Military Equipment Research Articles

무기체계 선행연구와 국방 핵심기술 연구개발 과제의 연계성 향상을 위한 개선방안 연구

무기체계 선행연구와 국방 핵심기술 연구개발 과제의 연계성 향상을 위한 개선방안 연구

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ШТУЧНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ ДЛЯ РОЗПІЗНАВАННЯ ТЕРОРИСТИЧНИХ ТА ВОРОЖИХ ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ОБ’ЄКТІВ

The development of artificial intelligence technologies and their application in solving military tasks is the main concept of scientific advancement in Ukraine. Despite the availability of existing solutions for classifying limited types of civilian objects, there is a need to develop new technologies to gain an advantage over the enemy. Existing artificial intelligence models available in the public domain are oriented towards diagnosing restricted types of civilian objects. This limitation prevents the use of these models for analyzing military enemy equipment. Automating the process of recognizing enemy military objects by constructing a deep learning classification model. The process of building a classification model for enemy military equipment using deep neural networks is considered. The Sequential model type is chosen as the basis, which includes batch normalization layers added after each convolutional layer before further processing. Accelerated hyperparameter search is provided by the Random Search tool. The quality of classification models was measured using classical accuracy metrics. The implementation of the proposed solutions is carried out using the Python programming language and the Python Imaging Library, TensorFlow, Keras Tuner, and Matplotlib libraries. A convolutional neural network classification model has been constructed capable of classifying enemy military tanks and vehicles. The model demonstrates the best accuracy metrics on training/testing datasets of 0.6/0.55 with errors of 0.658/0.705, respectively. A comparative analysis of classification models with different types of architectures showed the advantage of the model in terms of accuracy and error rate when using an architecture that includes batch normalization layers. The created classification model is recommended for further training on new data or for solving computer vision tasks.

A New Strategy is Needed to Solve the 50-Year-Old Problem - EMP Protection of Critical Civilian Infrastructure

The problem of the destructive effects of High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP or EMP) on electronic and electrical equipment has been well known for more than 50 years. All military equipment and critical equipment of special governmental services are reliably protected from such influences. There are many companies on the market that manufactures numerous EMP protection means that meet the requirements of military standards. It would seem that in such a situation, critical civilian infrastructure facilities (electrical power systems, water supply systems, communications, large medical centers, banks, etc.) should also be protected against EMP. But it turns out that this is not the case! Nowhere in the world are critical civilian infrastructure still protected from such impacts! Why? The main reason is an attempt to use well-known military strategies, methods and protection means for protecting civilian infrastructure. This article proposes new protection strategies and methods for the civilian sector.

A Historical Perspective on Romania’s Military Infrastructure: The Evolution of Construction Regulations and Prospects for Updating

The article presents the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania from the 19th century to the present, focusing on the transformations in military construction regulations and the organization of design and construction activities. With the establishment of the standing armed forces, the technical norms for the construction of buildings and the principles for the barracks layout were defined and architects developed standard projects to speed up construction and minimize costs. The regulations have been adapted over time, following the evolution of the armed forces and military technologies. In the context of the significant increase in the Ministry of National Defence real estate investments in recent years, in order to align with the best international practices, updating the technical infrastructure norms with specifications regarding all types of spaces in the barracks has become timely and necessary. This study is based on the analysis of military regulations and specialized literature to investigate the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the current context. In conclusion, the article proposes an action plan for updating the technical norms, as well as a list of objectives regarding the content of these norms.

O perspectivă istorică asupra infrastructurii cazărmilor din România: evoluția și actualizarea normelor de construcție

The article presents the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania from the 19th century to the present, focusing on the transformations in military construction regulations and the organization of design and construction activities. With the establishment of the standing armed forces, the technical norms for the construction of buildings and the principles for the barracks layout were defined and architects developed standard projects to speed up construction and minimize costs. The regulations have been adapted over time, following the evolution of the armed forces and military technologies. In the context of the significant increase in the Ministry of National Defence real estate investments in recent years, in order to align with the best international practices, updating the technical infrastructure norms with specifications regarding all types of spaces in the barracks has become timely and necessary. This study is based on the analysis of military regulations and specialized literature to investigate the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the current context. In conclusion, the article proposes an action plan for updating the technical norms, as well as a list of objectives regarding the content of these norms.

