Defence White Paper Research Articles

Comparative Literature Analysis of National Security Management from The Global to Malaysia

The national security management structure is crucial to understand in ensuring whether the existing mechanisms are effective in dealing with national security issues and challenges. The country's approach, particularly through security agencies, should always carry out an assessment of internal and external threats from time to time, so that the integrity of the country's sovereignty remains guaranteed. The evolution of threat perception is in line with what is stated in the Malaysia Defense White Paper published in 2020 which is "the national interests in the present and future are tied to an uncertain security environment and the impact of an uncertain regional and global security environment, as well as an international strategic perspective become more complex and difficult to predict in the coming year.” Therefore, it is very important for a study to be carried out to see the comparison of national security management at the global and Malaysia so that good added value can be emulated, and the constraints faced can be used as lessons for improvement. The study uses Qualitative methods through library research which is the analysis of journals and online articles to obtain the views of past scholars on internal and external threats and security management structure, including the reformation required. The results of the analysis found that the threat that occurs in Malaysia same as the global except nuclear. Both globally and Malaysia face agency coordination problems due to national decisions and duplication of duties, state coordination issues due to the role being denied, reform failure and increased threats, weaknesses in reformation caused by political interference and there is a need for the involvement of all parties in national security management.

SISTEM PERTAHANAN ISRAEL DALAM MENGHADAPI PERKEMBANGAN KEAMANAN NASIONAL

Israel was founded on May 14, 1948, with a declaration made by David Ben-Gurion. Since its founding, Israel has often faced external threats from other countries, such as Egypt and Jordan. As time goes by, Israel manages to reach peace agreements with its neighboring countries. It turns out that the external threats does not stop. Now, Israel needs to face threats from non-state actors such as Hamas and Hezbollah. Apart from that, developments in international relations have impacted the strategies for achieving national security. This research employs two theories: National Security with three key concepts and Civil-Military Relations with three key concepts. The research utilizes a qualitative method, including literature studies and internet-based research for data collection. This research aims to identify Israel's civil-military relations in facing non-traditional threats to ensure its national security. The results indicate that civil-military relations in Israel, integrated into the democratic system model, have successfully adapted to developments in national security. However, based on the findings of this research, there is no Israeli document in the form of a Defense White Paper serving as a basic constitution for dialogue between the government and the Israel Defense Force (IDF).

Military spending and spillover effect on social welfare

The Malaysian Ministry of Finance primarily aims to implement fiscal and financial policies for perpetual economic progress. It is vital to ensure the equitable distribution of national wealth to improve Malaysian citizens’ well-being. Based on this study, the Malaysian government’s strategy in defence allocation and spending demonstrates spillover effects on social welfare. Notwithstanding, this financial strategy must be self-sufficient in terms of resources to achieve economic scale through increased job creation and income generation. The current work utilised panel data to examine the defence spending effects on social welfare. A key finding was derived by applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to fiscal time series data for 15 years (2008–2022). Specifically, defence allocations and expenditures reflected a spillover effect on social welfare. The empirical outcomes potentially catalyse the development of the National Defense White Paper in defence allocation and spending strategies and establish a novel independent paradigm in the National Defense Industry (NDI).

Middle-power behaviours: Australia’s status-quoist/Lockean and Indonesia’s reformist/Kantian approaches to crises of legitimacy in the Indo-Pacific

ABSTRACT This article maps the behaviours of two middle powers, Australia and Indonesia, as a response to the emergence and evolution of the Indo-Pacific concept. The background for this analysis is the emergence and development of the ‘Indo-Pacific’ concept as a response to crises of legitimacy enveloping the region and how countries in the region, including middle powers, respond to it. Using a minimalist definition which I have developed of a middle power as a country with a middle level of power capabilities and a penchant for cooperation, this article develops a framework based on two dimensions of outcome (ranging from status-quoist to reformist outlooks) and process (ranging from Lockean to Kantian strategies) to facilitate a more open-ended approach towards looking at middle-power behaviours beyond the common categorisation of traditional/emerging, and Western/non-Western. Using Australia’s 2017 Foreign Policy White Paper and 2023 National Defence: Defence Strategic Review, and Indonesia’s 2015 Defence White Paper and 2019 ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific, this article concludes that while Australia is exhibiting a status-quoist/Lockean approach, Indonesia is demonstrating a reformist/Kantian approach towards the Indo-Pacific. The outcome-process dimension framework developed in this article is useful as a tool to map other middle power behaviours in various contexts.

