Mass Deficit Research Articles

Updated reference values for BMD and lean mass measured by DXA in Thai children.

This study established normative references for total body less head (TBLH) BMD, lumbar spine (L1-L4) BMD, and both total and appendicular lean mass (LM) in Thai children and adolescents (aged 5-18years) using DXA. This work expands upon 2014 normative data for Thai children, which included L2-L4 BMD, total body BMD (head included), and total LM. We reanalyzed total body and lumbar spine DXA scans (Lunar Prodigy Pro, GE Healthcare; enCORE version 7.53) from 174 boys and 193 girls, using upgraded software (enCORE version 17SP2) for TBLH BMD, L1-L4 BMD, and LM analysis. The "enhanced" mode was applied for TBLH BMD and LM. Adjustments for total and appendicular LM were made relative to squared height (m2) to account for body size variability. Normative data stratified by sex and Tanner stage were generated for TBLH BMD, L1-L4 BMD, and LM indices. Weight and Tanner stage significantly determined BMD and LM. Adolescent girls exhibited higher LSBMD values due to earlier pubertal onset. Boys showed higher LM indices with more rapid gains during growth spurts. This study provides updated normative reference values for BMD (TBLH and L1-L4) and LM (total and appendicular) in Thai children and adolescents, measured via DXA. These references will enhance the assessment of low bone mass and LM deficits in Thai pediatric populations, particularly in those with chronic illnesses.

Understanding the variability in red cell and plasma volume combinations can help guide management in heart failure.

Quantitative methods have shown clinically significant heterogeneity in blood volume (BV) profiles across heart failure (HF) phenotypes. These profiles extend from hypovolaemia to normal BV and to variable degrees of BV hypervolaemia, frequently with similar clinical presentations. However, a comprehensive survey of BV profiles providing practical clinical guidance for the interpretation and management of quantitative plasma volume (PV) and red blood cell (RBC) mass findings has not been reported. The intent of this study is to advance this concept through a multicentre analysis. A retrospective analysis of clinical and BV data was undertaken in stable NYHA class II-III HF patients (N=546). BV was quantitated using established nuclear medicine indicator-dilution methodology. Differing combinations of PV and RBC mass were identified contributing to marked heterogeneity in overall BV profiles. A quantitatively normal BV was identified in 32% of the cohort but of these only ~1/3 demonstrated a true normal BV (i.e., normal PV+normal RBC mass). The remaining portion of normal BV profiles reflected balanced combinations of compensatory PV expansion with RBC mass deficit (anaemia) (14% of cohort) and PV contraction with RBC mass excess (erythrocythemia) (6% of cohort). Main contributors to BV hypervolaemia were PV excess with a normal RBC mass (21% of cohort; 23% female) and PV excess with erythrocythemia (24% of cohort; 26% female). Hypovolaemia was predominately defined by RBC mass deficit with a normal PV (6% of cohort; 57% female) or RBC mass deficit with PV contraction (5% of cohort; 48% female). Findings support the clinical relevance of identifying and accurately interpreting the varying combinations of PV and RBC mass in patients with chronic HF. This in turn helps guide appropriate individualized patient management strategies. A practical volume-based guideline is provided in an effort to aid clinician interpretation.

Spatiotemporal Changes of Glaciers in the Yigong Zangbo River Basin over the Period of the 1970s to 2023 and Their Driving Factors