TRANSVERSALITY AND MULTIRATIONALITY OF ENGINEERING THINKING: WAR AND PEACE OPTIONS

The article examines the phenomenon of engineering thinking in the context of a paradigm shift from scientific research to technological engineering. These changes delineate a new plane of research, where engineering thinking and engineering activity receive a new configuration that cannot be reduced to a linear understanding. The issue of representation of engineering thinking requires the involvement of an interdisciplinary methodology. The purpose of the article is to analyze, firstly, to explore engineering thinking as a multi-essential phenomenon, secondly, to characterize transversality and multi-rationality as attributive characteristics of engineering thinking; thirdly, to highlight the social significance of engineering thinking in war and peace options. To define engineering thinking, the concept of «design thinking» is used, which overcomes the understanding of the latter as reproductive thinking. The application of such concepts as «transversality» and «multirationality» allows to investigate engineering thinking as a phenomenon that flexibly responds to challenges and acquires the importance of a mediator whose task is to create projects to resolve existing contradictions and crises. Turning to the «interiorization – exteriorization» system allows you to represent the challenges that the community puts forward to the activity of the human engineer and to articulate the creative activity of the latter. The rhizome character of engineering thinking is emphasized, which overcomes its understanding only in the context of cognitive conceptualization, that is, in the system of abilities, skills, etc. Emphasis is placed on the expediency of using the affective dimension as a manifestation of independent thinking and testifies to the multi-rationality of engineering thinking. In this connection, intellectual traits («intellectual courage», «intellectual empathy», «justice», etc.) act as existentials that construct engineering thinking. We are talking about an engineer. The role of engineering in post-conflict scenarios is considered, which consists in helping to restore and stabilize society, ensuring its security in peace options. It is noted that engineering thinking plays a key role in the adaptation of military technologies.

Determining the parameters of a dielectric ellipsoid for minimising front echo in Gaussian pulse scattering analysis

AbstractA novel numerical method is introduced for minimising the presence of scattering echoes in the frontal area of a dielectric ellipsoid through the application of the method of auxiliary sources (MAS) method. This approach utilises a Gaussian radio pulse that spans the frequency spectrum from 0 to 6 GHz. The approach involves determining the properties of an ellipsoid, such as its dimensions and a dielectric permittivity, using a specially developed MATLAB software package to make this ellipsoid invisible. This provides a valuable military and defence technology tool, particularly for stealth and invisibility technology applications. It is beneficial for avoiding detection by radar systems utilised for enemy surveillance and identifying concealed objects. This aims to eliminate the need for metamaterials for invisibility cloaking. The suggested methodology has been confirmed through a validation process, which involved a comparison of the outcomes derived from numerical experiments conducted during pulse echo observations using the FDTD method and an analytical solution. MAS offers a notable advantage over other methods and commercial software by significantly reducing computational time for simulating and analysing 3D dielectric objects. This allows for quicker consideration of various parameter scenarios and optimisation for desired outcomes.

