Iodine Deficiency Research Articles

Influence of storage duration on the amount of iodine in food ingredients

Iodine has an undeniable effect on the vital systems of the human body, and its deficiency or excess can have harmful consequences. Measures for the mass prevention of iodine deficiency diseases mainly include the fortification of publicly available food products with iodine-containing food ingredients. The results of the study showed that the amount of iodine in ingredients such as iodized salt and dried kelp can decrease during storage, even if storage conditions and expiration dates are met. Quantitative analysis of iodine and iodotyrosines in dietary supplements containing the organic form of iodine showed good stability of the compounds throughout the shelf life. Quantitative analysis of molecular iodine in the objects was carried out using the voltammetric method, based on the results of which “box-and-whisker” diagrams were compiled, displaying the measurement error, with a tendency for iodine in the research objects to decrease during storage. Quantitative analysis of the organic form of iodine (iodotyrosines) was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrophotometric detection. Based on the results obtained, histograms were compiled, reflecting changes in the ratio of monoiodotyrosines and diiodotyrosines and a decrease in the concentration of iodotyrosines depending on the shelf life.

Global burden and cross-country inequalities of nutritional deficiencies in adults aged 65 years and older, 1990–2021: population-based study using the GBD 2021

Background/objectivesNutritional deficiencies remain significant public health issues in older populations globally. This study evaluates the burden, trends, and cross-country inequalities of four common nutritional deficiencies (protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and dietary iron deficiency) in older adults from 1990 to 2021.MethodsAge-standardised prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of these deficiencies in people aged ≥ 65 years at global, regional, and national levels were estimated from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. Cross-country inequalities in disease burden were quantified using the slope index and concentration index, standard health equity methods recommended by the World Health Organization.ResultsGlobally, age-standardised prevalence rates of protein-energy malnutrition increased from 1407.16 per 100 000 population in 1990 to 2015.58 in 2021, with an AAPC of 1.18 (1.08–1.28), showing significant changes in 2015 and 2019, which were turning points in the joinpoint regression. Age-standardised prevalence rates of iodine, vitamin A, and dietary iron deficiencies decreased, with AAPCs of -0.49 (-0.53 to -0.44), -3.24 (-3.27 to -3.20), and − 0.14 (-0.17 to -0.12), respectively. Except for an increase in the DALY rate of vitamin A deficiency (AAPC 0.40), the DALY rates of the other three deficiencies decreased. Inequality in the burden of protein-energy malnutrition and iodine deficiency between high- and low-income countries narrowed, while inequality for vitamin A and dietary iron deficiencies remained stable. Age-standardised DALY rates for all deficiencies decreased as sociodemographic index increased.ConclusionsThe global status of nutritional deficiency among older adults has improved since 1990, but the increasing prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition requires attention. Additionally, cross-country health inequalities persist, necessitating more efficient public health measures.

Low maternal iodine intake and subsequent risk of pharmacologically treated hypertension: A population-based prospective cohort study.

Iodine deficiency is linked to multiple adverse health outcomes, but there is scarce knowledge regarding iodine intake and development of chronic hypertension. We aimed to investigate the prospective association between habitual dietary iodine intake and pharmacologically treated hypertension in mothers up to 10 years after delivery. The present study is based on data from an ongoing pregnancy cohort and includes 58,629 women without thyroid dysfunction and hypertension at baseline. The study outcome was new-onset hypertension defined according to antihypertensive medication use initiated 90 days after delivery registered in the national prescription database. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) using Cox regression models. During a median follow-up duration of 7.1 years, a total of 1422 (2.4%) women developed new-onset hypertension. There was a non-linear association between dietary iodine intake and new-onset hypertension. Women with iodine intakes lower than 100μg/day had significantly higher risk than those with iodine intakes in the recommended range 150-199μg/day (adjusted HR, 1.29; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.53). This was evident in normotensive pregnancies (adjusted HR 1.25; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.54) and in women with gestational hypertension (adjusted HR 1.35; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.83). The association between low iodine intake and hypertension remained in all sensitivity analyses considering pre-pregnancy and pregnancy-related factors. This study suggests that women with iodine intakes below 100μg/day have a higher likelihood of new-onset hypertension and adds supporting evidence to the importance of correcting mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age.