The glaciers in southeastern Tibet Plateau (SETP) influenced by oceanic climate are sensitive to global warming, and there remains a notable deficiency in accurate multitemporal change analyses of these glaciers. We conduct glacier inventories in the Yigong Zangbo River Basin (YZRB) in SETP for the years 1988, 2015, and 2023 utilizing Landsat and Sentinel-2 imagery, and analyze the glacier spatiotemporal variation incorporating the existing glacier inventory data. Since the 1970s until 2023, the glaciers significantly retreated at a rate of 0.76 ± 0.11%·a−1, with the area decreasing from 2583.09 ± 88.80 km2 to 1635.89 ± 71.74 km2, and the ice volume reducing from 221.7017 ± 7.9618 km3 to 152.7429 ± 6.1747 km3. The most significant retreat occurred in glaciers smaller than 1 km2. Additionally, glaciers on southern aspects retreated slower than the northern counterparts. The glaciers in the western YZRB witnessed a significantly greater shrinkage rate than those in the eastern section, with the most pronounced changes occurring in Aso Longbu River Basin. Furthermore, severe glacier mass deficits were observed from 2000 to 2019, averaging a loss rate of 0.57 ± 0.06 m w.e. a−1. The continuous rise in air temperature has primarily induced a general widespread glacier change in the YZRB. However, diverse topography led to spatial variability in glacier changes with discrepancies as large as several times. The features of individual glaciers, such as glacier size, debris cover, and the development of ice-contact glacial lakes enhanced the local complexity of glacier change and elusive response behaviors to climate warming led by the different topographic conditions.

Assessment of adolescent physical development using body mass index and body self-perception

Underweight or overweight in children and adolescents is a serious public health problem. Self-perception is an important factor in promoting health, especially during adolescence. The purpose of this study is to assess the characteristics of self-perception of children with low body weight, normal body weight, overweight and obesity. This study was conducted in Kharkiv secondary schools in November 2021. The total number of participants was 14,853, of which 8,290 were girls and 6,563 were boys, aged 10-17 years. Using an online questionnaire, adolescents indicated their body weight and height, and also assessed their own health preserving activities. Diagnosis of being underweight, overweight and obesity was carried out in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Body self-esteem was assessed using the following questions: “What do you think about your body?”; “How satisfied are you with your health?”; “How satisfied are you with yourself?”; “How can you assess your own health?”. According to the results of the examination based on BMI, it was found that 63.1±2.4% of adolescents have normal body weight. Overweight was detected in 12.3±1.1%, obesity – in 2.4±0.5%. 17.4±1.3% of participants were underweight, and 4.8±0.7% had body mass deficit. By their own assessment, 75.0% of children considered themselves to have “normal” body weight, another 15.0% considered their weight “more than normal,” and about 10.0% of adolescents considered themselves “lean.” Among boys, 61.0% had normal body weight. About 16.5% of boys were considered overweight, and 3.8% of boys were obese. Insufficient body weight was found in 14.08% of respondents, and 4.6% had big body mass deficit. Among girls, the percentage of participants with normal body weight was 64.8%. 8.95% of participants were considered overweight, 1.35% were obese. Almost 20.0% were underweight; a large deficiency was detected in 5.0% of girls. In order to carry out health promotion activities among schoolchildren, the sexual characteristics of self-perception of one's own body and health problems among adolescents should be taken into account. Boys were almost twice as more satisfied with themselves and their health than girls, regardless of how they perceived their body (p<0.01). The number of boys with overweight and obesity was twice as high as girls (20.0% vs. 10.0%). At the same time, almost one in four girls and one in five boys were underweight and/or had body mass deficit. The systematic collection and analysis of data on the health-preserving behavior of adolescents is an important component of the development and creation of health care programs for the children's population of Ukraine.

Revealing High‐Temporal‐Resolution Flood Evolution With Low Latency Using GRACE Follow‐On Ranging Data

AbstractAn emerging approach is utilizing the line‐of‐sight gravity difference (LGD) between the twin Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow‐On (GFO) satellites to refine the temporal resolution of water storage estimates from 1 month to days, thus making the data applicable to transient extreme climate events like floods. However, applying the approach to medium‐scale climate events (with mass changes of several tens of gigatons) is challenging due to surrounding signal contamination and low signal‐to‐noise ratios. To address this problem, this study develops an improved algorithm accounting for peripheral signal sources and temporal correlations in mass variation. Two floods in July 2021 in Western Europe and Central China (CC) are chosen as case studies to demonstrate our approach's applicability to moderate floods in complex hydrological settings. The results present the temporal progression of the floods up to a maximum of ∼40 Gt with a scale of 3–5 days. However, the GFO‐derived water gain in CC is much lower than expected values from land surface models, indicating a mass deficit during the flood. We find that the potent manipulation of water resources by human activities might impact the predictive capabilities of these models, thereby misrepresenting the hydrological evolution during the flood event. This study refines the viability of applying GFO data to restore transient dynamics characterizing extreme climate events of ∼20 Gt magnitude. We also provide insights on the use of LGD data for high‐temporal‐resolution estimation of water storage changes and underscore the non‐negligible influence of human interventions on short‐term hydrological dynamics.

