Defense Sites Research Articles

Historical drinking water contamination at Camp Lejeune: Regulatory risk assessor and personal perspectives

ABSTRACTHistorical concentrations of trichloroethylene (TCE) and other chemicals in drinking water at the U.S. Marine Corps Base at Camp Lejeune, NC, were sufficiently elevated to raise potential health concerns. The 1952–1984 mean TCE concentration (138 µg/L) exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) current maximum contaminant level (MCL) of TCE by 28-fold, with the corresponding dose (3.9E–03 mg/kg-day) exceeding all three candidate USEPA reference dose (RfD) values by 8- to 11-fold. Today, TCE hazard quotients (HQs) of 8–11 compel immediate action by USEPA. The mean dose also exceeds the supporting RfD values for toxic nephropathy and increased kidney weight, as well as the point of departure (POD) for toxic nephropathy. Furthermore, the estimated doses for 34% of the 9-month rolling averages exceed the POD for the highest RfD value for fetal heart defects. The incidences of nephropathy and fetal heart defects should be thoroughly evaluated among those who were exposed. Long-term follow-up will be required to assess potential health effects for the 500,000 to 1 million people who may have used the contaminated water at Camp Lejeune or were exposed in utero. This should serve as a cautionary tale for the thousands of Department of Defense sites across the USA (and other similarly contaminated sites elsewhere in the world) that are commonly contaminated with chemicals such as those at Camp Lejeune, where necessary sampling should be conducted to identify and mitigate any likely ongoing (or future) exposures of potential health concern.

Intranasal Inactivated Influenza Vaccines: a Reasonable Approach to Improve the Efficacy of Influenza Vaccine?

Influenza is a contagious, acute respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus. The mucosal lining in the host respiratory tract is not only the site of virus infection, but also the site of defense; it is at this site that the host immune response targets the virus and protects against reinfection. One of the most effective methods to prevent influenza is to induce specific antibody (Ab) responses in the respiratory tract by vaccination. Two types of influenza vaccines, intranasal live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines and parenteral (injectable) inactivated vaccines, are currently used worldwide. These vaccines are approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US Food and Drug Administration. Live attenuated vaccines induce both secretory IgA (S-IgA) and serum IgG antibodies (Abs), whereas parenteral vaccines induce only serum IgG Abs. However, intranasal administration of inactivated vaccines together with an appropriate adjuvant induces both S-IgA and IgG Abs. Several preclinical studies on adjuvant-combined, nasal-inactivated vaccines revealed that nasal S-IgA Abs, a major immune component in the upper respiratory tract, reacted with homologous virus hemagglutinin (HA) and were highly cross-reactive with viral HA variants, resulting in protection and cross-protection against infection by both homologous and variant viruses, respectively. Serum-derived IgG Abs, which are present mainly in the lower respiratory tract, are less cross-reactive and cross-protective. In addition, our own clinical trials have shown that nasal-inactivated whole virus vaccines, including a built-in adjuvant (single-stranded RNA), induced serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) Ab titers that fulfilled the EMA criteria for vaccine efficacy. The nasal-inactivated whole virus vaccines also induced high levels of nasal HI and neutralizing Ab titers, although we have not yet evaluated the nasal HI titers due to the lack of official criteria to establish efficacy based on this parameter. Data suggest that adjuvant-combined nasal-inactivated vaccines have advantages over the current injectable vaccine because the former induce both S-IgA and serum IgG Abs. In addition, nasal-inactivated vaccines seem to be superior to the LAIV vaccines, because non-infectious preparations could be used in high-risk groups. Thus, the development of intranasal inactivated vaccines is recommended, because such vaccines are expected to improve the efficacy of influenza vaccines.

Cross-site scripting attacks procedure and Prevention Strategies

Cross-site scripting attacks and defense has been the site of attack and defense is an important issue, this paper, the definition of cross-site scripting attacks, according to the current understanding of the chaos on the cross-site scripting, analyzes the causes and harm cross-site scripting attacks formation of attacks XXS complete process XSS attacks made a comprehensive analysis, and then for the web program includes Mobility there are cross-site scripting filter laxity given from ordinary users browse the web and web application developers two the defense cross-site scripting attacks effective strategy.

