Defense Identification Research Articles

Konflik China Dan Taiwan Dalam Tinjauan Hukum Internasional

Introduction: It is necessary to know that international law is basically a collection of applicable legal provisions defended by the international community. The current understanding of international law is law that refers to the relationship between one country and another, between a country and international organizations, which give rise to the rights and obligations of each country and international institutions. The Taiwan Air Force reported that at least 19 Chinese fighter jets, including nuclear bombers, entered their Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) air defense zone on Sunday, May 9, 2021. Purposes of the Research: This study aims to study and understand the relationship between China and Taiwan in terms of international law and to examine and understand the penetration of Chinese fighter planes into Taiwan violating Taiwan's sovereignty in terms of international law.Methods of the Research: This research is a normative juridical research by means of research conducted by collecting primary, secondary, tertiary data, obtained by using library research. The data that has been collected is analyzed systematically based on legal disciplines to achieve clarity on the issues to be discussed.Results of the Research: The results obtained from this study are that the territorial sovereignty of the State is the most important thing in the case of relations between China and Taiwan according to international law. The territorial sovereignty of the State is a guarantee in upholding the meaning that the state has full power rights to exercise its territorial rights within the boundaries of its territory. This has been expressly regulated and stipulated in the provisions of international law as international law regulates the state to have the authority to be responsible and overcome violations of sovereignty in the territory of the country. As in the case of the conflict, the intrusion of Chinese fighter planes into Taiwan clearly violated the sovereignty of the State's territory, more specifically the territory of Taiwan, as well as impacted relations for the two countries. contrary to the applicable laws and regulation

LA NATURALEZA DE LA VIGILANCIA DEL ESPACIO AÉREO MEDIANTE LA INTELIGENCIA PARA LA DEFENSA Y LA SEGURIDAD DEL TERRITORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA DE INDONESIA

Objective: This research aims to analyze, criticize, and determine the nature of airspace surveillance through intelligence concerning the Defense and Security of the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia. It further seeks to assess the effectiveness of such surveillance and identify the factors influencing its success. Theoretical framework: In line with its objectives, this research adopts a descriptive approach with a normative legal research methodology, supplemented by sociological legal research. By employing this framework, the study endeavors to provide a comprehensive understanding of airspace surveillance within the Indonesian context. Method: To achieve its objectives, this study utilizes descriptive research methods, drawing upon normative legal research complemented by sociological legal research. Through this methodological approach, the research aims to gather empirical data and analyze legal frameworks to shed light on airspace surveillance practices. Results and conclusion: The findings of this research indicate several key insights. Firstly, the nature of airspace surveillance through intelligence is primarily framed within the context of preventive measures within the Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ). Secondly, while efforts are made, the effectiveness of airspace surveillance concerning the Defense and Security of the State Territory of the Republic of Indonesia is deemed inadequate. Thirdly, factors impacting effectiveness range from legal limitations to challenges in human resources coordination, infrastructure issues, community dynamics, and cultural attitudes. Implications of the research: The implications of this study are multifaceted. Firstly, it highlights the urgent need to optimize airspace surveillance conducted by the Indonesian Air Force, supporting the enhancement of air defense capabilities through equipment reinforcement. Secondly, it underscores the necessity of drafting legislation on Airspace Management to strengthen law enforcement against airspace violations. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of community involvement in airspace regulation, including participation in spatial development planning processes. Originality/value: This research contributes original insights into the nature and effectiveness of airspace surveillance through intelligence within the Indonesian context. By offering recommendations for improving airspace management strategies, the study provides valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders involved in national defense and security initiatives.

Bitwa o Tajwan, czyli jak mogłaby wyglądać chińska inwazja na „zbuntowaną prowincję”