Association between preterm infant body composition in the first 3months of life and preschool age: a cohort study.

Compared with full-term infants, preterm infants have fat-free mass deficit in the first months of life, which increases the risk of metabolic diseases in the future. In this cohort of children born under 32-week gestational age or less than 1500g, we aimed to evaluate the associations of body composition at term equivalent age and in the first 3months of life with fat-free mass and fat mass percentage at 4 to 7years of life. Body composition assessments by air displacement plethysmography and anthropometry were performed at term, at 3months of corrected age, and at 4 to 7years of age. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to observe the associations between body composition at these ages. At term, fat mass percentage showed a negative association and fat-free mass a positive association with fat-free mass at 4 to 7years. The fat-free mass at 3months and the gain in fat-free mass between term and 3months showed positive associations with fat-free mass at 4 to 7years. Conclusion: Body composition at preschool age is associated with fat-free mass in the first 3months of life, a sensitive period for the risk of metabolic diseases. What is Known: • Preterm infants have a deficit in fat-free mass and high adiposity at term equivalent age compared to full-term infants. • Fat-free mass reflects metabolic capacity throughout life and therefore is considered a protective factor against the risk of metabolic syndrome. What is New: •Fat-free mass gain in the first 3months of corrected age is associated with fat-free mass at preschool and school ages. •The first 3months of life is a sensitive period to the risk of metabolic diseases.

Sarcopenia Prevalence among Hospitalized Patients with Severe Obesity: An Observational Study.

Background: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is the combination of excess fat, skeletal muscle and muscular strength/function deficit. The ESPEN/EASO have proposed new diagnostic criteria, but the SO prevalence in patients with severe obesity remains to be established. The aim of this study was to establish the SO prevalence in a large cohort of inpatients with obesity, considering sex, age, BMI, type, and number of concomitant diseases. Methods: Patient data of both genders aged between 18 and 90 years with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2 underwent hospital evaluation including bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and handgrip strength (HS). QoL scores were obtained by the Psychological General Well-Being Index questionnaire. The study was approved by the institutional Ethic Committee. Results: Among the 3858 patients, 444 (11.51%) exhibited a strength deficit, while 3847 (99.71%) had skeletal muscle mass deficit. The prevalence of SO was then 11.48%, with higher rates in women (12.39%), in individuals aged >70 years (27%), and in those reporting a 'poor' QoL (12.6%). No significant difference in SO prevalence was found when stratifying by BMI (30-40 kg/m2 vs. >40 kg/m2, p = 0.1710). In SO patients, osteoarticular diseases (57%), hypertension/heart failure (38%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (34%), and obstructive sleep apnea (32%) were the more frequent comorbidities. Conclusions: The application of ESPEN/EASO-SO criteria in a cohort of inpatients with severe obesity revealed 11.48% SO prevalence, which was associated with age (particularly > 70 years), gender (women), but not BMI, as determinants. Disease staging and QoL screening may improve the identification of SO high-risk patients.