Civil Preparedness in Malaysia’s Total Defence (HANRUH) Policy: A Critical Evaluation

Total Defence or known as Pertahanan Menyeluruh (HANRUH) is one of the core principles of Malaysia's National Defence White Paper (DWP) in pursuit of acquiring national resilience and comprehensive defence capacity. However, due to lack of awareness and promotion, has garnered less attention among Malaysian citizen as the fundamental basis outline in the principle that includes the civil preparedness approach is vital to deter unexpected war threats as well as to maintain sustainable peace and security in every aspect of national concern. This study employs a qualitative method through interview subject-matter expert on the field and analyses on sources such as books, journals, theses and websites. The study found effort and cooperation are very important in empowering everyone to involve in HANRUH implementation. All parties, including the public, among the civil preparedness in the HANRUH policy for the sake of country peace and prosperity. People could also comprehend the concept of HANRUH by using approaches and action plans that have been done and will be implemented soon.

The Role of the Yogyakarta Community Early Warning Forum in Supporting the National Defense

This study aims to explain the role of the Yogyakarta City Government in forming the Community Early Warning Forum (Forum Kewaspadaan Dini Masyarakat or FKDM) in supporting the national defense. The city of Yogyakarta currently has various problems that, if not detected early on, will threaten Indonesia. To anticipate existing threats, the Yogyakarta City Government established the FKDM. The formation of FKDM in Yogyakarta is by the policies, strategies, and development of national defense capabilities listed in the Defense White Paper. So, FKDM plays an important role in supporting national defense and preventing threats. This study uses a qualitative method. The results of the study found that Yogyakarta City's FKDM has played a role in supporting national defense, namely by carrying out early vigilance even though in carrying out its role Yogyakarta City's FKDM has not been maximized because of its capabilities and capacity. Members of FKDM and classification of threats in a report format that is not by the non-military threats listed in the national defense posture book. Because Yogyakarta City FKDM has not been optimal in carrying out its role, it is necessary to classify the types of threats according to the national defense posture book; retraining members of Yogyakarta City FKDM as well as sub-district FKDM and village FKDM in Yogyakarta City regarding the forms of threats; to maximize the use of the Lapak Deni application, it is necessary to consider age when recruiting FKDM members; as well as the need for additional personnel from the teaching staff by the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Number 46 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 2 of 2018 concerning Early Alertness in the Regions, article 16 paragraph (3).

The Impact of the National Defence Policy and Defence White Paper on the Development of the Malaysian Defence Industry

The introduction of the National Defence Policy (NDP) in 2010 and the Defence White Paper (DWP) in 2020 by the government of Malaysia mainly drives the national defence industry towards achieving the principle of self-reliance and preserving prosperity, peace, and sovereignty of the country. Furthermore, the significance of both policies is to ensure the need for the nation to achieve optimal defence capabilities and high readiness for the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF). The principle of self-reliance is vital in the defence industry in providing the country's aspirations towards developing and producing indigenous military products and not relying on foreign manufacturers. But still, the development of this industry has yet shown the desired performance or is comparable to neighbouring countries such as Singapore and Indonesia, where these two countries have successfully reached the second tier for arms manufacturing countries. This paper delivers a conceptual analysis of the impact of the NDP and DWP on the development of the Malaysian defence industry. This study uses qualitative research as a methodological method by analysing the data obtained through interviews with prominent personnel in the local defence industry, literacy studies, and related national defence policies through the Thematic Data Analysis and ATLAS.ti. This study will also propose a conceptual analysis to strengthen the development of the national defence industry.

Quad 2.0: Australia’s reaction to the ‘China threat’

The prevailing scholarly consensus maintains that Australia’s rising threat perception of China influenced its decision to re-join the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) in 2017. Although the minilateral initiative does not have a declared policy to inhibit China’s influence or curtail China’s aggressive behaviour in the Indo-Pacific region, scholars assert that the underlying rationalisation for its resurgence in the present context is due to China’s behaviour. The paper tests this hypothesis by examining whether Australia’s threat perception of China is manifest in its defence white papers and defence updates from 2000 to 2016. Having reviewed this primary material, the author concludes that Australia’s threat perception of China increased over time from the early 2000s. In particular, increased attention to China’s activities in the South Asia and Southeast Asia as well as Australia’s decision to closely observe the bilateral relationship between the United States and China after 2008, manifests Australia’s increased threat perception of China. This is also supported by Lowy Polls between 2000 and 2016. In sum, the paper concludes that Australia’s rising threat perception of China appears to have been a major factor influencing its decision to re-join the Quad in 2017.