Global Burden of Iodine Deficiency: Insights and Projections to 2050 Using XGBoost and SHAP

Global Burden of Iodine Deficiency: Insights and Projections to 2050 Using XGBoost and SHAP

The influence of fructose on structural and metabolic features of the tooth-jaw system of rats under conditions of iodine deficiency

The aim of the study was to investigate an oxidative processes intensity and structural organisation of hard and soft periodontal tissues in rats under conditions of high-fructose diet against the background of iodine deficiency (research group) and standard diet and drinking regime (intact animals). It was found that carbohydrate metabolism was impaired in rats of the research group (glucose content increased by 63.3%, insulin – by 48.2% in blood serum, glycated haemoglobin of whole blood – by 2.1 time, HOMAIR index – by 2.1 times compared to the data in intact rats) and thyroid status (free triiodothyronine and thyroxine content in blood serum decreased by 46.8 and 42.7%, respectively, compared to the control). Under such conditions, the intensity of lipid and protein peroxidation processes in periodontal tissues increases. In particular, the accumulation of diene conjugates and products that react to thiobarbituric acid in the mucous membrane of the alveolar process (by 19.0 and 7.1 times), in the teeth pulp (by 2.2 and 6.3 times) compared to the values in intact animals was found. The activation of peroxidative destruction of proteins is confirmed by an increase in the content of all fractions of their oxidative modification in the studied tissues by 2.8-8.4 times compared to the control values. The results of the histological examination of the alveolar process indicate thinning of the periosteum, disruption of the structural organisation of osteon, reduction in the thickness of bone trabeculae (by 21.8%), optical density of the osteogenic matrix (by 8.9%), area of intertrabecular connective tissue (by 61.0%). Mucosal edema of connective tissue, accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, hypertrophy of all epithelial layers (basal, prickle, keratinized layers – by 25.5-55.9%, granular layer – by 2.3 times), changes of the microcirculatory net were observed in the mucous membrane of the alveolar process. Thus, the combination of high-fructose and iodine-deficient diets causes the development of oxidative stress and destructive changes of the dentoalveolar complex of research animals, which characterises an increase of the risks of dental pathology development.

Trajectories of Maternal Urinary Iodine Concentration Are Associated With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

The relationship between iodine status and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is inconclusive. This study aimed to explore the trajectories of urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) in pregnant women before GDM diagnosis and to assess the associations between maternal UIC trajectories and the risk of developing GDM. A prospective cohort study was conducted in China. Data from 1076 pregnant women who were recruited between August 2019 and December 2021 were analyzed. GDM screening was performed at the 28th week of pregnancy. Arsenic and cerium catalysis spectrophotometry was used to measure UIC. The latent class model was used to identify distinct UIC trajectories in pregnant women, using multiple urine specimens. We evaluated the association of UIC trajectories with the risk of GDM by logistic regression analysis. Three maternal UIC trajectories were identified: (1) high-stable trajectory (72.12%), (2) high-decreasing trajectory (3.07%), and (3) low-stable trajectory (24.81%). Compared with the pregnant women in high-stable trajectory group, women in the low-stable UIC trajectory group showed an increased risk of GDM before adjustment of covariates (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.08-2.27). After adjusting for different covariates, a statistically significant association was observed only between low-stable trajectory trajectories and GDM. This study highlights a relationship between UIC and the risk of GDM. To better prevent iodine deficiency and GDM, persistent sufficient iodine status from pregnancy to delivery, should be emphasized.

Comparative Analysis of Iodine Levels, Biochemical Responses, and Thyroid Gene Expression in Rats Fed Diets with Kale Biofortified with 5,7-Diiodo-8-Quinolinol.