LONG-TERM SPORT OR EXERCISE COMMENCED BEFORE 16 YEARS OF AGE REDUCES ADVERSE BODY COMPOSITION OUTCOMES IN CEREBRAL PALSY

INTRODUCTION & AIMS Bone mineral density (BMD) and appendicular lean mass (ALM) deficits are common in people with cerebral palsy (CP), increasing sarcopenia and osteoporosis risk, while sport/exercise participation before age 16 improves adult peak bone mass accretion. This study investigated the effects of high-level sport/exercise participation commenced before 16 years of age on body composition in ambulatory adults with CP. METHODS Body composition was measured via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a cross-sectional observational pilot study of 26 adults (m=19; f=7; GMFCS I-III) grouped via self-reported activity level into Low (<150 minutes moderate-vigorous activity weekly; n=10), Post-16 (active but commenced participation after 16; n=6), and Pre-16 (active and commenced participation before 16; n=10). Between-group Z-score differences were assessed via Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA, with post-hoc comparisons via Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS Whole body, spine and hip BMD Z-scores were significantly higher in Pre-16 (1.020 (0.639), 1.210 (1.102), and 0.450 (1.325), respectively) versus Low (-0.500 (0.715), -0.840 (0.957), and -1.020 (1.059), respectively) (p<0.001-0.008). Thirteen participants, including four competitive athletes, had low BMD, and 15, including eight athletes, had moderate-significant ALM deficits, versus age- and sex-specific reference populations. CONCLUSION Ambulatory adults with CP who exceed physical activity guidelines and commenced participation before 16 years of age have higher BMD than those who are sedentary or commenced participation after 16 years. Sport and exercise across the lifespan are critical to ameliorate adverse body composition outcomes common in CP, however, some athletes remain at-risk and require targeted combined resistance training and dietary interventions in addition to sport training to address low ALM and BMD.

ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT BASED ON THE BODY MASS INDEX IN MALE ADOLESCENTS OF MAGADAN REGION

Introduction. Human body morphological structure is a convenient and informative describer of individual development and condition. The study analyzed the indicators of the body physique in reliance on the body mass index in male adolescents of Magadan Region. Materials and Methods. Two hundred and eight male adolescents permanently residing in the territory of Magadan Region were examined. The sample made up three groups according to the body mass index: Group 1 was for adolescents with a body mass deficit; Group 2 was normal body mass subjects, and Group 3 was overweight examinees. By using common methods, we studied basic anthropometric indicators with further calculation of the body component composition and specific indices. Results. Resulting from the research we could refer 23% of the examined adolescents in Magadan Region to those having body mass deficit, 63% of the sample were people with normal body mass, and 15% of the surveyed subjects were diagnosed with excess body mass. Interestingly, there is a growth of BMI among overweight adolescents occurs owing equally to fat, muscle, and bone components. Conclusion. The conducted research has shown quite good physical condition experienced by adolescent examinees: the values of fat, muscle, and bone components could be referred as norms despite the observed overweight and a negative growth in the waist circumference index. The results contribute to the understanding of necessity of a wider range of physical characteristics for assessing excess body mass, including indicators of body component using the bioimpedance method with further calculation of fat, muscle, and bone indices.

Blood volume phenotypes and patient sex in resistant hypertension.

The relationship of blood volume (BV) to systemic blood pressure (BP) is not well defined in resistant hypertension (RH). The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which systemic BP stratified by patient sex would impact BV phenotypes. A retrospective analysis of clinical and quantitative BV data was undertaken in a cohort of ambulatory patients with a history of controlled and uncontrolled RH. We analyzed 253 unique BVs with 54% of patients above goal BP of <150 mmHg. BV phenotypes were highly variable but no correlation of systolic BP to absolute BV or percentage deviation from normal volume was identified in either sex. Males demonstrated overall larger absolute BVs with higher prevalence of large plasma volume (PV) expansion; females were overall more hypovolemic by total BV but with a higher frequency of normal PV than males. Females trended towards more RBC mass deficit (true anemia) (49% vs. 38%. P = 0.084) while more males demonstrated RBC mass excess (erythrocythemia) (21% vs. 11%, P = 0.029). Importantly, a significant portion (52%) of patients with true anemia identified by BVA would go undetected by hemoglobin measurement alone. BV phenotypes are highly diverse in patients with RH. However, absolute BV or variability in BV phenotypes even when stratified by patient sex did not demonstrate an association with systemic BP. BV phenotyping provides a key to optimizing clinical management by identifying RBC mass profiles particularly distinguishing true anemia, dilutional anemia, and erythrocythemia and the contribution of PV expansion. Findings support the clinical utility of BV phenotyping in RH.