The nutritional context of the Pueblo III depopulation of the northern San Juan: Too much maize?

The abandonment of the Four Corners area in the U.S. Southwest is a long-standing problem in American archeology. Recent work has shown that the terminal occupation was concentrated into a limited number of large defensive sites. This resulted in an extreme emphasis on maize, which was nutritionally unsustainable because of its low lysine and tryptophan content. I describe the processes that led to this settlement pattern and the limitations of the Pueblo II–III maize-based diet. I then explain how the combination of the settlement pattern and the extreme reliance on maize resulted in a nutritionally fragile situation that collapsed.

Persistent Organochlorine Pesticide Exposure Related to a Formerly Used Defense Site on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska: Data from Sentinel Fish and Human Sera

St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, is the largest island in the Bering Sea, located 60 km from Siberia. The island is home to approximately 1600 St. Lawrence Island Yupik residents who live a subsistence way of life. Two formerly used defense sites (FUDS) exist on the island, one of which, Northeast Cape, has been the subject of a $123 million cleanup effort. Environmental monitoring demonstrates localized soil and watershed contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), organochlorine (OC) pesticides, mercury, and arsenic. This study examined whether the Northeast Cape FUDS is a source of exposure to OC pesticides. In total, 71 serum samples were collected during site remediation from volunteers who represented three geographic regions of the island. In addition, ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) and Alaska blackfish (Dallia pectoralis) were collected from Northeast Cape after remediation to assess continuing presence of OC pesticides. Chlordane compounds, DDT compounds, mirex, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were the most prevalent and present at the highest concentrations in both fish tissues and human serum samples. After controlling for age and gender, activities near the Northeast Cape FUDS were associated with an increase in serum HCB as compared to residents of the farthest village from the site. Positive but nonsignificant relationships for sum-chlordane and sum-DDT were also found. Organochlorine concentrations in fish samples did not show clear geographic trends, but appear elevated compared to other sites in Alaska. Taken together, data suggest that contamination of the local environment at the Northeast Cape FUDS may increase exposure to select persistent OC pesticides.

Case study of a non-destructive treatment method for the remediation of military structures containing polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated paint

Restricted by federal regulations and limited remediation options, buildings contaminated with paint laden with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have high costs associated with the disposal of hazardous materials. As opposed to current remediation methods which are often destructive and a risk to the surrounding environment, this study suggests a non-metal treatment system (NMTS) and a bimetallic treatment system (BTS) as versatile remediation options for painted industrial structures including concrete buildings, and metal machine parts. In this field study, four areas of a discontinued Department of Defense site were treated and monitored over 3 weeks. PCB levels in paint and treatment system samples were analyzed through gas chromatography/electron capture detection (GC-ECD). PCB concentrations were reduced by 95 percent on painted concrete and by 60–97 percent on painted metal with the majority of the PCB removal occurring within the first week of application. Post treatment laboratory studies including the utilization of an activated metal treatment system (AMTS) further degraded PCBs in BTS and NMTS by up to 82 percent and 99 percent, respectively, indicating that a two-step remediation option is viable. These findings demonstrate that the NMTS and BTS can be an effective, nondestructive, remediation process for large painted structures, allowing for the reuse or sale of remediated materials that otherwise may have been disposed.

Reactive Oxygen Species, Interferon and Antiviral Innate Immune Response in Nasal Mucosa