Iodine is a key micronutrient essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormone, which regulates metabolic processes and maintains overall health. Despite its importance, iodine deficiency is a global health issue, leading to disorders such as goiter, hypothyroidism, and developmental abnormalities. Biofortification of crops with iodine is a promising strategy to enhance the dietary iodine intake, providing an alternative to iodized salt. Curly kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) is a nutrient-rich vegetable high in vitamins A, C, K; minerals; fiber; and bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxifying properties. This study evaluates the effects of diets containing iodine-biofortified curly kale ('Oldenbor F1' and 'Redbor F1') on iodine content, tissue iodine levels, and various biochemical parameters in laboratory rats. The biofortified curly kale was enriched with 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol. The iodine content in the AIN-93G (control) diet and the non-biofortified curly kale diets did not differ significantly. However, diets with 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol biofortified kale showed significantly higher iodine levels compared with the control diets. Tissue analysis revealed the highest iodine concentrations in the liver and kidneys of rats fed diets with biofortified curly kale, indicating better iodine bioavailability. Biochemical analysis showed that rats fed the biofortified kale diet had lower total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels compared with rats fed the control diet. Additionally, the biofortified diet improved the liver function markers (ALAT, ASAT) and reduced oxidative stress markers (TBARS). The study also investigated the expression of thyroid-related genes (Slc5A5, Tpo, Dio1, Dio2) in response to diets containing biofortified kale. The results demonstrated significant changes in gene expression, indicating adaptive mechanisms to dietary iodine levels and the presence of bioactive compounds in the biofortified kale. The study also observed variations in uric acid levels, with lower concentrations in rats fed a diet with biofortified curly kale. Biofortified curly kale supports thyroid function and improves liver and kidney health by reducing oxidative stress and modulating key biochemical and genetic markers. These findings suggest that biofortified curly kale can effectively increase dietary iodine intake as a nutritional intervention to address iodine deficiency and promote overall health.

Evaluation of iodine and selenium level and thyroid functions in patients with cystic fibrosis.

There is limited research on thyroid function in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). This study aimed to determine the frequency of thyroid dysfunction in children and adolescents with CF and to evaluate iodine deficiency and selenium status in pwCF. Sixty-two CF patients and 62 control subjects were evaluated. The anthropometric measurements, nutritional status, FEV1(Forced-expiratory-volume in 1 s) percentage, thyroid function tests (TSH, FT4, FT3), urinary iodine and selenium levels, hospitalization status in the last six months, antibiotic usage, and colonization status with staphylococcus or pseudomonas were assessed for the cases. The mean age of the patient group was 10.84±4.04 years. All CF patients were receiving multivitamin supplementation. Malnutrition was present in 50 % of patients, bacterial colonization in 29 %, FEV1 decrease in 38.5 %, subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) in 12.9 %, iodine deficiency in 87 % and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in 100 %. T3 levels were found to be higher in pwCF. No significant difference was found between malnutrition and FEV1 and urinary iodine and selenium levels. Compared to the control group, pwCF had lower urinary iodine levels. To the best of our knowledge, our study is one of the few in the literature to investigate urinary selenium levels alongside iodine in PwCF. Further research is needed to clarify and interpret elevated urinary selenium levels inthis context. It was shown that iodine deficiency and the rate of SH were relatively high in pwCF. However, it was still thought that correcting iodine deficiency in these patients could improve thyroid dysfunction associated with CF.

Socio-economic inequality in the nutritional deficiencies among the world countries: evidence from global burden of disease study 2019

BackgroundSocioeconomic inequality in nutritional status as one of the main social determinants of health can lead to inequality in health outcomes. In the present study, the socioeconomic inequality in the burden of nutritional deficiencies among the countries of the world using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data was investigated.MethodsBurden data of nutritional deficiencies and its subsets including protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and dietary iron deficiency form GBD study and Human Development Index (HDI), a proxy for the socio-economic status of countries, from united nations database were collected. After descriptive statistics, the concentration index (CI) curve was used to measure socioeconomic inequality. CI for nutritional deficiencies was estimated based on Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY), Years Lived with Disability (YLD), Years of Life Lost (YLL), prevalence, incidence and death indices. Moreover, CI of DALY and prevalence was estimated and reported for four nutritional deficiencies subgroups.ResultsCIs for DALY, YLD, YLL, prevalence, incidence and death rate show negative values and their, which indicates the concentration of nutritional deficiencies burden among lower HDI countries. The highest value of CI (lowest inequality) for DALY was related to iodine deficiency (-0.3401) and the lowest (highest inequality) was related to vitamin A deficiency (-0.5884). Also, the highest value of CI for prevalence was related to protein-energy malnutrition (-0.1403) and the lowest was related to vitamin A deficiency (-0.4308). Results also show the inequality in DALY was greater than the disparity in prevalence for all subgroups of nutritional deficiencies.ConclusionsInequality in burden of nutritional deficiencies and protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency and dietary iron deficiency are concentrated in countries with low HDI, so there is pro- poor inequality. Findings indicate that although malnutrition occurs more in low-income countries, due to the weakness of health care systems in these countries, the inequality in the final consequences of malnutrition such as DALY becomes much deeper. More attention should be paid to the development of prevention and primary treatment measures in low HDI countries, such as improving nutrition-related health education, nutritional support and early aggressive treatment, and also eliminating hunger.

