The overall pooled prevalence of HEV was 0.02% (0.01-0.03, 95% CI). The subgroup pooled prevalence of HEV RNA was 0.01% (0.00-0.02, 95% CI) in cow milk, stool, serum, liver, intestinal, bile, blood, spleen and rectal swab samples; 0.09% (0.02-0.18, 95% CI) in goat serum, bile, stool, milk, liver, rectal swab and blood samples; 0.01% (0.00-0.04, 95% CI) in sheep stool, serum, milk, blood and liver samples. Most of the HEV genotypes found in farmed ruminants belonged to the zoonotic HEV-3 (subtypes 3a, 3c) and HEV-4 (subtype 4d, 4h), with Rocahepevirus also found. The wide HEV circulation observed in different farmed ruminants raises concerns for the possibility of HEV transmission through products from infected ruminants and alerts for the potential zoonotic route for HEV in ruminant products, such as meat and dairy products. Also, contact exposure to infected farmed animals could be a risk factor. Further research should be conducted in order to understand the circulation of HEV in these animals and its zoonotic potential, as there is currently a lack of data on this topic.

Genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA D-loop in wild and domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) in East Asia

Chinese domestic pig breeds have abundant genetic resources, but definite information about the geographic specificity and genetic structure is lacking. In this study, we analysed 359 mitochondrial D-loop sequences, including 86 sequences from Chinese domestic pigs and the rest downloaded from GenBank. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices ranged from 0.467 ±0.132 (Duroc) to 1.000 ±0.500 (Thailand, North Korea and Cambodia) and 0.00067 ±0.00019 (Duroc) to 0.02000 ±0.01000 (Thailand), respectively. The neighbour-joining tree revealed two clads in the individual pigs, with a Chinese domestic breed distributed discontinuously among several breeds. The network data indicated that the gene pools of Chinese domestic pigs are likely related to Chinese, Japanese and some other Southeast Asian wild boars.

Effects of Mass Change on Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation of the RNA-Binding Protein Fused in Sarcoma.

In recent years, many experimental and theoretical studies of protein liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) have shown its important role in the processes of physiology and pathology. However, there is a lack of definite information on the regulation mechanism of LLPS in vital activities. Recently, we found that the intrinsically disordered proteins with the insertion/deletion of a non-interacting peptide segment or upon isotope replacement could form droplets, and the LLPS states are different from the proteins without those. We believed that there is an opportunity to decipher the LLPS mechanism with the mass change perspective. To investigate the effect of molecular mass on LLPS, we developed a coarse-grained model with different bead masses, including mass 1.0, mass 1.1, mass 1.2, mass 1.3, and mass 1.5 in atomic units or with the insertion of a non-interacting peptide (10 aa) and performed molecular dynamic simulations. Consequently, we found that the mass increase promotes the LLPS stability, which is based on decreasing the z motion rate and increasing the density and the inter-chain interaction of droplets. This insight into LLPS by mass change paves the way for the regulation and relevant diseases on LLPS.

AHMED YESEVÎ HAKKINDA BİBLİYOGRAFİK ARAŞTIRMA

Scientific studies on the legacy of Hodja Aḥmad al-Yasawī (d.562/1166) started with the research of Fuad Köprülü (1890-1966) in the 20th century. Despite many important studies on al-Yasawī and his legacy, it is noteworthy that some important issues related to Aḥmad al-Yasawī’s personality are neglected. There is no clear information about Aḥmad al-Yasawī's date of birth. However, there is definite information about the date of death of al-Yasawī and how long he lived in the pedigree writings. Based on this information, it is possible to determine the year of birth of Hodja Aḥmad. In addition, the idea of whether Yūsuf al-Hamadānī (d. 535/1140) was al-Yasawī's teacher is open to discussion if some medieval sources are consulted. For this reason, we found it appropriate to examine Aḥmad al-Yasawī's year of birth and his scientific personality. In the article, the birth and death years of Aḥmad al-Yasawī were tried to be determined from primary sources, especially family trees. Later, the issue of whether Yūsuf al-Hamadānī was Aḥmad al-Yasawī’s teacher was also examined by comparing the views of the mentioned personalities in their own works. By constantly considering the human factor, the conditions under which al-Hamadānī was associated with Aḥmad al-Yasawī’s teaching were examined with a descriptive method within the understanding of impartiality. In addition, deepening and comparative analysis methods were used on individuals during the study. Some determinations and evaluations were made about Aḥmad al-Yasawī's bibliography and his teachers. Keywords: Aḥmad al-Yasawī, Pedigree, Yasawiyya, Naqshibandiyya, Yūsuf al-Hamadānī.