Comparison of Intense Summer Arctic Cyclones Between the Marginal Ice Zone and Central Arctic

AbstractArctic cyclone activity is an important component of the local climate, and the frequent occurrence of extreme summer storms has raised widespread scientific interest. In this paper, we investigated the distinctive structural characteristics of intense summer Arctic cyclones by utilizing ERA‐Interim reanalysis data and employing a deep learning algorithm for cyclone detection. We found that the northern edge of Eurasia (i.e., the marginal ice zone (MIZ)) and the Alpha Ridge of Arctic Ocean (AR, i.e. central Arctic) are the two most active regions for intense Arctic cyclone activities in summer (from June to September). However, the surface conditions and coupling frequency between surface cyclone and tropopause polar vortices (TPVs) are distinct over these two regions. By further analysis of 100 intense cyclone activities in these two areas, respectively, we found that cyclones in MIZ are often smaller in size but higher in intensity at their maximum intensity, and their life cycles are generally shorter. MIZ cyclones are typically accompanied by a large Eady growth rate and frontal structure in the lower troposphere and their intensification primarily attributed to the thermal‐baroclinic process. In contrast, cyclones in AR are more frequently associated with higher potential vorticity (PV) values and pronounced PV downward intrusion from the stratosphere, as well as notable “upper warm‐lower cold” structures. The downward intrusion of TPVs and stratosphere vortices contribute to a decrease in the upper and column air mass deficit, leading to the intensification of surface Arctic cyclones in these regions.

Initial stroke severity and discharge outcome in patients with muscle mass deficit.

This study aimed to investigate the association between muscle mass deficit and the initial severity of ischemic stroke. The impact of muscle mass deficit on the discharge outcome was also evaluated. This retrospective study included 660 patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent bioelectrical impedance analyses. We compared the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, occurrence of moderate stroke (NIHSSS ≥ 5) at admission, and unfavorable functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≥ 2) at discharge between patients with and without muscle mass deficit using Poisson and logistic regression analyses. The mean age of the study patients was 65.6 ± 13.0, and 63.3% were males. Muscle mass deficit was present in 24.4% of patients. Muscle mass deficit was significantly and independently associated with NIHSS score or moderate stroke (all p < 0.05). This association was noted regardless of patient characteristics. Among the respective NIHSS items, muscle mass deficit was significantly associated with facial palsy, motor function of the arm or leg, limb ataxia, and dysarthria. Muscle mass deficit also led to unfavorable functional outcome, which was mediated by the initial NIHSS score. In conclusion, muscle mass deficit is associated with higher NIHSS score and unfavorable functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Signs of Slowing Recovery of Antarctic Ozone Hole in Recent Late Winter–Early Spring Seasons (2020–2023)

Every year since the early 1980s, the ozone hole has appeared in late winter/spring over Antarctica. The ozone hole is expected to disappear due to the observed decrease in the concentration of ozone-depleting substances in the stratosphere, which is enforced by the 1987 Montreal Protocol and its subsequent amendments. However, large ozone holes have appeared four years in a row (2020–2023), which may be a signal that Antarctic ozone repair has stopped. Statistical analyses of ozone hole metrics (hole area, minimum total column ozone, ozone mass deficit, and ozone mass deficit per unit area of the hole) are presented to determine how adding the data from these years changes the ozone recovery pattern. Statistically significant trends in the hole metrics were revealed for the short period (2000–2019) but not for the longer period (2000–2023). The modeled time series of metrics from multiple regressions with standard chemical and dynamic explanatory variables indicate that the recovery has slowed since around 2010. Moreover, a sequence of extreme events (wildfires in Australia in the summer of 2019/2020 and the eruption of the Hunga Tonga volcano in January 2022) may have caused additional ozone losses in Antarctica that masked the repair of polar ozone for a while.