Analysis of the current status and related factors of iodine nutrition levels among adults aged 18 years and above in Zhejiang Province in 2022

Objective: To analyze the iodine nutrition status and its related factors among adults aged 18 years and above in Zhejiang Province in 2022. Methods: A multistage stratified sampling method was used to select 4 320 adults aged 18 years and above from 16 on-site survey sites in Zhejiang Province for the study. A questionnaire was used to investigate the general demographic information and personal dietary characteristics of the study participants. Household edible salt and urine samples were collected to detect salt iodine content and urinary iodine level by using direct titration and cerium arsenate-catalyzed spectrophotometry, respectively, to evaluate the iodine nutritional status according to the standard. The multiple-ordered logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors influencing the urinary iodine concentration. Results: The age of the 4 320 study participants was (51.19±15.33) years, with males accounting for 44.44% (1 920). About 40.16% of adults (1 735) were from coastal areas and 56.37% (2 435) from urban areas. The salt iodine content, M (Q1, Q3), of the 4 320 household edible salt samples was 21.10 (0.00, 24.16) mg/kg, including 1 662 non-iodized salt samples, 182 unqualified iodized salt samples and 2 476 qualified iodized salt samples. The rate of iodized salt coverage was 61.53%, and the rate of qualified iodized salt consumption was 57.31%. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of qualified iodized salt in adult households among different regions (P<0.001), with the proportion of non-iodized salt gradually decreasing from coastal to inland areas (χ2trend=618.458, P<0.001). The urinary iodine concentration M (Q1, Q3) was 137.60 (86.85, 210.60) μg/L in 4 320 adult urine samples, with the urinary iodine levels of<100, 100-199, 200-299, and≥300 μg/L accounting for 31.64% (1 367), 40.56% (1 752), 17.66% (763), and 10.14% (438), respectively. There was a nonlinear positive correlation between household salt iodine content and urinary iodine level in adults aged 18 years and above by using the χ2 test for trend (χ2regression=231.10, P<0.001 and χ2skew=28.81, P<0.001). Urinary iodine concentrations were higher in men than in women (P=0.029) and higher in adults in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.001). There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of iodine nutritional status among adults of different ages, regions, and urban and rural areas (all P<0.001). The proportion of those with urinary iodine levels<100 μg/L gradually increased with age (χ2trend=37.493, P<0.001), and gradually decreased from coastal areas to inland areas (χ2trend=71.381, P<0.001). The results of the multiple-ordered logistic regression model analysis showed that compared with adults aged 18 to 44 years and male adults, those aged 45 to 59 years and female adults had lower urinary iodine levels, with OR (95%CI) of 0.75 (0.68-0.83) and 0.85 (0.76-0.95), respectively. Compared with adults in coastal and urban adults, those in sub-coastal, inland and rural adults had higher levels of urinary iodine, with OR (95%CI) of 1.89 (1.63-2.19), 2.02 (1.72-2.37) and 1.46 (1.28-1.66), respectively. Conclusion: The overall iodine nutrition level of adults aged 18 years and above in Zhejiang Province in 2022 is generally appropriate. However, there is a potential risk of iodine deficiency among adults in coastal areas.

A sentinel survey in remote Western Thailand indicates that school-aged children and reproductive-aged women of the Indigenous Pwo Karen community are iodine sufficient.