Changes in cerebral oxygen saturation with the Trendelenburg position and increased intraabdominal pressure in laparocopic rectal surgery.

Position changes and increased intra-abdominal pressure in laparoscopic interventions lead to some physiopathological changes. There is no definite information in the literature regarding cerebral oxygen saturation in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Our aim was to investigate whether there is oxygen saturation change in the brain tissue in pneumoperitoneum and the Trendelenburg position during laparoscopic rectal surgery. Cerebral oxygen saturation was measured in 35 patients who underwent laparoscopic rectal surgery in the Trendelenburg position. Measurements were made under general anesthesia in the pneumoperitoneum and the Trendelenburg position. The values that are statistically affected by the position are systolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and cerebral oxygen saturation. The Trendelenburg position does not disturb the cerebral oxygen saturation and it causes an increase in saturation. After pneumoperitoneum occurred, changes in systolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and brain oxygen saturation were detected. Cerebral oxygen saturation increases with the formation of pneumoperitoneum. The Trendelenburg position and increased intraabdominal pressure during laparoscopic rectal surgery do not impair brain oxygen saturation.

Outcome of classical and reversal stapedotomy in otosclerosis

Classical and reversal stapedotomy both are exclusively done in otosclerosis but definite information regarding surgical advances, postoperative results, complications and information about how and in which patients these surgical techniques should exclusively be used are a source of continuous discussions. This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbagh, Dhaka from July 2019 to December 2020 o compare the outcomes of classical and reversal stapedotomy in patients with otosclerosis. Total 28 cases of otosclerosis who underwent stapedotomy were divided in to two groups i.e. Group A (classical stapedotomy) & Group B (reversal stapedotomy) with 14 patients in each group. All patients were followed up post-operatively up to 3 months with Pure-tone audiometry (PTA). There is no significant difference between classical and reversal stapedotomy approach in terms of hearing improvement and complications. Chorda tympani injury was the main complication in both the groups. Regarding hearing gain and complications there was no significant difference between classical and reversal stapedotomy approach. BSMMU J 2022; 15(2): 121-126

Early concepts of nutrition, digestion, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and their treatment: from the Schola Medica Salernitana to Rokitansky and Virchow