Received June 3, 2015 Accepted July 31, 2015 Address for correspondence Hyun Jik Kim, MD, PhD Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea Tel +82-2-2072-2203 Fax +82-2-735-2387 E-mail hyunjerry@snu.ac.kr The regulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been considered a unique property of phagocytic cells which use this ROS system to induce innate defense system that enables it to successfully combat the pathogens. However, the mechanisms for how respiratory mucosa might produce ROS against respiratory viral infection still need to be completely defined. Respiratory mucosa and nasal epithelium has been known as the first defense site of human respiratory tract which is highly exposed and vulnerable to environmental pathogens, including air-bone microbes, viruses and allergens. We are especially interested in the innate immune response to respiratory virus infection in nasal epithelium and how this response might be influenced by ROS generation after viral infection. The interferon (IFN) signaling system is perhaps the most critical pathway for antiviral defense and protective actions of IFNs rely on signaling through IFN receptors, transcription factors and IFN-stimulated genes or antiviral cytokines requiring for virus degradation and suppression of viral transcription or translation. We verified that both type I and type III IFN genes expression and secreted proteins were more highly induced after influenza A virus infection in nasal epithelium. We also propose that type III IFNs are the primary IFNs to mediate an anti-viral defense in nasal epithelium and more sensitively reacted with ROS which were produced after respiratory virus infection. We estimate that ROS are necessary for the innate immune response and trigger the induction of IFN-related innate immune response to resist respiratory virus infection in human respiratory mucosa. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2015;58(11):739-43

Retraction Note to: Pilot-Scale Demonstration of In Situ Chemical Reduction Technology at a Formerly Used Defense Site

This paper describes results of the first field demonstration conducted to evaluate an innovative in situ chemical reduction technology to rapidly degrade 81 m2 of high concentrations of explosives contaminated soils at Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant, Ravenna, Ohio, USA. The primary explosives of concern and associated baseline levels of contamination were 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (383 mg/kg), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) (180 mg/kg), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) (15 mg/kg). The in situ chemical treatment process involved selected reductant of sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4) at optimal pH (9–10) with appropriate buffers (e.g., sodium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate) that, when mixed with water, generate free radicals that react very rapidly to degrade nitroaromatics to carbon dioxide (CO2), formate (HCOO–), and gaseous nitrogen compounds (NOx). Significant reductions in TNT, RDX, and HMX (>95 %) were observed within 24 h and achieved response complete in under 2 weeks after in situ application of the buffered sodium hydrosulfite.

Investigaciones arqueológicas sobre las sociedades tardías del Valle de Guandacol (Departamento Felipe Varela, oeste de La Rioja): espacio, estilos tecnológicos cerámicos y cronología

In this paper we focus on the population dynamics of the communities that inhabited the western re-gion of La Rioja province during the Regional Developments Period, according to the results obtained from the surveys carried out in diverse ecological units from Guandacol valley, western La Rioja. Likewise, we discuss chronological periods based on absolute and relative dating. From a landscape perspective, we focus our interest on the settlement patterns and we recognizespatial and temporal dispersion of technological pottery styles identified for the area. The results lead us to look over some aspects related to the occupation of the territories and the chronological framework for the Late Period in a place that is considered as a “marginal” and “peripheral” area of the ArgentineanNorthwestlargest clustered defensive sites.

Trust in the U.S. Department of Energy: A post-Fukushima rebound

Data from surveys of people living within 50 miles of major U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites in 2010, 2011 and 2013 were analyzed to determine if the DOE regained trust lost following the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power-plant related events in Japan in March 2011. The data for four important DOE defense sites show that trust has returned to 2010 levels and 65–75% of respondents trust DOE to competently manage existing hazards, manage new facilities, and communicate honestly with them.

Comparative gut transcriptome analysis reveals differences between virulent and avirulent Russian wheat aphids, Diuraphis noxia

