Color Vision Deficiency Research Articles

BerryPortraits: Phenotyping Of Ripening Traits cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) with YOLOv8.

BerryPortraits (Phenotyping of Ripening Traits) is open source Python-based image-analysis software that rapidly detects and segments berriesand extracts morphometric data on fruit quality traits such as berry color, size, shape, and uniformity. Utilizing the YOLOv8 framework and community-developed, actively-maintained Python libraries such as OpenCV, BerryPortraits software was trained on 512 postharvest images (taken under controlled lighting conditions) of phenotypically diverse cranberry populations (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) from the two largest public cranberry breeding programs in the U.S. The implementation of CIELAB, an intuitive and perceptually uniform color space, enables differentiation between berry color and berry brightness, which are confounded in classic RGB color channel measurements. Furthermore, computer vision enables precise and quantifiable color phenotyping, thus facilitating inclusion of researchers and data analysts with color vision deficiency. BerryPortraits is a phenotyping tool for researchers in plant breeding, plant genetics, horticulture, food science, plant physiology, plant pathology, and related fields. BerryPortraits has strong potential applications for other specialty crops such as blueberry, lingonberry, caneberry, grape, and more. As an open source phenotyping tool based on widely-used python libraries, BerryPortraits allows anyone to use, fork, modify, optimize, and embed this software into other tools or pipelines.

Colour vision deficiency is associated with increased prevalence of amblyopia, strabismus and ametropia: a large population study

AimsTo examine the association between colour vision deficiency (CVD) and other ophthalmic disorders including amblyopia, strabismus and ametropia in a large population study.MethodsThe retrospective, cross-sectional study included 916 388 Israeli...

Efficacy of ChromaGen lenses in enhancing color perception in color vision deficiency: a critical evaluation

Aims: Despite advancements in color vision correction, evidence supporting the efficacy of ChromaGen haploscopic filter systems in improving color perception remains limited. This study primarily investigates the performance of ChromaGen lenses (CL). Methods: The study included 27 volunteers diagnosed with color vision deficiency (CVD). An anomaloscope was used to detect color vision defects. Participants underwent color vision tests (Ishihara and Panel D15) both with and without CL. The results were statistically analyzed. Results: All participants were male, aged 21 to 57. Among them, 12 (44%) had protan defect (10 protanopes, 2 protanomalies) and 15 (56%) had deutan defect (12 deuteranopes, 3 deuteranomalies). Without CL, protan defect participants read 2.0±1.0 pages on the Ishihara test, while deutan defect participants read 3.0±1.9 pages. With CL, protan defect participants read 4.5±2.2 pages and deutan defect participants read 14.2±0.9 pages, showing statistically significant improvement (p<0.05). The difference between protan and deutan groups was also statistically significant (p<0.05). In the Panel D15 test, without the use of CL 81% of individuals with protanopia and deuteranopia made significant errors, whereas participants with protanomaly and deuteranomaly performed well. No significant improvement was noted with CL in the Panel D15 results. Twenty-three participants preferred magenta and four preferred pink CL. Fifteen participants expressed interest in using CL solely to pass the Ishihara test. Conclusion: This study concludes that commercially available ChromaGen filters do not provide clinically significant evidence of improved subjective color perception. Therefore, recommending these devices to the CVD population for color perception may not be highly beneficial. However ChromaGen lenses may be used by some CVD patients to pass the Ishihara test.

Color Vision Deficiency Recognition Based on Eye-Tracking Metrics Using Machine Learning Approaches

Individuals with color vision deficiency (CVD) face many difficulties and limitations in their daily lives and professional activities, some of which may prove life-threatening. These negative factors necessitate the development of methods for the identification and classification of CVD. Because CVD is a vision impairment, it is crucial to determine if its presence can be predicted with eye behavior. An experiment was conducted using a driving simulator and eye-tracking glasses. The experiment included 27 people with CVD (12 with deuteranopia, 9 with deuteranomaly, 3 with protanopia, and 3 with protanomaly) and 10 people with normal color vision. Each participant performed multiple driving attempts with color-coded guidelines on the navigator to assess visual search ability. Based on data recorded by an eye tracker, the following three types of cross-validated models were developed: binary classification (presence and absence of CVD), a three-class model to recognize the absence of CVD, protanopia, and deuteranopia, and a five-class model to predict the absence of CVD, deuteranopia, deuteranomaly, protanopia, and protanomaly. These three models yielded respective accuracy levels of over 95%, 66%–78%, and 43%–52%. Overall, it was found that eye-tracking metrics have the potential to classify and predict CVD.