MOBILE ADDITIONAL ARMOR PROTECTION FOR A TRUCK

BACKGROUND: The use of armored vehicles allows, under the threat of constant enemy influence, to protect special vehicles and special equipment from the effects of light and heavy small arms, landmines, hand grenade launchers during marches or special operations. However, at present, the issue of protecting freight transport used for transporting personnel, mortar crews, materiel, etc. is quite acute. The goal of the work is to develop a mobile set of additional armor protection for the body of a truck in order to reduce the likelihood of injury to personnel during their transportation by firearms, cumulative ammunition, fragments of artillery ammunition, as well as military equipment during its transportation. Materials and methods. Determination of parameters for the duration of the penetration process and subsequent behavior of armor protection, obtaining accurate data on the resistance and effectiveness of additional armor, analysis of the stress-strain state was performed in the Ansys program. Data were obtained on the penetration process, transition energy and subsequent behavior of armor protection, which will be used to improve armored structures and structures, as well as to improve the safety of equipment in real combat conditions. Results. The article discusses the problem of armor protection of vehicles. Examples are given of the use of additional armor protection for weapons, military and special equipment, in particular in the context of a special military operation. The study presents a mobile set of additional armor protection for the body of a truck, designed to protect personnel from injury from firearms and fragments from exploding ammunition when transported on trucks. Armor protection is made in the form of hinged armor plates, anti-cumulative grilles, secured on the outside with fastening elements. Installed on the outside of the body, armor screens act as barriers, which significantly increases the protective properties when fired from firearms. The article simulates the proposed protection set and analyzes the stress-strain state. Conclusion. Based on the calculations, the values of the maximum speeds and flight range of the bullet were determined for the strength of the additional set of armor protection.

АНАЛИЗ УЧАСТИЯ РОССИЙСКОГО ОБОРОННО-ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА НА МИРОВОМ РЫНКЕ ВООРУ-ЖЕНИЯ И ВОЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

The article explores and outlines the participation of the Russian military-industrial complex (DIC) in expanding the range of foreign trade activities and developing the economy of the Russian Federation by producing and releasing for these purposes various types of modern, in-demand and competitive military, civil and dual products on the world and domestic commodity markets. appointments. A definition of the global market for military products (MP) is given, its geography, characteristics, trends and operating features, the implementation of international legal regulation, the value of annual trade turnover, the presence of official and illegal schemes for the sale of weapons and military equipment, and the reasons for the emergence of the latter are revealed. The geography and indicators of the participation of the Russian Federation in this market for the period 2015–2022 are given, its rating among the states that are the main exporters of weapons and military equipment, as well as comparison with the USA and EU countries - the main exporters to the world market of weapons, military equipment and others types of military products, the ratio of their exports to military expenditures and to the gross domestic product. The authors present a correlation regression analysis of the main factors influencing Russia's posi-tion in the world market for weapons, military equipment and other types of military products, including an analysis of the Russian share in global arms exports, as well as an analysis of the share of arms and military equipment exports in Russia's total ex-ports. The conclusions summarize the results of the study, indicating the real, signifi-cant contribution of the Russian defense industry to the development of foreign trade activities and the country's economy in the context of sanctions restrictions and in-creasing global risks.

Optional but not qualified: Neutrality, the UN Charter and humanitarian objectives

Abstract Neutral States must abstain from supporting a party to a conflict with military equipment and assistance. This core aspect of the law of neutrality has not changed with the adoption of the UN Charter in 1945, or with the brutal Russian aggression against Ukraine. That said, by reviewing the changes to neutrality law over time, this article finds plausible reasons to believe that neutrality has – for better or worse – become optional for the vast majority of States, which can today opt to be non-belligerent States – i.e., States that are neither neutral nor parties to the armed conflict. All States have to cooperate to bring to an end serious violations of international law, including humanitarian law, and this duty of cooperation has abolished “sitting-still neutrality”, but it does not render neutrality law moot. This reading of “optional but not qualified” neutrality maintains the core neutrality idea of abstaining in military matters. In this article, I argue that views of “obsolete” or “qualified” neutrality are not new at all but depart from well-accepted rules of legal interpretation and raise concerns about double standards. Viewing neutrality as optional but unqualifiable offers greater conceptual clarity, is more honest than alternative views, and comes with advantages for humanitarian action.