Adaptive capacity of sugar beet under herbicide application

The article deals with the results of the research on phytotoxicity exerted by herbicides on plants of various sugar beet hybrids. Treatment with betanal group herbicides ensured high purity of sowing combined with low phytotoxicity for sugar beet plants in the stage with a pair of cotyledon-1 true leaves.The phytotoxicity of the herbicide was 18.0-18.6% relative to the variant with manual weeding. At the initial stages of growth, plants of F hybrids were the most resistant to the negative effects of herbicides F1 Skala, F1 Priliv and F1 Burya. After the second treatment, growth inhibition was observed in the variants using herbicides with an increase in mass deficit. The most resistant to the negative effects of herbicides was hybrid F1 Skala. For hybrids F1 Priliv and F1 Gorizont effect of the chemical stress factor was assessed as the most toxic; the weight of 100 plants increased by only 4.5-4.6% compared to the control hybrid. The phytotoxicity of the herbicide combination for sugar beet plants was significantly reduced (to 12-13%) compared to earlier herbicide treatments. High resistance after three herbicide treatments negative effects of herbicides were noted in hybrid F1 Skala. After the first chemical weeding, the amount of chlorophyll a in the leaves was one and a half times less than after manual weeding. After the second treatment with herbicides, the most intense degradation of pigments in the leaves was observed. After the third treatment in the “third pair of true leaves” phase, the plants’ resistance to chemical herbicides increased slightly.

Connecting core galaxy properties to the massive black hole binary population

ABSTRACT We investigate how the properties of massive black hole binaries influence the observed properties of core galaxies. We compare the observed trend in stellar mass deficit as a function of total stellar mass in the core galaxy with predicted trends in IllustrisTNG. We calculate mass deficits in simulated galaxies by applying subgrid, post-processing physics based on the results of literature N-body experiments. We find that the median value of the posterior distribution for the minimum binary mass ratio capable of creating a core is 0.7. For the gas mass fraction above which a core is erased, we find a median value of 0.6. Thus, low mass ratio binaries do not contribute to core formation and gas-rich mergers must lead to star formation within the nucleus, ultimately erasing the core. Such constraints have important implications for the overall massive black hole binary population, black hole–galaxy co-evolution, and the origin of the gravitational wave background.

Is a Recently Discovered H i Cloud near M94 a Starless Dark Matter Halo?

Observations with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope have revealed the presence of a marginally resolved source of 21 cm emission from a location from the M94 galaxy, without a stellar counterpart down to the surface brightness limit of the DESI Imaging Legacy Survey (∼29.15 mag arcsec−2 in the g band). The system (hereafter Cloud-9) has round column density isocontours and a line width consistent with thermal broadening from gas at T ∼ 2 × 104 K. These properties are unlike those of previously detected dark H i clouds and similar to the expected properties of REionization-Limited-H i Clouds (RELHICs), namely, starless dark matter (DM) halos filled with gas in hydrostatic equilibrium and in thermal equilibrium with the cosmic ultraviolet background. At the distance of M94, d ∼ 4.7 Mpc, we find that Cloud-9 is consistent with being a RELHIC inhabiting a Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) DM halo of mass M 200 ∼ 5 × 109 M ⊙ and concentration c NFW ∼ 13. Although the agreement between the model and observations is good, Cloud-9 appears to be slightly, but systematically, more extended than expected for ΛCDM RELHICs. This may imply either that Cloud-9 is much closer than implied by its recessional velocity, v CL9 ∼ 300 km s−1, or that its halo density profile is flatter than NFW, with a DM mass deficit greater than a factor of 10 at radii r ≲ 1 kpc. Further observations may aid in constraining these scenarios better and help elucidate whether Cloud-9 is the first ever observed RELHIC, a cornerstone prediction of the ΛCDM model on the smallest scales.

Different patterns of changes in glacier mass balance and glacier runoff over the Tarim Basin, Central Asia