Patterns of refractive errors and visual function in school-going children in South Africa

Background: Uncorrected refractive error is the most significant contributor of VI in children and is usually detected through vision screenings or scheduled eye and vision examinations conducted among school children.Aim: To describe patterns of refractive errors (RE), visual function and amblyopia in school-going children.Setting: Mankweng, Polokwane, South Africa.Methods: Retrospective chart reviews were conducted on 837 clinical record cards of children attending selected schools and who were screened between 2019 and 2021 at the University of Limpopo Optometry clinic. Purposive sampling was used to sample the clinical record cards.Results: About 134 children (16%) reported blurred vision, 197 (23.5%) failed distance visual acuity screening, while 173 (20.7%) had RE. Myopia among 168 (9.6%) children was the most common RE, followed by astigmatism and hyperopia at 60 (4.70%) and 28 (4.4%), respectively. Furthermore, 14 (1.7%) children had anisometropia. Amblyopia, colour vision deficiency and contrast sensitivity were also detected at prevalence rates of 4.4%, 9.8% and 8.2%, respectively.Conclusion: Vision screenings and regular comprehensive eye examinations are commonly conducted to detect and manage REs to prevent or delay the onset of amblyopia and strabismus. Children had a high prevalence of RE and amblyopia, which is similar to global estimates.Contribution: To describe the pattern of REs, amblyopia and visual function, which is critical to understand the prevalence of amblyopia and associated conditions. Knowing the patterns of these conditions may provide an impetus for the implementation of strategies such as vision screenings and vision examinations in schools.

Vat photopolymerization of multifunctional fresnel lenses for ocular management.

In this study, multifunctional Fresnel lenses were explored as a potential solution for correcting vision in patients with color vision deficiency (CVD) and high myopia. Current studies have primarily focused on color vision correction through the 3D printing of glasses and contact lenses. However, the potential of 3D-printed multifunctional devices, such as Fresnel lenses, goes beyond addressing a single vision correction issue. For this study, computer-aided design (CAD) model of Fresnel lens with high diopter based on constant height configuration was developed. The CAD model was successfully fabricated using vat photopolymerization 3D printer, employing laboratory-prepared transparent HEMA resin. The resin was modified with two Atto dyes (565nm and 488nm), known for their ability to filter out problematic wavelengths (400-500nm and 540-580nm) to address color vision deficiency. The printed lenses were characterized by their chemical, physical, and optical properties using various characterization techniques. The focusing performance was evaluated using focal length measurements, and the results obtained were less than 2mm deviation from the design value, having the potential to assist in higher myopic vision correction. The resulting optical spectra were compared with commercial glasses, revealing close agreement for CVD correction. These results expand the potential applications of multifunctional Fresnel lenses in ophthalmology, demonstrating their effectiveness as vision-correcting lenses and imaging systems.

Putting Accessibility on the Map

New research demonstrates how to make radar maps more easily interpretable for people with color vision deficiency.

Impact of EnChroma glasses on red-green color vision deficiency: a prospective study.

Impact of EnChroma glasses on red-green color vision deficiency: a prospective study.

Novel color vision assessment tool: AIM Color Detection and Discrimination.

Color vision assessment is essential in clinical practice, yet different tests exhibit distinct strengths and limitations. Here we apply a psychophysical paradigm, Angular Indication Measurement (AIM) for color detection and discrimination. AIM is designed to address some of the shortcomings of existing tests, such as prolonged testing time, limited accuracy and sensitivity, and the necessity for clinician oversight. AIM presents adaptively generated charts, each a N×M (here 4×4) grid of stimuli, and participants are instructed to indicate either the orientation of the gap in a cone-isolating Landolt C optotype or the orientation of the edge between two colors in an equiluminant color space. The contrasts or color differences of the stimuli are adaptively selected for each chart based on performance of prior AIM charts. In a group of 23 color-normal and 15 people with color vision deficiency (CVD), we validate AIM color against Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR), Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test (FM100), and anomaloscope color matching diagnosis and use machine learning techniques to classify the type and severity of CVD. The results show that AIM has classification accuracies comparable to that of the anomaloscope, and while HRR and FM100 are less accurate than AIM and an anomaloscope, HRR is very rapid. We conclude that AIM is a computer-based, self-administered, response-adaptive and rapid tool with high test-retest repeatability that has the potential to be suitable for both clinical and research applications.