History of the use of chemical weapons for military purposes and the possibility of their current use

Throughout the history of mankind there have been many wars of both local character and large-scale wars. At the heart of military actions necessarily lies the use of weapons, one type of which is chemical. Chemical weapons, the basis of which are diverse in their effect on the body and chemical composition of poisonous substances, began to be used for military purposes during World War I, namely, the first use occurred on April 22, 1915 in Belgium near the city of Ypres. Germany used gas cylinders filled with chlorine in this attack. The man who created this weapon was German chemist Fritz Haber, who became known as the "father of chemical weapons". Since that time, scientists from different countries began to actively study the effect of poisonous substances on the human body, synthesize their new types, as well as search for reliable means of protection against its effects. Throughout history, attempts have been made to ban the use of chemical weapons. In particular, after the end of the First World War, the Geneva Protocol was adopted in 1925, prohibiting the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other similar gases in war. However, this agreement failed to limit the use of poisonous substances, which led to their further use, mainly in localized wars. Much work on the prohibition and destruction of chemical weapons belongs to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, established in 1997 after the adoption of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction in 1993. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the history of chemical weapons for military purposes, as well as to study the activities for their prohibition. Literary data of recent years on the history of creation, use of chemical weapons and international legal agreements on their prohibition and destruction, the main types of toxic substances, means of protection against their effects are analyzed. Conclusions are made about the possibilities of chemical weapons use at present.

Czy wojna Rosji z Ukrainą wzmocni czy osłabi Unię Europejską? Neofunkcjonalizm versus neorealizm – zderzenie perspektyw i ujęć

The analysis presented to the readers is based on an in-depth study of the content contained in the acts and documents of the European Union and concerning the implementation of the EU strategy in the field of security union in the context of the war in Ukraine. The text justifies and proves that the European Union has taken strategic decisions and actions providing Ukraine with strong support for the general cause economic, military, social and financial resilience, including granting its humanitarian aid. In addition, the EU strongly condemned Russia’s indiscriminate attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure and called on Russia to immediately and unconditionally withdraw all troops and military equipment from all of Ukraine’s territory within its internationally recognized borders. The analysis of the research material presented in the study led to the formulation of the main hypothesis, which is: the war in Ukraine strengthens the EU at the strategic level at the same time leading to a clash of diverse forces and interests, which may result in fragmentation of the system, and thus its local (sectoral) weakening.

Border militarization and domestic institutions

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to examine the impact of border policies and the increased militarization of border control practices on the expansion of police powers, the erosion of constitutional constraints and on other institutional spillovers. In recent decades, the Border Patrol has been integrated with the broader national security state as part of the war on drugs and the war on terror. This has entailed the acquisition of military hardware, the incorporation of organizational structures and training originally developed in the military, and increased interaction with the military, intelligence agencies, and defense contractors. The Border Patrol has frequently lent their equipment, personnel, and powers to domestic policing that has only a tangential relationship with border security. Border militarization therefore contributes to expansions in the scope of police powers and the erosion of constitutional constraints. This process undermines functional polycentricity, and thereby alters the incentives and knowledge of political decision-makers.

Limits of state influence on the economy in times of war in the context of upholding and implementing socio-economic human rights

The article emphasizes that the war in Ukraine poses complex challenges to the state, with the need to balance the need to strengthen state regulation of the economy to meet defense needs and preserve the principles of the free market. This balance becomes particularly acute in the context of upholding and implementing socio-economic human rights, which may be restricted in times of war. The authors investigate the limits of state influence on the economy in wartime, taking into account the need to uphold and implement socio-economic human rights, and also explore various strategies of state intervention in the economy in wartime, such as imposing economic sanctions, stimulating the production of military equipment and providing financial support for humanitarian needs. The authors propose a comprehensive analysis of the limits and instruments of state influence on the economy in wartime, taking into account the need to uphold and implement socio-economic human rights. It is argued that the limits and instruments of state influence on the economy, which ensure a balance between the needs of defense, market functioning and upholding of socio-economic human rights, should be defined by law. The current situation of the state’s economy is described. The socio-economic perspectives of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine are characterized. Recommendations for improving the mechanisms of state regulation of the economy in times of war are developed. In particular, the author emphasizes that the longer the war lasts, the deeper the economic crisis will become and the more negative the impact on the socio-economic sphere will increase. This is due to numerous factors, such as: destruction of infrastructure; decline in production; loss of jobs; rising prices; and reduced trade. In view of the significant economic risks, the authors conclude that the political authorities and representatives of civil society should focus their joint efforts on: infrastructure reconstruction; support for small and medium-sized entrepreneurship; social assistance; investments in education and healthcare; and international cooperation.