Indigenous peoples are often not routinely included in iodine programmes because of language barriers and remote access and may thus be at higher risk of iodine deficiency disorders, which could adversely impact their quality of life. We conducted this cross-sectional study in the remote Pwo Karen community of Thailand to determine the urinary iodine concentration of school-aged children and women of reproductive age and investigate the iodine content in household salt. We measured urinary iodine concentration in spot urine samples from healthy school-aged children and women of reproductive age, administered a questionnaire, estimated daily iodine intake and collected household salt samples to determine salt iodine concentration. The median urinary iodine concentration (range) of school-aged children (n 170) was 192 (136-263) µg/l, which was significantly higher than women of reproductive age (n 306) (147 (89-233) µg/l) (P < 0·001). The estimated daily iodine intake in school-aged children and women of reproductive age were 135 and 195 μg/d, respectively. The median (range) iodine concentration in rock and granulated salts consumed in the households were 2·32 (0·52-3·19) and 26·64 (20·86-31·01) ppm, respectively. Surprisingly, the use of iodised salt and the frequency of seafood consumption were NS predictors of urinary iodine concentration in these two groups. Our data suggest that school children and women of the Pwo Karen community have sufficient iodine intake, indicating the Thai salt iodisation programme is effectively reaching even this isolated Indigenous community. Sentinel surveys of remote vulnerable populations can be a useful tool in national iodine programmes to ensure that programme coverage is truly universal.

Nutrient Profiling Models in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Considering Local Nutritional Challenges: A Systematic Review.

Micronutrient deficiencies, undernutrition, and overweight/obesity are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Nutrient profiling models (NPMs), initially developed to help reduce the prevalence of diet-related chronic diseases in Western countries, could be one solution to promote nutrient-dense foods in LMICs. This study reviewed government-endorsed NPMs implemented in LMICs and assessed their key components in relation to country-specific nutritional challenges. The peer-reviewed and grey literature were systematically reviewed to identify government-endorsed NPMs implemented in LMICs to promote healthier choices among adults. Their key metrics, including scope, components, units, and validation method, were extracted. The prevalence of undernutrition; overweight/obesity; and iron, vitamin A, and iodine deficiencies were extracted from the Global Health Observatory and the Global Burden of Disease study. NPMs have been implemented in 16 LMICs to encourage healthier choices, mostly through front-of-pack labeling schemes. Warning Label schemes are used to strongly discourage the consumption of energy-dense products in countries where overnutrition affects most of the population, such as Latin American LMICs. A "Keyhole" front-of-pack labeling scheme was implemented only in North Macedonia. It limits sugar, fat, and salt while promoting fibers, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes to prevent overnutrition and diet-related chronic diseases. "Choices" schemes that focus on positive messages have been implemented in Southeast Asia and Zambia where over- and undernutrition coexist. "Choices" criteria encourage the consumption of category-specific vitamins and minerals, in addition to advocating limiting certain nutrients. In LMICs, NPMs focus on discouraging the consumption of sugar, fat, and salt. Additionally, NPMs promote category-specific micronutrients in countries where undernutrition remains prevalent or food components associated with a reduced risk of diet-related chronic diseases, including whole grains and fibers, in countries where overnutrition is the main nutrition-related public health issue. This study was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42023468807.

Nitric oxide synthase system in the brain development of neonatal hypothyroid rats

Thyroid hormones play an important morphogenetic role during the fetal and neonatal periods and regulate numerous metabolic processes. In the central nervous system, they control myelination and overall brain development, regional gene expression, and regulation of oxygen consumption. Their deficiency in the fetal and neonatal periods causes severe mental retardation, due to lack of thyroid function, or to iodine deficiency. At the same time, nitric oxide is an atypical neurotransmitter that also has special relevance in neuronal development and plasticity and functions as a vasodilator, regulating cerebral blood flow. Although under physiological conditions it functions as a neuroprotector, in excess it can be neurotoxic. We have studied, by immunocytochemical and Western blot techniques, the evolution of the expression of neuronal and inducible isoforms of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase, and of nitrotyrosine as a marker of protein nitration produced by the presence of nitric oxide, during the early stages of postnatal brain development. We induced hypothyroidism by administering mercaptomethylimidazole to pregnant mothers, from the seventh day of gestation until the sacrifice of the offspring. The results show a delay in the evolution of the expression of the two isoforms of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase in hypothyroid animals, followed by an anomalous overexpression in later stages. Finally, the expression of nitrotyrosine follows an evolution that is synchronized with that shown by both isoenzymes in control and hypothyroid animals.