The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, is a destructive pest of cereal crops that exhibits virulence to D. noxia resistance genes in wheat. Therefore, it is important to identify D. noxia virulence factors. The insect gut, the primary site of defense to ingested toxins, is also a likely site of differential gene expression in virulent insects. Comparative analyses of gut transcriptomes from virulent and avirulent D. noxia can improve an understanding of aphid gut physiology and may reveal factors critical to compatible D. noxia–wheat interactions. A total of 4,600 clones were sequenced from gut cDNA libraries prepared from avirulent (biotype 1) and virulent (biotype 2) D. noxia feeding on biotype 1-resistant wheat. A majority of the sequences (66 % in biotype 1, 64 % in biotype 2) matched those from the NR database. BLASTx analysis of sequences with the highest E-values revealed that 59 % of the biotype 1 sequences matched those of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. However, only 17 % of the biotype 2 sequences were similar to those of A. pisum. RT-qPCR expression analyses confirmed that the biotype 2 gut transcriptome differs significantly from that of biotype 1. A transcript coding the tRNA-Leu gene was significantly up-regulated in the biotype 2 transcriptome, strongly suggesting that leucine metabolism is a critical factor in biotype 2 survival. Many more transcripts encoding protease inhibitors occurred in the avirulent biotype 1 gut than in the gut of virulent biotype 2. However, more protease transcripts occurred in the biotype 2 gut than in the biotype 1 gut, suggesting that the avirulent biotype produces protease inhibitors in response to plant proteases. The virulent biotype 2 produces trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like serine protease counter-defenses to overcome biotype 1-resistant plants.

Landscapes of Defence in Early Medieval Europe ed. by John Baker, Stuart Brookes, and Andrew Reynolds (review)

Reviewed by: Landscapes of Defence in Early Medieval Europe ed. by John Baker, Stuart Brookes, and Andrew Reynolds Roger Vella Bonavita Baker, John, Stuart Brookes, and Andrew Reynolds, eds, Landscapes of Defence in Early Medieval Europe (Studies in the Early Middle Ages, 28), Turnhout, Brepols, 2013; hardback; pp. xviii, 384; 65 b/w illustrations; R.R.P. €100.00; ISBN 9782503529561. This is a well-produced volume of thirteen papers following a conference at University College, London, in 2007 supported by the British Academy, which in turn arose from Beyond the Burghal Hidage, a three-year project sponsored by the Leverhulme Fund. Participants and contributors sought to consider defensive networks (rather than just individual strongholds) during England’s Viking Age (especially the times of Alfred the Great) and to compare and contrast them with contemporary defensive networks in early medieval mainland Europe using the interdisciplinary approaches offered by landscape and placename evidence and analysis. Though the main thrust of the collection of papers is Anglo-Saxon England, the editors stress that the book will interest students in various fields of early medieval European history. The papers provide bridges connecting those working on Southern Europe (Spain) and Northern Europe (Scandinavia), as well as Eastern Europe and the Low Countries. Italy and most of France are not covered. Quite apart from their interest to students of systems of defence and fortification, the papers will be relevant therefore to historians generally, and more specifically to archaeologists, historical geographers, experts on place names, and the like. The papers fall into three categories. The first covers the objectives of the Beyond the Burghal Hidage project and its attempt to draw together all fields relevant to the study of Anglo-Saxon defences including archaeology (Andrew Reynolds), mapping (Stuart Brookes), and vocabulary (John Baker). The next section consists of five papers that consider various topics of Anglo-Saxon defence: the manuscript sources for West Saxon fortifications (Barbara Yorke); Wallingford in Oxfordshire – a case history (Neil Christie, with Oliver Creighton and Matt Edgeworth); the function of the Anglo-Saxon Burh (Gareth Williams); suburban settlements in late Anglo-Saxon England (Andrew Gate); and the costs and development of civil defence 878–1066 (Richard Abels). The final section, also of five essays, looks at the ringwallburgen in Holland (Letty Ten Harkel), Frankish and Slavic fortifications in Germany (Peter Ettel), fortifications in Eastern Scandinavia (Charlotte Hedenstierna-Johnson, Lena Holmquist, and Michael Olausson), defensive sites in Northwest Spain (Juan [End Page 222] Antonio Quirós Castillo), and the evolution of defences in the County of Castille in the tenth century (Julio Escalona). The book is a most worthy addition to the series of Studies in the Early Middle Ages edited under the auspices of the Centre for Medieval Studies at the University of York. Roger Vella Bonavita The University of Western Australia Copyright © 2014 Roger Vella Bonavita

Role of soil organic carbon and colloids in sorption and transport of TNT, RDX and HMX in training range soils