Clothing and Equipment Fit Among Male and Female Canadian Armed Forces Members.

The fit of military clothing and equipment is essential for the health and safety of military operators. Given the aim of increasing the proportion of women and the known biological and morphological differences between male and female soldiers, an understanding of fit across different items of kit is needed. The aim of this study was to quantify subjective fit ratings of 8 items of military clothing and equipment, including combat shirt, combat pants, rucksack, small pack, tactical vest, fragmentation vest, helmet, and ballistic eyewear as a function of relative stature and occupational group among male and female Canadian Armed Forces members. An online survey was distributed to male and female Canadian Armed Forces members, where fit was reported by participants according to a 7-point Likert acceptability scale. Participants were binned into 1 of 6 (3 males, 3 females) standing stature categories based on percentiles in a male and female distribution that included (1) under 35th percentile stature, (2) 35th to 80th percentile stature, and (3) over 80th percentile stature. Additionally, participants were separated according to occupational group: Group A: Infantry, Combat Engineer, Artillery, Armored; group B: Signals, Medical Technician, Intelligence, Signals Intelligence/Cyber Ops; group C: Supply Technician, Weapons Technician, Vehicle Technician, Electronic-Optronic Technician, Ammunition Technician; other: Not in other groups, examples include: Financial Services Administrator, Cook. This study was approved by the Defence Research and Development Canada Human Research Ethics Committee under protocol 2019-048, Amendment 2. There were significant effects attributable to stature category and occupational group on the fit of equipment. Specifically, fit acceptability of the rucksack helmet, small pack, and tactical vest was significantly affected by occupational group. Differences between stature categories were detected in all items with the exception of the small pack. Military equipment fit has previously been shown to have implications for protection, performance, and mobility. The results of the investigation demonstrate different patterns of fit acceptability in male and female soldiers across items of clothing and equipment and may require different solutions.

Exploring Drone Classifications and Applications: A Review

This comprehensive review explores different types of drones and their multifaceted applications across various industries. Investigating diverse sectors, from military use to planetary exploration and delivery services, this comprehensive review thoroughly explores the versatility and utility of fixed-wing, multi-rotor, hybrid, and flapping-wing drone configurations across various industries. The investigation of military drone technologies highlights their evolution from historical deployment in early warfare to modern applications in surveillance and targeted operations. Additionally, the study shows the critical role of drones in space exploration, emphasizing their adaptability in exploring celestial bodies like Mars and Venus. Moreover, the rising interest in drone delivery services is showcased through innovative designs deployed by global companies. This review not only demonstrates the versatility and innovative potential of drones but also presents insights into their practical use and advancements in addressing distinct operational needs across various industries.

Legal basis of defense standardization of the European Union

Legal basis of defense standardization of the European Union

Magnetic-fluid-infiltrated bilaterally polished photonic crystal fiber with butterfly core for LSPR based magnetic field sensing via water based Fe3O4 magnetic fluid

In this manuscript, a sensor is devised employing photonic crystal fiber with localized surface plasmon resonance (PCF-LSPR), emphasizing the manipulation of refractive index (RI) through magnetic fluid (MF). The sensor's air holes adopt a hexagonal arrangement, forming a butterfly core design, and the transmission channels for the effective confinement of optical field energy relies significantly on the regions surrounding the central air hole in both directions. MF serves as the sensing medium, and the top and bottom polished surfaces are coated with gold and titanium dioxide. The sensor undergoes analysis using the finite element method, scrutinizing its model characteristics, structural parameters, and sensing performance. The results indicate a wavelength sensitivity of up to 45,600 nm/RIU and a maximum figure of merit (FOM) of 434 RIU−1. Within the range of magnetic field 30–150 Oe, the highest magnetic field sensitivity records 3350 pm/Oe. Over the temperature range of 27.4–114 °C, the temperature sensitivity measures only 310 pm/°C. A maximum sensor resolution of 2.19×10−6RIU is achieved for x−pol. The linear relationship between the resonant wavelength and the magnetic field yields R2=0.9945, for degree (2) for x−pol. The proposed sensor exhibits notable advantages, including a structure which is very stable, high sensitivity, ease of integration, and resilience to electromagnetic interference. Additionally, it excels in detecting weak magnetic fields. Its potential applications span from industrial production, military technology, to medical equipment.