COMPLIANCY TO LEVOTHYROXINE TREATMENT AND THE RATE OF DISEASE CONTROL FOR PATIENTS WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM IN DUHOK CITY

ABSTRACT Background: Hypothyroidism is one of the most prevalent endocrine diseases, affecting nearly 200 million people globally, with around 60% of those affected remaining undiagnosed. The incidence of hypothyroidism has been shown to have increased recently, becoming a worldwide health problem. It accounts for 30-40% of the patients seen in endocrinology departments and clinics. Iodine deficiency is the most prevalent cause of hypothyroidism, with data showing that around 2 billion people suffer from insufficient iodine intake.ke Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 309 adults with hypothyroidism who had been receiving Levothyroxine for 8 weeks or more at Azadi General &amp; Teaching Hospital from July 10, 2023, to August 25, 2023. The planned sample size was chosen to facilitate accurate estimates of the rate of control and adherence to treatment. No formal study visits were conducted, and patients were approached for participation during their routine clinic visits. Results: In our study of 309 hypothyroidism patients treated with levothyroxine for 8 weeks to 25 years, we found that 54.37% achieved optimal disease control, 37.22% did not achieve control, and 8.41% were overcorrected. Patients with full adherence to levothyroxine had significantly better TSH control compared to those with poor adherence (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: In this study, we observed poor treatment compliance rates, with only around half of the patients achieving disease control. Additionally, a significant proportion of patients were found to be overweight or obese.

ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTEGRATED TREATMENT IN ADOLESCENTS WITH CHRONIC CATARRHAL GINGIVITIS LIVING IN ENVIRONMENTALLY COMPROMISED AREAS

The challenging ecological situation in Western Ukraine, coupled with natural geochemical factors such as deficiencies in fluorine and iodine, contributes to the deterioration of children's somatic and dental health. This underscores the urgent need to develop comprehensive treatment and preventive strategies to mitigate pathological processes in periodontal tissues and enhance treatment outcomes. Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of treating chronic catarrhal gingivitis in children residing in environmentally polluted areas with iodine and fluorine deficiencies (the cities of Yavoriv and Zhydachiv). The study observed children aged 12–15, comprising 59 participants in the main group and 42 in the control group (from the city of Lviv, considered an ecologically clean region). Children in the main group were treated according to a specialized protocol developed for the study, while those in the control group received treatment per the Ministry of Health of Ukraine's protocols for “Therapeutic Dentistry”. Methods. The treatment regimen for chronic catarrhal gingivitis in the main group included: local measures such as Professional oral hygiene, traditional anti-inflammatory agents (tinctures of chamomile, St. John’s wort, calendula), applications of “Holisal” gel on the gingival surface, use of “Lacalut Aktiv Herbal” toothpaste and “Lacalut Aktiv” mouthwash; systemic treatment including “Kinder Biovital Lecithin” gel to enhance immune system function, “Ascorutin” to reduce capillary fragility and permeability. This multifaceted approach aimed to address both local and systemic factors influencing periodontal health in children from ecologically compromised regions. Results and discussion. The evaluation of the immediate results of the treatment was carried out visually, taking into account the change in clinical symptoms (on 5-6 days) and with the help of periodontal and hygienic indices, immunological indicators. Periodontal status was assessed by papillary-marginal alveolar indices, communal periodontal index and gingival bleeding index. Oral hygiene was assessed by the Fedorov-Volodkina index. In order to assess the adaptive capabilities of the body and determine the risk factors for periodontal tissue lesions, the content of leukocytes in the oral fluid of children was evaluated. In the initial period of the treatment course, we found a decrease in the values ​​of periodontal indices in both the main and control groups. On the 5-6th day after the start of treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis, the value of the papillary-marginal alveolar index in the main group was 20.16±1.95% that was significantly lower compared to the control group, 33.21±1.82%. Following the treatment, a decrease in the bleeding index was found in the children of the main group accounting 0.94±0.11 points versus 1.42±0.15 points in the control group. Analyzing the changes in the communal periodontal index, a more significant decrease was found in the children of the main group (1.09±0.15 points) compared to the control group (1.39±0.16 points). Along with the normalization of the clinical condition of the periodontal tissues in children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis who were under our observation, an improvement in oral hygiene was noted, which, in our opinion, can be due to the implementation of professional hygiene, quality control of tooth brushing, as well as conversations on hygiene education with children and their parents. This is confirmed by indicators of the hygienic index of Fedorov-Volodkina. Since local immunity is a sensitive indicator of the effect of external and internal environmental factors, we determined the concentration of leukocytes in the oral fluid 5-6 days after the treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis. It is worth noting that after treatment for 5-6 days, the number of leukocytes in the oral fluid of children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis in the study groups significantly decreased. Thus, in the children of the main group, the number of leukocytes was 205.14±4.28 × 106 /l and 220.40±4.21 × 106 /l in the control group, which was significantly lower than the corresponding values ​​before treatment (р&lt;0 ,01). Thus, the study results have demonstrated the described treatment course can significantly normalize and improve the condition of periodontal tissues and oral hygiene in the children of the main group with chronic catarrhal gingivitis that is confirmed by oral hygiene indices and laboratory findings.