AbstractThe climate change impacted glacio‐hydrological regime and thus the availability of water resources in arid region of Central Asia. The effects of climate change in the magnitude or seasonality of regional glacier runoff were still poorly understood in Central Asia. In this study, the glacier runoff, components of glacier runoff, equilibrium line altitude (ELA) and Glacier Mass Balance (GMB) during 1959–2017 are evaluated by elevation‐dependent Degree‐Day glacier melt model in eight sub‐basins of Tarim Basin over Central Asia. The impacts of climate change on glacier and hydrology are assessed. The results suggested that climatic regime shifted to more warm‐wet pattern on glacier zone after 1990 in study area. The ablation and accumulation of glaciers showed different patterns in eight sub‐basins. All sub‐basins showed a glacier mass deficit and GMB displayed a marked decreasing trend, but also exhibiting discrepancy. The mean ELA and rising rate of ELA were higher in the southern region. The glacier runoff increased significantly after 1990 in Tarim Basin, with obviously temporal and spatial variations in sub‐basins. The mean annual volume of glacier runoff was 175.8 × 108 m3. The ice melt was a larger component of glacial runoff in Tarim Basin. The influence of rainfall runoff on glacier runoff was more obviously than snow melt runoff as more precipitation fell as rain in northern region. The larger proportions of snow melt runoff imply more precipitation fell as snowfall in southern region. The elevation‐dependent contributions in glacier runoff showed differences in individual basins. Temperature and precipitation played different role for the glacier runoff increases among the sub‐basins. Differences in sensitivity of GMB and glacier runoff were distinct and vary considerably. A thorough assessment of the spatially and temporally varying melt water originated by glaciers is crucial for the success of water scarcity adaptation under climate change.

Association between Muscle Mass Deficits and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Adults with Body Mass Index Less than 23 kg/m2

Association between Muscle Mass Deficits and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Adults with Body Mass Index Less than 23 kg/m²

Evaluation of Albumin, Transferrin and Transthyretin in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients as Disease Activity and Nutritional Status Biomarkers.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is often accompanied by malnutrition that manifests itself as nutrient deficiencies and body mass loss or deficit. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of albumin, transferrin and transthyretin levels in the assessment of nutritional status and IBD activity. The case-control study included 82 IBD patients. The serum concentrations of albumin, transferrin and transthyretine were determined by a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Significantly lower median concentrations of albumin were found in the IBD patients vs. controls and in CD patients compared to the UC patients. Significantly higher median transthyretin concentrations were found in the IBD patients compared to the healthy subjects. There were no significant differences in median transferrin concentrations between the IBD patients and the healthy subjects. Significantly higher albumin levels were found in IBD patients in remission compared to patients with moderate and severe exacerbation of IBD symptoms. There were no significant differences in the median transferrin or transthyretin levels in patients with IBD depending on disease activity. No differences were identified in the median transferrin or transthyretin levels in the IBD patients according to nutritional status. The median albumin concentrations in the IBD subjects were significantly higher in patients with normal body fat, normal BMI and normal waist circumferences compared to those with an abnormal nutritional status. The albumin levels reflect both nutritional status and disease activity and therefore cannot be considered a prognostic marker of malnutrition in IBD. As regards the utility of transferrin and transthyretin as markers of activity and nutritional status in IBD patients, further studies are required.

Continental Deep Subduction Versus Subduction Cessation: The Fate of Collisional Orogens

AbstractThe contrasting fates of collisional orogens, that is, continental deep subduction or subduction cessation, are widely recognized by petrological, paleomagnetic and geophysical observations. However, the mechanisms of such different collisional modes, especially the dynamics of continental deep subduction, are controversial. In this study, we integrate the phase transition‐induced density evolutions into a thermo‐mechanical numerical model. Combing the systematic petrological‐thermo‐mechanical models with force balance analysis, we find that the high metamorphic transformation degree, mildly depleted mantle composition of the subcontinental lithosphere, and a long preceding oceanic slab, increase the driving force for continental deep subduction. Additionally, the rheologically weak continental crust and asthenospheric mantle decrease the resistance force and promote deep subduction. Otherwise, the continental subduction cessation mode is favored. The calculations of slab negative buoyancy indicate that the phase transition‐induced metamorphic densification of the subducted continental crust and the mildly to moderately depleted lithospheric mantle can provide a great slab pull force to sustain the continued continental deep subduction; however, the positive buoyancy of highly depleted Archean lithospheric mantle impedes deep subduction and causes subduction cessation. Based on systematic numerical models, we also evaluate the crustal mass balance or deficit in continental collisional system, which indicates that ∼12%–47% of pre‐collisional felsic crust could be subducted deeply with the sinking slab in the regime of continental deep subduction. In contrast, the recycled felsic crust is negligible in the regime of subduction cessation. Thus, the different modes of continental collision play a crucial role in the global crustal recycling and related mantle heterogeneities.