The battle of Taiwan, or what a Chinese invasion of a „rogue province” could look like This article describes the possible course of the battle of Taiwan. The paper presents the Chinese policy towards Taiwan, conclusions drawn from the war games conducted by the Pentagon, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and civilian think tanks, the military potential of both sides, and the battle scenario. During the actual research, studies and articles published in Forbes, Business Insider, Taiwan News, Lowy Institute, War on the Rocks, NBC News, China Power, Military Times, Reuters, and Daily Guardian, along with reports of think tanks such as the Atlantic Council and RAND, reports of the US Congress, and reports of Military Ballance were used. The Chinese Invasion Threat: Taiwan’s Defense and American Strategy in Asia, a book written by Ian Easton, turned out to be a particularly useful source of knowledge. According to the author of this article, a „forceful solution” for the Taiwanese issue by Beijing is possible in the future and the Western world should seriously analyze its possible course. This is evidenced by numerous statements of Chinese politicians, the desire to change the current global balance of power, the continuous growth of China’s economic power, the expansion of the PLA’s power projection capabilities in terms of an invasion of the „rogue province”, and regular war games and violations of the Taiwanese air defense identification zone. If there was a battle of Taiwan, from the point of view of the People’s Republic of China, it would be crucial to isolate the island, to quickly eliminate the enemy’s anti‑aircraft and anti‑missile defenses by means of missile and cyberattacks, to paralyze the command system, to gain air superiority, and then to land on the beaches from which operations would be then carried out inland. From the point of view of the Taiwan Armed Forces, the most important thing would be to survive the first days of massive air and missile attacks, to disperse their forces, and then to attack the enemy by exploring its weaknesses, i.e., shooting down selected planes and helicopters, sinking ships in the Taiwan Strait, interrupting supply lines, and then inflicting as much damage as possible during the ground combat.

Urgensi Penetapan Air Defense Identification Zone Pada Kawasan Regional

Introduction: Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is a zone for identification purposes in the air defense system for a country, which according to international custom generally extends from the territorial area of a country to reach the air space above the free sea bordering the country.Purposes of the Research: to find out the setting of the Air Defense Identification Zone and what is the urgency of establishing the Air Defense Identification Zone in the regional area. The method used in writing this thesis is a normative research method. The legal materials used are primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials.Methods of the Research: This legal research, the author uses normative research. That is, a study that primarily examines positive legal provisions, legal principles, and legal doctrines to answer legal questions faced. Results of the Research: The results obtained are that the regulation of the Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) according to international law is, based on the provisions of the 1944 Chicago Convention, customary international law and also Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, furthermore with the stipulation of ADIZ in a regional area can be considered a defensive step. to provide advance notice of potential threats and efforts to improve flight safety in the region and provide benefits to national and international aviation safety.

The Korean War Identification Project: 30 years of expanding scope and complexity in the accounting of American war dead

AbstractThe Korean War claimed approximately 36,500 American service member casualties in its 3 years, of which nearly 7600 are still unaccounted for. The Korea 208 (K208) Project began in 2011 to more strategically address the highly commingled nature of 208 boxes of human remains that were repatriated from North Korea to the United Nations Command in the early 1990s and subsequently turned over to the Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii (now Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency [DPAA]) for analysis and identification. The K208 was further expanded by the recovery of remains from Joint Recovery Operations (JROs) in North Korea between 1996 and 2005, which revealed, among other issues, the presence of non‐U.S. casualties and crossover of elements between these two assemblages. More recently, 55 boxes of human remains (known as the K55) were repatriated from North Korea in 2018 with many of the same commingling and assemblage crossover issues originally presented by the K208. Additionally, there has been an increased push to disinter more than 800 unknown Korean War service members buried at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (also known as the Punchbowl) in Honolulu, which represent casualties recovered from both North and South Korea that had undergone prior analysis in the 1950s and 1960s. Subsequent examination has revealed that many Punchbowl remains are commingled despite being thought to have been originally buried as discrete individuals. Because of these developments, the K208 Project has grown in complexity and scope, thus changing its name to the Korean War Identification Project (KWIP) in 2017. Now under its purview are the original accessions from the K208 and JROs as well as the K55 and Punchbowl, representing the largest identification project within the DPAA. A robust and defensible identification process begins with an initial triage of the remains, followed by a systematic process of segregation, consolidation, and corroboration leading to identification. This unique case of highly commingled human remains, involving thousands of missing persons from varied proveniences, highlights the challenges and successes of a multi‐disciplinary approach involving historians, anthropologists, odontologists, and DNA and isotope specialists at the forefront, while also working with family members towards resolution. As of December 31, 2020, the KWIP has identified a total of 591 service members and continues to seek ways to innovate and improve both the quantity and quality of its work.This article is categorized under: Forensic Anthropology > Anthropology in Mass Disaster & War Crime Contexts Forensic Biology > Forensic DNA Technologies Forensic Medicine > Historical Perspectives

The construction and enforcement of East Asia’s air defence identification zones: Grey volumes in the sky?