THE IMPACT OF STRESS-ASSOCIATED DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS ON THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STATE OF OPERATORS OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS

Introduction. In the conditions of martial law, an important role belongs to modern military equipment, which includes unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Оperators of UAS in the course of combat missions are significantly affected by the stress factor. It provokes the occurrence of stress-associated diseases in them, therefore, studying the specifics of the impact of stress-associated diseases on the psychophysiological state of operators determines the relevance of this study. The purpose of the study. To establish the patterns of influence of stress-associated diseases of the digestive organs on the psychophysiological state of the operators of unmanned aircraft systems. Materials and methods. In the course of the research, 94 operators of UAS under the age of 40 were examined, who were then divided into groups based on their health status. The examination was carried out using modern modified methods implemented on the basis of the software and hardware complex for psychophysiological research «PFI-2». The results. It has been proven that stress-associated diseases of the digestive organs significantly worsen (p<0,05) the psychophysiological state of operators of UAS in a sufficiently large number of professionally important psychophysiological qualities. The reliable influence of the «state of health» factor on the indicators of simple and complex visual-motor reaction of operators of UAS is shown. The analysis of correlation constellations according to cognitive parameters showed that 6 of them are observed in healthy operators, 2 in mildly ill patients, and 1 in severely ill patients, that is, the system of connections between cognitive functions breaks down quite strongly with the development of stress-associated diseases of the digestive organs. There is a natural decrease in the number of connections in the series «healthy (13) – mildly ill (10) – severely ill (5)». It is shown that the stress that causes the disease fundamentally destroys the system of ensuring professional activity. Conclusions. It was established that stress-associated diseases of the digestive organs negatively affect the psychophysiological state of operators. The degree of degradation of the structure of correlation relations (р=0,0491) as a result of the influence of the stress factor on the operators was revealed. A hypothesis regarding the destruction of the system of connections between cognitive psychophysiological parameters depending on the «severity of the disease» is proposed. The need to develop a set of measures to prevent the development of stress-related diseases among operators of UAS has been established.

Exploring ten thousand years of variation in weapons technologies: A diachronic analysis of lithic projectile points in the puna de atacama (northern Chile)

This article presents an analysis of the functional design of a collection of 346 projectile points from archaeological sites in the Puna de Atacama (21.9°–24.7° S) that belong to the cultural sequence dating from 12,500–2400 yr BP, which ranges from the earliest groups to inhabit the area to the emergence of the first agro-pastoralist societies. The results obtained reveal significant changes in projectile or weapons technologies throughout the sequence. This begins with projectile points whose measurements point to the predominance of the spearthrower-dart system during the Early Archaic, followed by the diversification and specialization of these technologies during the Middle Archaic, with a significant increase in the use of throwing and thrusting spears. In the Late Archaic, projectile point dimensions diminished significantly, displaying patterns that remained until the Early Formative. Nevertheless, during this last period some measurements decreased slightly, and a major change is detected in the haft width of stemmed points. Three alternate hypotheses are proposed for these last changes: 1) the presence of the bow-and-arrow system from the late Archaic onward; 2) the appearance of the bow-and-arrow system from the Early Formative only; 3) the reduction and standardization of spearthrower-darts, without the presence of the bow-and-arrow system until after the Early Formative. We argue that the first two hypotheses are the most plausible, although we consider the first to be the most likely.