Contamination of soils and groundwater by munitions compounds (MCs) is of significant concern at many U.S. Department of Defense sites. Soils were collected from operational training ranges in Maryland (APG), Massachusetts (MMR-B and MMR-E) and Washington (JBLM) and sorption and transport studies were conducted to investigate the effects of soil organic carbon (OC) and textural clay content on fate of dissolved MCs (TNT, RDX, HMX). Sorption experiments showed higher distribution coefficients [TNT:42–68Lkg−1, RDX:6.9–8.7Lkg−1 and HMX:2.6–3.1Lkg−1] in OC rich soils (JBLM, MMR-E) compared to clay rich soils (MMR-B and APG) [TNT:19–21Lkg−1, RDX:2.5–3.4Lkg−1, HMX:0.9–1.2Lkg−1]. In column experiments, breakthrough of MCs was faster in MMR-B and APG compared to MMR-E and JBLM soils. Among TNT, RDX and HMX, breakthrough was fastest for RDX followed by HMX and TNT for all columns. Defining the colloidal fraction as the difference between unfiltered samples and samples filtered with a 3kDa filter, ∼36%, ∼15% and ∼9% of TNT, RDX and HMX were found in the colloidal fraction in the solutions from sorption experiments, and around 20% of TNT in the effluent from the transport experiments. Results demonstrate that OC rich soils may enhance sorption and delay transport of TNT, RDX and HMX compared to clay-rich soils. Further, transport of TNT may be associated with soil colloid mobilization.

Addressing historic environmental exposures along the Alaska Highway

BackgroundA World War II defense site at Northway, Alaska, was remediated in the 1990s, leaving complex questions regarding historic exposures to toxic waste. This article describes the context, methods, limitations and findings of the Northway Wild Food and Health Project (NWFHP).ObjectiveThe NWFHP comprised 2 pilot studies: the Northway Wild Food Study (NWFS), which investigated contaminants in locally prioritized traditional foods over time, and the Northway Health Study (NHS), which investigated locally suspected links between resource uses and health problems.DesignThis research employed mixed methods. The NWFS reviewed remedial documents and existing data. The NHS collected household information regarding resource uses and health conditions by questionnaire and interview. NHS data represent general (yes or no) personal knowledge that was often second hand. Retrospective cohort comparisons were made of the reported prevalence of 7 general health problems between groups based on their reported (yes or no) consumption of particular resources, for 3 data sets (existing, historic and combined) with a two-tailed Fisher's Exact Test in SAS (n=325 individuals in 83 households, 24 of which no longer exist).ResultsThe NWFS identified historic pathways of exposure to petroleum, pesticides, herbicides, chlorinated byproducts of disinfection and lead from resources that were consumed more frequently decades ago and are not retrospectively quantifiable. The NHS found complex patterns of association between reported resource uses and cancer and thyroid-, reproductive-, metabolic- and cardiac problems.ConclusionLack of detail regarding medical conditions, undocumented histories of exposure, time lapsed since the release of pollution and changes to health and health care over the same period make this exploratory research. Rather than demonstrate causation, these results document the legitimacy of local suspicions and warrant additional investigation. This article presents our findings, with discussion of limitations related to study design and limitations that are inherent to such research.

Application of Minimum Subordinative Degree on Choice of Key Defense Site in Battle

Application of Minimum Subordinative Degree on Choice of Key Defense Site in Battle

Contaminants at Arctic formerly used defense sites

This study was conducted in order to determine if the source of contaminants at formerly used defense sites (FUDS) in Alaska were deposited as a result of military occupancy or from long-distance transport. This determination largely influences whether remediation will occur, and, if so, to what extent. For this reason, plant samples (rinsed and unrinsed) and sediment cores were collected at military and remote sites on St. Lawrence Island (SLI) and Norton Sound, Alaska during the summers of 2002, 2006, and 2007 and analyzed for persistent organic pollutants. On St. Lawrence Island sediment core samples were collected at the Northeast Cape FUDS, also a traditional fishing/hunting camp, and were sectioned and analyzed for concentrations of Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, Mirex, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Mercury and Cesium-137 (137Cs). Differences in the total concentrations and distributions of PCB congeners, Mirex, DDE and Mercury in sediment cores and in plants collected from the two SLI and three Norton Sound mainland formerly used defense sites indicate the majority of the contaminants found can be temporally related to releases during military occupancy and subsequent redistribution of contaminants. Contaminants in plant samples at the SLI sites are elevated relative to the two remote sites located on St. Lawrence Island and the three mainland Norton Sound FUDS at Elim, Unalakleet, and Wales. The concentrations, lateral and vertical distribution of the total PCBs, and congener-specific differences in sediments and plants readily differentiate locally derived from globally transported contaminants. The relative contaminant concentrations in sediment cores and between rinsed and unrinsed plants collected from the NEC FUDS indicate contaminants were remobilized and redistributed during recent site remediation activities.