The Schola Medica Salernitana and «The Salernitan Rule of Health» are monuments of medieval medicine and pharmacy. The Schola Medica Salernitana inherited the traditions of ancient medicine. «The Salernitan Rule of Health» examines the properties of various foods, fruits, and plants and their therapeutic effects. The work was written according to the custom of that time — in verse, because advice given in poetic form is better memorized. Gaspare Aselli (1581 — 1626) was a Milanese anatomist and surgeon. When his work on the lactiferous vessels of the intestine was published (1622), there was considerable controversy about how blood moved away from the heart as well as the mechanism by which fluid was transferred from the digestive tract to other organs. The Iatromathematical School claimed that physiological events should be seen as fixed sequences of physical laws. For example, the stomach was seen as a mechanical mill that turned the food into chyme. The Jesuit abbot Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729 — 1799) was a professor of physics and mathematics at the College of San Carlo in Modena. Throughout his life, he conducted a great deal of unique scientific research. He did important studies on gastric secretion in various animals and concluded that the digestion of food is a chemical process dependent on the digestive power of saliva and the dissolving properties of gastric juice. His definition that digestion is not putrefaction but an active process was a significant advance since his predecessors considered it a passive process. Recognition of the role of pathological anatomy in establishing the cause and nature of diseases was the next big step in the study of the gastrointestinal tract. The first definite information about the correlation between structural and functional disorders was provided by T. Bonet in his work «Sepulchretum» in 1679, later expanded and supplemented by G. Morgagni (1682 — 1771), J. Cruveilhier (1791 — 1873), and K. Rokitansky (1804 — 1878). Detailed descriptions of numerous cases (more than 30.000 from Rokitansky alone) provided information to understand the relationship between symptoms and autopsy data. In the 19th century, R. Virchow took his observations beyond the organ that was sick and came up with a cellular theory of pathological processes.

Collaborative Governance In The Handling of Stunting Program In East Flores District

Stunting management and prevention programs generally use specific nutrition intervention approaches and sensitive nutrition interventions. Several studies have shown that interventions that are effective in reducing the prevalence of stunting are still limited, although a lot of data captures and reveals the sub-focuses on nutrition, food security and WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene), PMT, multi-sectoral approaches and health promotion programs but so far this has not been enough. obtain definite information regarding the prevention and treatment of stunting. On the other hand, studies related to capacity implementation, especially those carried out by several government agencies in an integrated manner, have not shown a reduction in the prevalence of stunting. Efforts to reduce the prevalence of stunting in the form of collaborative governance are very strategic considering that the synergy (government, private sector and the community) is needed when a specific nutrition intervention approach or a nutrition-sensitive intervention is carried out. Organizationally, currently efforts to prevent and treat stunting in East Flores Regency are marked by the formation of the Task Force: Convergence, Synergy, Collaboration to Accelerate Stunting Reduction which is a Task Force (collaborative governance) consisting of bureaucratic and non-bureaucratic elements. The entire observation includes all agencies that are members of the Stunting Handling Convergence Task Force. Interviews were conducted using a structured interview list with designated OPD leaders and staff; interview with street level implementation. Furthermore, observations were made at the Posyandu activity location. The collected data are then categorized and analyzed according to the research objectives. The results showed that the collaborative governance model for the prevention and treatment of stunting showed significant results, namely a decrease in the number of stunting by 2% (previously it was 22% to 20%); This fact is mainly supported by the optimal performance of the Stunting Convergence Task Force.

Optimum relative frequency and fluctuating substrate selection in reinforcing anammox-mediated anabolic adaptation

Adaptation to substrate fluctuations is a life actuality of microbes in global municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Yet there remains a lack of definite information on how influent changes with different alternation frequencies shape the stability of anammox consortia and the metabolic regulations they feedback. According to human rhythmic activity, day-fluctuant fed (every 6 h, alternating between 50 and 100 mg NH4+-N/L) substantially diminished the robustness of nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE; 84.1 ± 7.0%, left-skewed distribution [R2 = 0.87]) and shock-resistance ability (>30% effluent variability). Unexpectedly, the anammox ecosystem under week-fluctuant mode (every 6 d) displayed adapted growth (NRE 86.6 ± 3.1%, normal distribution [R2 = 0.97]), higher extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) yields, and superior tolerance (juggling the shortest recovery time and highest NRE, tightest protein secondary structure facing long-term load shocks) than steady-state (75 mg NH4+-N/L). 16S sequencing showed that the influent disturbance led to increased levels of bacterial diversity, however, a similar microbiota composition between week-fluctuant and steady systems was detected. Notably, K strategist Candidatus Kuenenia was more sensitive to substrate fluctuations, with the lower relative abundance at day-fluctuant (23.4 ± 5.1%) and week-fluctuant (39.5 ± 4.3%) than at steady-state community (47.5 ± 4.2%). Conversely, Candidatus Jettenia had higher relative abundance at day-fluctuant (i.e., 1.3 ± 0.1%) compared to that at week-fluctuant (0.2 ± 0.04%) and steady-state (0.05 ± 0.03%). Importantly, untargeted metabolomics revealed that week-fluctuant grown anammox microbiota increased protein synthesis and transporter expression while decreasing expression of catabolic pathways (citric acid cycle and bypass) as a strategy for efficient substrate uptake and utilization, which clearly different to day-fluctuant and steady-state survival ways. Overall, we predictively reported an “anabolic adaptation growth state” for the anammox consortia and put forward the associated reinforcement control strategy.