Image recoloring for multiple types of Color Vision Deficiency

Image recoloring for multiple types of Color Vision Deficiency

Dyschromatopsia due to welding arcs: An underestimated occupational injury

Welders are at risk of developing dyschromatopsia, a color vision deficiency, due to occupational exposure, including welding arcs. This visual impairment can impact occupational safety and performance but has received limited attention in research. : This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of defective color vision among welders exposed to welding arcs. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 52 male welders working in various industries. Demographic and occupational data were collected through a questionnaire. Color vision assessment was performed using Ishihara and Farnsworth Munsell test. Welding exposure data were collected through self-reporting and workplace observations. Chi-square test was used for data analysis. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The prevalence of defective color vision among welders was 15.4%. Age, gender, years of experience, and types of welding performed did not significantly influence the prevalence. Welders in the age group of 31-40 years showed a higher prevalence. Inadequate use of eye protection was identified as a barrier to preventing color vision impairments. Defective color vision is a prevalent occupational injury among welders exposed to welding arcs. The study underscores the importance of preventive measures, including proper eye protection and education programs, to reduce the risk of visual impairments and improve occupational safety. Further research is needed to understand the long-term consequences of welding arc exposure on color vision and its impact on worker performance.

Identifying images in the biology literature that are problematic for people with a color-vision deficiency.

To help maximize the impact of scientific journal articles, authors must ensure that article figures are accessible to people with color-vision deficiencies (CVDs), which affect up to 8% of males and 0.5% of females. We evaluated images published in biology- and medicine-oriented research articles between 2012 and 2022. Most included at least one color contrast that could be problematic for people with deuteranopia ('deuteranopes'), the most common form of CVD. However, spatial distances and within-image labels frequently mitigated potential problems. Initially, we reviewed 4964 images from eLife, comparing each against a simulated version that approximated how it might appear to deuteranopes. We identified 636 (12.8%) images that we determined would be difficult for deuteranopes to interpret. Our findings suggest that the frequency of this problem has decreased over time and that articles from cell-oriented disciplines were most often problematic. We used machine learning to automate the identification of problematic images. For a hold-out test set from eLife (n=879), a convolutional neural network classified the images with an area under the precision-recall curve of 0.75. The same network classified images from PubMed Central (n=1191) with an area under the precision-recall curve of 0.39. We created a Web application (https://bioapps.byu.edu/colorblind_image_tester); users can upload images, view simulated versions, and obtain predictions. Our findings shed new light on the frequency and nature of scientific images that may be problematic for deuteranopes and motivate additional efforts to increase accessibility.

Identifying images in the biology literature that are problematic for people with a color-vision deficiency

Identifying images in the biology literature that are problematic for people with a color-vision deficiency

Distribution of color vision deficiency among school children in Moradabad District, India: A cross-sectional study

Purpose: This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence and distribution of color vision deficiency (CVD) among school children aged 6–16 in the Moradabad district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Methods: Between November 1, 2022, and March 31, 2023, a multidisciplinary team conducted school-based eye screening camps, screening 1329 students from four schools. The screening included visual acuity measurement, refraction, ocular alignment evaluation, and Ishihara’s plate test for CVD. Results: Ocular examinations conducted on 1329 students from four schools unveiled a range of ocular conditions. These included bilateral moderate ptosis in 0.1%, nystagmus in 0.1%, hypermetropia in 0.6%, myopia in 7.0%, astigmatism in 2.8%, and pseudophakic in 0.1% of students. The study identified CVD in 2.4% of participants (2.8% of males and 2.2% of females). Further breakdown revealed a 2.4% prevalence on the right and 1.5% on the left, with red and green color vision deficiencies observed. Notably, primary education, middle education, and secondary education levels showed CVD prevalence of 0.4%, 0.97%, and 0.97%, respectively. Conclusion: The study contributes valuable insights into ocular morbidities, emphasizing the prevalence of CVD among school children in the Moradabad district. The findings underscore the need for tailored interventions, early screening, and awareness campaigns to address the specific needs of affected children in diverse geographical and educational settings.