Critical Discourse Analysis and Lexical Semantics:

There have been new facets of multilateralism, which have motivated the realignment of traditional power relations established globally, especially regarding the United States and China. This new strategic environment can be observed in changes made to the Brazilian National Defense White Paper (LBDN) of 2020, as well as in the dialectic between white papers of the United States (2017), and China (2019). To investigate these realignments and their possible impacts on the Brazilian defense sector, the analysis was carried out in two phases: (1) analysis of the general characteristics of the Defense White Papers by the USA and China; and (2) comparison of discourses conveyed in chapters on international cooperation in each Defense White Paper. Speech patterns were analyzed according to rationales of Lexical Semantics and Critical Discourse Analysis. As a result, elements of semantic fields, intertextuality and modality in discourse were pointed out as parameters that could contribute to the evaluation of cooperation and deterrence/dissuasion actions to be adopted by the USA and China in the 21st century.

An Insecure North?

State actors are becoming increasingly interested in the economic potential and security dynamics of the Arctic space as the effects of global climatic change rapidly shape the world’s polar spaces. National governments have responded to these changing dynamics by tailoring their defence policies to reflect what they believe to be the most pressing challenges to their presence in the region. This article asks; how is the north framed and whose voices are reflected in Canadian defence policy? It concludes that the conventional framing of Canada’s north remains deeply influenced by the idealized and imagined narratives of Canadian governance with little inclusion of disparate voices.
 By examining the defence white papers of prime ministers Chretien, Martin, Harper, and Trudeau, this article determines that Canadian Arctic security discourse has increased significantly in the post-Cold War era while the region’s Inuit population remain external to its dialogue. This absence of Indigenous voice in Canadian defence policy reflects an unsustainable Eurocentric viewing of the North that is unable to adequately address the region’s changing dynamics. As such, Canada’s future defence policy must acknowledge the distinct and transnational value of Inuit traditional knowledge to overcome the limitations of conventional trans-Atlantic policy frameworks.

OPTIMIZATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES FOR WOMEN IN THE TNI ENVIRONMENT IN THE MISSION OF MAINTENING WORLD PEACE BASED ON UNSCR 1325

This study aims to describe and analyze the Bureaucracy of Human Resources and the opportunities and challenges of optimizing the role of TNI women in world peacekeeping missions. The method used in this research is qualitative method. The results showed that the optimization of the role of TNI women in the world peacekeeping mission was realized through Administrative Reform in the Human Resources Sector, starting with a recruitment and selection process policy based on standards according to the needs of the UN. Every female TNI personnel who pass the recruitment and selection are given competency training to support operations in the field. Coaching includes aspects of personnel (groups) to develop the quantity of needs desired by the UN. Institutionally, organizational development is carried out in accordance with Presidential Regulation Number 85 of 2011. The opportunity to increase the proportion of women in the Indonesian Armed Forces is a long-term commitment of Indonesia to the WPS Agenda. Challenges faced in Involvement at the international level, Indonesia sent women TNI and Polri to the UN Peacekeeping Mission, among others, there is still a gap in the proportion of male and female soldiers due to the absence of a map depicting the increase in the number of women in the TNI in the Indonesian Defense White Paper, there is no National Action Plan from TNI/Kemhan Headquarters regarding women's participation, there is still no integrated communication from the United Nations to the Government of Indonesia.
 Keywords: Optimization, Role of Women, Peacekeeping Operations.

KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK PERTAHANAN NEGARA INDONESIA

This research is analytical descriptive research. The purpose of this study is to explain and analyze Indonesia's national defense public policy from time to time. Formulating national defense public policies with appropriate and adaptive strategies in the implementation of national defense is an absolute requirement for realizing the independence of national defense and security. Public policy on national defense can guide and provide the nation in the future in facing various threats, disturbances, obstacles, and challenges that come and go, both military and non-military threats. Therefore, it is necessary to study the evolution of national defense public policy based on Indonesia's leadership so that it can be a reference in improving national defense in the future. The results of the study indicate that the more renewable National Defense Public Policy is following technological developments and the types of threats that are increasingly unpredictable, namely the National Defense Policy of 2018 and Presidential Regulation No. 8 of 2021 concerning the General Policy of National Defense for 2020-2024 which produces various strategic products including the National Defense Doctrine of 2021, National Defense Posture of 2021, National Defense Strategy of 2021, National Defense White Paper of 2021, MEF Adjustments, and MEF's TNI for 2020-2024

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN DEFENSE PLANNING FOR INDONESIA AND POLAND

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Besides the same red and white flag, Indonesia and Poland share a similar historical setting which includes revolutions, wars of independence, and the promotion of national unity. Indonesia has succeeded in reforming and demonstrating show the true democracy in the international community. While Poland was succeeding in making changes by turning into a constitutional state after being freed from communism. On the other hand, Poland was the only European economy to escape from the 2008 recession. Since the fall of the communist regime, based on the existing historical struggles and capacity of the Polish state which knew how to leave the communist state and its successes in the economic field, the Researchers is interested in the search for the comparison between the management defense strategies in Indonesia and that of Poland. The purpose of this study is to see a comparison of strategic management in defense planning for Indonesia and Poland. The method used is qualitative. Regarding the trend in the development of the strategic environment or the estimation of the lack of possibilities for traditional military tangible threats mentioned explicitly in the Defense White Paper of the Republic of Indonesia and the Polish State Defense White Paper. The results of the study showed that the use of defense diplomacy instruments became dominant. In addition to developing defense policies and defense planning in the form of strengthening Indonesia's defense structure and posture comprehensive. Indonesia needs to strengthen defense capabilities in the Southeast Asian countries by strengthening the basis of posture and defense structures associated with the vision of the world's maritime axis. Thus, a sustainable Essential Minimum Force (MEF) is achieved</p></div>

THE STRUCTURING OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND DOCTRINE OF STATE DEFENSE IN FACING HYBRID WARFARE

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Defense Doctrine and Strategy are designed to be able to synergize the performance of military and non-military components to protect and maintain Indonesia's national interests. The current doctrine of the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) Military Campaign is still dominant in dealing with military threats, even though based on the 2018 Indonesian Defense White Paper, the TNI must also be able to deal with hybrid threats. With its adaptive nature to changing threats, problems will arise if the military campaign doctrine has not accommodated the TNI's strategy and way of acting in dealing with hybrid threats. The defense doctrine must be able to accommodate the integration of military and non-military components is facing various types of warfare and threats such as military threats, non-military threats, and hybrid threats. Especially for the kind of hybrid threats namely cyber threats, terrorism, and other unconventional threats. Through an analytical descriptive analysis based on qualitative methods, it is hoped that the proper organization and doctrine will be disentangled in the face of this model war. Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) as the war organizations that prioritize a modern universal perspective are a necessity as one of the efforts offered. This needs to be supported by the doctrine of national defense which accurately defines how an effort against hybrid warfare can transform from conventional to unconventional warfare and the actors involved. Military or TNI organizations that prioritize a modern universal perspective are supported by the doctrine of national defense which accurately maps how an effort against hybrid warfare could transform from conventional warfare to unconventional.</p></div>

Diplomasi Pertahanan Malaysia di Laut China Selatan: Konsep dan Praktek

The concept of defense diplomacy does not have a universally recognized definition; therefore, each country tends to have its definition, which is then included in its defense white paper. The concept of diplomacy for Malaysia itself is defined as creating stable international relations with other countries. Malaysia has a defense diplomacy strategy known as quiet diplomacy. One of the problems that threaten Malaysia's maritime economy and sovereignty that continues to this day is the South China Sea conflict. This conflict occurred because of a unilateral claim made by the Chinese government with theissuance of a map that later contained a nine-dash line. In dealing with this problem,Malaysia then implemented the concept of defense diplomacy in the multilateral realm,namely through official forums, namely the ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting (ADMM) and the ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting Plus (ADMM Plus). This report was prepared using a descriptive-narrative method obtained through interviews with resource persons and a literature study. The purpose of this report is to serve as a theoretical reference for the concepts and practices of Malaysian defense diplomacy.