Aydın Müzesi’nden Bir Grup Cam Eser

Glass has functioned as an important raw material since the day it was discovered. Glass, which was a commodity used mostly by the wealthy class to show off at the beginning, has become appealing to all segments of the society with the development of different manufacture techniques and the acceleration of manufacture. Glass containers, especially in different container forms such as bowls, glasses and bottles, have become an important part of social life and have been used extensively. There are also many glass vessels in the inventory of Aydın Museum. Despite the fact that the vessels discussed in this study were brought to the museum through purchase, donation or confiscation, they were mostly found intact, suggesting that the vessels are grave finds. A general evaluation of the vessels in question has not been made before and has not been brought to the literature. Evaluation of vessels is very important in terms of determining both the period in which they were used and in which geographies similar samples spread. In addition, it also allows us to obtain data in a general framework about the manufacture place or manufacture tradition of the vessels in the museum inventory. In this direction, it was understood that the glass vessels in the Aydın Museum inventory were produced in similar forms in accordance with the typology discussed in previous studies on the region. In addition, as in other regions of Anatolia, it can be thought that it interacted with the Eastern Mediterranean cultures or that the Eastern Mediterranean culture spread over a wide geography. Therefore, even if no definite information can be given about the manufacture site of the vessels, the findings regarding glass furnaces or glass manufacture previously unearthed in the region suggest that the vessels may have been produced within the region and possibly in cities such as Tralleis, Alabanda, Nysa, Magnesia, etc.

New normality of agriculture against the background of infodemia (Georgian example)

Growing technological development in the last decades and a traditional media environment modified due to the stated reason has placed Journalism before absolutely new challenges, mainly before necessity of struggling with false information and propagandistic narrative. On the first hand, it should solely select information source, moreover, personally create and share a definite information, and, on the another hand it created a real opportunity of spreading of media materials burdened with propaganda and hate speech. The key functions for which, many centuries ago, journalism was created, its social objective is primarily based on informing of audience. Information has a vital significance for each separate individuum, as well as for the whole community. Well-known word-painting definition determines its significance and essence as of the “democracy currency”. However, operative information is valuable only when its preserves all obligatory features (factuality, actuality, specifity and others), and, simultaneously, obtains new features, that is conditioned by specifics of descriptive means of its channels of transmission (printed, broadcasting, digital media). Accurate, fact-based information supports absolute participation of an individuum in a contemporary life that is expressed by correct objectives in social relations and creation of one’s own construction of the world perception. In contradiction with the stated,  disinformation and spreading of false news really work; they are targeted at misleading of the auditory, manipulating with a social opinion and having an impact on the informed choice of a user. Target of the present thesis is to make analysis of the agricultural sector, the so called “new normality”, against the background of the current infodemia, which will be discussed by us as replacing of the behavioral norms generated by separate individuums and organizations during thousands of years with new forms of relations. The definition “infodemia” is set as flooding of online and offline information and by an attempt of intended spreading of false news its aim is to support alternative agendas of separate groups and individuums. A task of the research is to make an analyze of communication channels forms for an access to the market and links with the users in new normality conditions on the example of activity of small and average farmers of Georgia.