Empowering Inclusivity: Understanding and Designing for Color Vision Deficiency in Consumer Behavior and Product Packaging

Empowering Inclusivity: Understanding and Designing for Color Vision Deficiency in Consumer Behavior and Product Packaging

Learning to be a colour-blind doctor.

Colour-vision deficiency is common among medical students, doctors and their patients. Although it can influence choice of careers, it can also put patient safety at risk if not recognised and adapted to early in a health professional's working life. Simple recommendations to support medical students, doctors and their patients are provided to support better health outcomes.

EEG-Based Methods for Diagnosing Color Vision Deficiency: A Comprehensive Review

Color vision deficiency (CVD) is one of the most common disorders related to visual impairment. Individuals with this condition are unable to differentiate between colors due to the absence or impairment of one or more color photoreceptors in their retinas. This disorder can be diagnosed through multiple approaches. This review paper provides a comprehensive summary of studies on applying Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) technology for diagnosing CVD. The main purpose of this review is to help researchers understand how BCI can be further developed and utilized for diagnosing CVD in the future.

Cautionary remarks on the planetary boundary visualisation

Abstract. The planetary boundary (PB) concept has captured attention across academia and the public alike. Its unique visual representation has been key to the development of the concept and its dissemination. In this commentary, we outline three areas of concern to facilitate further enhancement in the PB concept’s visualisation. First, the radial bar plot leads to a quadratic scaling of the effect sizes. Second, the colour gradations denoting the risk of each boundary transgression use complex non-linear patterns, which complicates interpretation. Third, non-linearly distorted colour scales and their fading make the visual perception for people suffering from colour-vision deficiency even more challenging or impossible. The conjunction of quadratic effect scaling and specific colour coding may unintentionally amplify the perception of high-risk areas. We recommend a careful revision of the visual language employed in PB communication. Addressing these concerns will make the PB visualisation a more accurate base for decision-makers.

A dual-parameter evaluation method for color-enhancement technologies and its application to lighting-spectrum optimization for color-deficient observers

Over 200 million people worldwide suffer from color vision deficiency (CVD), leading to a compromised perception of the color world. Despite the availability of various color enhancement technologies (CETs), assessing their actual performance has remained challenging due to the lack of a comprehensive evaluation method. In this paper, we propose a dual-parameter metric system that quantitatively evaluates CETs' capacity to improve CDOs' color discrimination ability and color fidelity relative to color-normal observers (CNOs). We validated this method by comparing its evaluation results with those of prior studies that relied on psychophysical experiments. Our proposed dual-parameter evaluation system can also be employed to optimize CET-based solutions. As a preliminary exploration, we optimized lighting spectra using LED color mixing for CVD-friendly illumination applications, which demonstrated a clear improvement in color vision for color-deficient observers while maintaining good color fidelity for CNOs’ color vision.

Visually communicating pathological changes: A case study on the effectiveness of phong versus outline shading

In this paper, we investigate the suitability of different visual representations of pathological growth and shrinkage using surface models of intracranial aneurysms and liver tumors. By presenting complex medical information in a visually accessible manner, audiences can better understand and comprehend the progression of pathological structures. Previous work in medical visualization provides an extensive design space for visualizing medical image data. However, determining which visualization techniques are appropriate for a general audience has not been thoroughly investigated.We conducted a user study (n = 40) to evaluate different visual representations in terms of their suitability for solving tasks and their aesthetics. We created surface models representing the evolution of pathological structures over multiple discrete time steps and visualized them using illumination-based and illustrative techniques. Our results indicate that users’ aesthetic preferences largely coincide with their preferred visualization technique for task-solving purposes. In general, the illumination-based technique has been preferred to the illustrative technique, but the latter offers great potential for increasing the accessibility of visualizations to users with color vision deficiencies.