The relationship between excessive iodine during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy complications.

Iodine nutrition during pregnancy plays an important role in fetal development and maternal outcomes. Iodine deficiency has been proved to be associated with maternal thyroid dysfunction, adverse fetal outcomes and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. At present, there are few studies concentrate on the effects of iodine excess during pregnancy on thyroid function, maternal and neonatal outcomes, and the results are still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of excessive iodine status on thyroid function, glycolipid metabolism, and maternal and neonatal outcomes. A total of 595 pregnant women who gave birth at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2023 to December 2023 were included in this study. Blood and urine samples were collected during the second trimester of pregnancy. Thyroid function include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) were measured. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were collected. Participants were divided into four groups based on UIC, with median UIC values of 100.5, 200, 314.2, and 655 μg/L, respectively. UIC was found to be positively associated with TSH, and negatively associated with FT3 and FT4. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were elevated both in iodine deficiency and excess group. A U-shaped relationship between UIC and thyroid dysfunction were found. Iodine deficiency, excess iodine and even more than adequate iodine can lead to increased incidence of thyroid diseases such as isolated hypothyroxinaemia and overt hyperthyroidism. Importantly, iodine excess was found to be related with higher prevalence of umbilical cord around neck and eclampsia as well as higher blood glucose and low-density lipoprotein(LDL) level. Abnormal iodine status especially iodine excess during pregnancy was found to be related with higher prevalence of adverse mother and fetus outcomes, abnormal blood glucose and lipid level.

View on various clinical determinants of thyroid neoplasms based on their histopathological patterns

Background. Most thyroid cancers are differentiated, either follicular or papillary, and respond effectively to radioactive iodine therapy. Aim of study. To investigate the histopathological types of thyroid cancer and their relationship to certain demographic and clinical characteristics. Methods. A retrospective observational study with an analytic component was conducted over six months (May to November 2023). It included 120 patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer, selected from oncology department records. The following information was collected: age, gender, occupation, smoking status, family history of thyroid malignancy, tumor stage according to the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging, thyroid status, clinical presentation, ultrasound details, and histopathological report. Results. In this study, 68.3% of cases presented as goiter, and lymphadenopathy was observed in 18.3%. The most prevalent histological type was papillary carcinoma. Of the papillary cases, 80.6% were staged as T1, compared to 23.5% of follicular carcinoma cases. In papillary carcinoma, 38.9% had a tumor size &lt; 1 cm³, while 76.5% of follicular carcinoma cases had a tumor size &gt; 2 cm³. Lymphadenopathy was seen in 47.1% of follicular carcinoma cases, compared to 11.1% in papillary carcinoma cases. Regarding clinical presentation, goiter was found in 72.2% of papillary cases compared to 17.6% of follicular cases, with these differences being statistically significant. Conclusion. Thyroid cancer is more common in younger age groups and in females. The papillary form accounts for the majority of cases, suggesting that iodine deficiency is not a significant factor for most patients. Histopathological features may help predict the degree of lymph node metastasis.