Effect of soil type on distribution and bioaccessibility of metal contaminants in shooting range soils

Shooting ranges from Department of Defence sites around Australia were investigated for extent of metal contamination. Shooting range soils contained concentrations ranging from 399 to 10,403mg/kg Pb, 6.57 to 252mg/kg Sb, 28.7 to 1250mg/kg Cu, 5.63 to 153mg/kg Zn, 1.35 to 8.8mg/kg Ni and 3.08 to 15.8mg/kg As. Metal(loid)s were primarily concentrated in the stop butt and the surface soil (0–10cm). The distribution of contamination reflected firing activity, soil properties, climate and management practices. Climatic variations among sites in Australia are significant, with a temperate climate in the south and tropical climate with high rainfall in the north. Up to 8% of total Pb resided in soil fines (<0.075mm), due to the fragmentation of bullets on impact. Distribution and bioaccessibility varied between each site. Acidic Townsville soil had the highest proportion of water extractable Pb at 10%, compared to the alkaline Murray Bridge with only 2% Pb water extractable. Soil properties such as CEC, pH and dissolved organic carbon influence mobility. This is reflected in the subsoil concentrations of Pb in Townsville and Darwin which are up to 30 and 46% of surface concentration in the subsoil respectively. Similarly bioaccessibility is influenced by soil properties and ranges from 46% in Townsville to 70% in Perth. Acidic pH promotes dissolution of secondary minerals and the downward movement of Pb in the profile. The secondary Pb minerals formed as a result of weathering in these soils were cerussite, hydrocerussite, pyromorphite, galena and anglesite. Copper oxide was also reported on fragments from bullet jackets. These results have implications for range management.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Pilot-Scale Demonstration of In Situ Chemical Reduction Technology at a Formerly Used Defense Site

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Pilot-Scale Demonstration of In Situ Chemical Reduction Technology at a Formerly Used Defense Site

Economic, cultural and community regeneration in south Dorset

This paper traces the transformation of the former naval/Ministry of Defence sites on Portland, which closed in the 1990s; the regeneration policy approach that was adopted; the partnership working that developed to ensure that regeneration projects were implemented successfully; the hosting of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games sailing events; and some of the economic, cultural, community and legacy benefits that are being derived from hosting the Games.

All That You Leave Behind: The Territorial Relationship of Heritage Defence Sites

The decommissioning of military bases is typically difficult and emotional. In the shadows of more evocative issues, such as the potential for job loss at the local level, stands the more nuanced status of the territory on which the military base is located. When a country decides to leave a foreign military base there is a distinct rupture in the territorial relationship. Domestically, however, there are far more complications. At the very practical level, the territorial relationship in the case of heritage defence sites invites a host of legal questions, from complying with the terms of the territorial lease or other property-granting mechanism used by the national government to assume control over the area to the need for national and local officials to incorporate the heritage defence site into strategies for land management, heritage preservation and environmental conservation. At the theoretical level, the territory must itself be decommissioned and brought within the realm of the local population’s identity in a new way. This involves law in the strict sense but also law in a softer sense, as the informal laws of the community and its sense of identity must also be changed to incorporate and accept the heritage defence site as a part of the communal territorial identity. This paper will explore the practical and theoretical elements of the territorial relationship of heritage defence sites. The goal of this paper is to foster a full understanding of this relationship so that those involved in the planning of heritage defence sites at all levels will understand the many dimension of this undertaking and how to address them in a positive manner.