A New Hemispheric Defense Pact to Wage the Second Cold War Underway with China

China is on the march. Within the Chinese concept of warfare and considering the strategic nature of her economic engagement around the world –including the Western Hemisphere, it seems that we have already been in a Second Cold War for many years, though not aware of it. It is time for freedom-loving countries in the hemisphere to stand together against the Chinese. The Rio Treaty (1947) has broadly been regarded as a failure, due largely to perceptions of the United States’ (US) neglect and tendency toward intervention. However, this may be an opportune time to renew and refresh this military pact; there has been a consistent maturation of stable democracy in most countries of the hemisphere, marked by such measurable signs of progress as civil-military relations codified in defense white papers. Now is the time to expand the role of military diplomacy.

Vietnam’s Regional Security Perceptions and Priorities: Role of India

Over the past several decades, India and Vietnam have consolidated their relationship through bilateral engagements, which have been complemented by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)-led multilateral mechanisms such as the East Asia Summit, ASEAN Regional Forum, ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting Plus, and the India-led Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC). Building up on their traditionally strong relations, India and Vietnam have widened and deepened their defence and strategic links in recent years, which is manifested in joint trainings, military exercises and defence Lines of Credit offered by India. Since the 1990s, especially over the last decade, both India and Vietnam have made strategic readjustments to elevate their respective bilateral ties with like-minded countries bringing about new commonalities in their politico-strategic visions and policies. Like India, Vietnam too is trying to bring the multilateral and multi-dimensional Indo-Pacific agenda to the mainstream of its foreign policy calculations, facilitated by greater warmth in ties with Japan and the US. Vietnam’s embracing of the Indo-Pacific is also in sync with ASEAN’s Outlook on Indo-Pacific. It also aligns well with Vietnam’s longstanding policy of ‘Three Nos’, expanded to four in its 2019 Defence White Paper. While recent developments in the South China Sea have exacerbated Vietnam’s growing anxieties vis-à-vis China, considering its trade interlinkages and dependence on China (and Russia), it is apparent that Vietnam is not yet ready to uproot its multi-layered linkages with China and get on board the ‘Quad plus’ initiative that is perceived as an overtly anti-China coalition of democracies. India–Vietnam ties, therefore, must rely on the bilateral plank along with ASEAN-linked mechanisms, MGC, and the Indo-Pacific construct, while trying to develop concerted actions through deeper cooperation with Japan and the US. In short, any initiative to include Vietnam in a Quad Plus mechanism without sufficiently developing synergies with individual countries would not yield desired outcomes. This article argues that India–Vietnam ties would benefit most by attaching their bilateral pillar of relationship with the ASEAN- and Indo-Pacific-centred inclusive multilateral mechanisms while gradually engaging the US, Japan and other potential partners in suitable frameworks.

STUDI KEAMANAN NASIONAL DALAM PRESPEKTIF DIPLOMASI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA

In this journal, the authors discuss the concept of national security studies andIndonesian Defense Diplomacy. Previous studies have not used much of the theory ofIndonesian Defense Diplomacy and the concept of national security studies to analyze it.Furthermore, this study aims to clarify national security studies from the perspective ofIndonesian Defense Diplomacy in producing defense policy. Through the contentanalysis approach method, the research results show the importance of strengtheningregulation and strengthening public diplomacy and military diplomacy to strengthendefense diplomacy. As stated in the 2015 Indonesian Defense White Paper, capacitybuilding and trust-building are intended to improve human resources for the Ministryof Defense and the TNI. The 2021 Draft State Budget aimed at accelerating the nationaleconomic recovery. Trust building aims to increase the trust of Indonesian DefenseDiplomacy with regional countries, for example, Russia and South Korea, Turkey. Theywere enhancing national security through economic strength, military and diplomacycapabilities, and conducting broader cooperation in the future. The strong economic,military, and Defense Diplomacy of Indonesia are the basis for strengthening NationalSecurity. In the future, it can face AGHT in this era of globalization.Keywords: Study concept, national security, Indonesian Defense Diplomacy

Translation of Indigenous Concept in China’s National Defense White Paper

Translation of Indigenous Concept in China’s National Defense White Paper

Analysing the Perceptions, Key Issues and Challenges of Japan’s New Defence White Paper 2020

Japan’s new defence white paper offers an overview of the security environment surrounding Japan and the numerous issues concerning Tokyo’s defence and security policy. It highlights North Korea’s increasing missile-related technologies, China’s growing military power and assertive activities, and the impact of the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) infection on security issues. Japan will likely remain a cautious security policy player while emerging as a robust military power with growing deterrence and defence capabilities.