Iodine Accumulation and Distribution in Carrots (Daucus carota L.)

Iodine is a critical trace element necessary for human and animal health owing to its role in thyroid hormone synthesis. Despite its importance, iodine deficiency remains a global health concern. Traditional methods to address this issue, such as salt iodization, face challenges like iodine loss during storage and cooking. The biofortification of plants, particularly carrots, offers a promising alternative. This study investigates iodine accumulation and distribution in carrots biofortified with potassium iodide (KI) and potassium iodate (KIO3) using single extraction at elevated temperatures with tetramethylammonium hydroxide followed by iodine determination by ICP-MS. Results show that iodine biofortification significantly increases the iodine content of various parts of the carrot, especially the leaves and the root peels. Carrots treated with iodate accumulate 2.7 times more iodine than those treated with iodide. The leaves exhibit the highest iodine content, particularly in iodate-treated plants, where levels can be over 24 times higher than those of control carrots. Root peel and roots also accumulate substantial amounts of iodine, with the iodate treatment resulting in 5.42 mg·kg−1 and 3.75 mg·kg−1 dry weight, respectively. The potential application of biofortified carrots can help meet human dietary iodine requirements; additionally, iodine-rich carrot leaves as livestock feed offer a sustainable approach to increasing the iodine intake in animals.

In Vivo Bioavailability and In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Iodine in Edible Seaweeds: Method Development and Health Implications.

Both iodine (I) deficiency and I excess can adversely affect human health. Seaweed consumption is one of the most important natural sources for I. This study assessed I relative bioavailability (RBA) in seaweed using an in vivo mouse model and compared it with I bioaccessibility measured by three in vitro methods (Physiologically Based Extraction Test (PBET), the Solubility Bioaccessibility Research Consortium (SBRC), and the Unified Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe Method (UBM)). Total I concentrations in 26 seaweed samples from four species ranged from 52.4 to 1322 mg/kg of dry weight. The I RBA varied from 18.5% to 89.0%, significantly influenced by inorganic I percentage (r = 0.50, p < 0.01) and total dietary fiber contents (r = -0.28, p < 0.05) in seaweeds. The I bioaccessibility varied among species and methods and were affected by the pH of gastric solution, as well as the structural changes in seaweed during in vitro extraction. Correlation analysis demonstrated that PBET was the best predictor for I RBA (R2 = 0.64). These results developed an appropriate in vitro method for predicting I bioavailability in seaweeds, which is highly beneficial for the accurate assessment for I dietary intake.

The Impact of Parental Preconception Nutrition, Body Weight, and Exercise Habits on Offspring Health Outcomes: A Narrative Review.

An increasing number of studies highlight the critical role of both maternal and paternal nutrition and body weight before conception in shaping offspring health. Traditionally, research has focused on maternal factors, particularly in utero exposures, as key determinants of chronic disease development. However, emerging evidence underscores the significant influence of paternal preconception health on offspring metabolic outcomes. While maternal health remains vital, with preconception nutrition playing a pivotal role in fetal development, paternal obesity and poor nutrition are linked to increased risks of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in children. This narrative review aims to synthesize recent findings on the effects of both maternal and paternal preconception health, emphasizing the need for integrated early interventions. The literature search utilized PubMed, UNF One Search, and Google Scholar, focusing on RCTs; cohort, retrospective, and animal studies; and systematic reviews, excluding non-English and non-peer-reviewed articles. The findings of this review indicate that paternal effects are mediated by epigenetic changes in sperm, such as DNA methylation and non-coding RNA, which influence gene expression in offspring. Nutrient imbalances during preconception in both parents can lead to low birth weight and increased metabolic disease risk, while deficiencies in folic acid, iron, iodine, and vitamin D are linked to developmental disorders. Additionally, maternal obesity elevates the risk of chronic diseases in children. Future research should prioritize human studies to explore the influence of parental nutrition, body weight, and lifestyle on offspring health, ensuring findings are applicable across diverse populations. By addressing both maternal and paternal factors, healthcare providers can better reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated risks in future generations.