The declaration of China’s Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) over portions of the East China Sea in 2013 has often been interpreted by international relations scholars as an aggressive “land grab” in the sky. However, classical geopolitical perspectives of territory and control, despite their popularity when analyzing the politics of East Asia, fail to present a full understanding of ADIZ creation, adjustment, maintenance, and contestation. Rather than a problem created by the rise of China, conflicts over airspace are a regional phenomenon. By engaging with the critical geography literature on airspace, verticality, and space production, this paper theorizes ADIZs as the partial extension of state sovereignty via assemblages in response to the emergence of new vertical threats and opportunities. It then shows how the Cold War consensus on the function and performance of these volumes has broken down in East Asia, which has paradoxically encouraged both the expansion of ADIZs as well as their systematic violation. These “grey volumes,” which are characterized by debates over the legality, function, and performance of airspace, are explored in a case study of the ADIZs of Japan, South Korea, China, and Taiwan. Ultimately, these patchworks of ambiguous and overlapping airspaces are difficult to reconcile with classical geopolitics’ one-dimensional assumptions of sovereignty and territory.

THE RETURN OF UNITED STATES (US) POLICY OF CONTAINMENT ANDEVOLVING SINO-US CONTEST FOR MARITIME SUPREMACY

Maritime affairs, strategy, gunboat diplomacy, naval policy, and maritime policy can be found in the lexicon and available literature on naval affairs. Contrary to the abovementioned terminologies used by notable experts in the field including Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan authors have used the term “maritime/naval foreign policy.” Deliberate use of the term is aimed to compel people to pay attention and widely use it in the literature. The qualitative research method is deemed appropriate for the completion of this study. The hypothesis formulated in this paper is that naval might cannot be viewed alone as a means to achieve political, military, territorial, and economic objectives. This academic study emphasizes major powers' navies are intrinsically superior to indigenous organs commanding seas and have foreign policies. The paper emphasizes that navies of hegemonic powers enjoy autonomy and influence decision-making processes and outcomes at home and abroad. The primary purpose of navies is to grow parasitically on state resources, build maritime empires outside the sphere of influence of political leadership, civilian bureaucracy, and rival armed forces, and often avoid providing information or if necessary, provide information on a need-to-know basis to the ruling political elite based in the center. This study emphasizes the United States (US) desire to remain a preponderant power, preserve status-quo and prevent threats to liberal international order by containing the People's Republic of China (PRC) through the formation of mini-alliances resulting in PRC’s naval foreign policy. Beijing’s naval foreign policy core objective is to enter distant areas and secure the supply of energy shipments to the mainland by securing sea lanes of communications (SLCs). The enthusiastic policy is backed by deployments of aircraft carriers, amphibious naval forces, and the Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ).

A legal analysis of the Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) with special reference to East China Sea Air Defense identification Zone

The establishment of the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) by China on 23 November 2017 was not well received and has drawn harsh criticisms from the USA, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. There are also apprehensions that China may in the future establish an ADIZ in the already troubled South China Sea. This paper traces the origin of the ADIZ and its rationale and examines its legal basis under international law. It finds that despite the absence of a clear permissive or prohibitive rule of international law on the ADIZ, the states have established the ADIZs for the protection of their national security interests and other states have not generally contested them. India has also established the ADIZs in the airspace above its land territory, territorial sea, and waters beyond its territorial sea. East China Sea ADIZ is problematic because it deviates from the normal ADIZs and is established in disputed areas of the East China Sea”. The paper concludes that the problems caused by the ADIZs like East China Sea ADIZ can be limited to a greater degree if the community of states agrees to have a clear multilateral legal framework governing the ADIZs.

Research on the Legal Issues of Establishing Overlapping Areas in the South China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone

Research on the Legal Issues of Establishing Overlapping Areas in the South China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone

Kineski geopolitički dizajn za Istočnu Aziju - tajvanski deo slagalice

China's foreign and security policy preferences for East Asia are a multifaceted issue, with Taiwan playing a crucial role in this strategic puzzle. Beijing's claim over Taiwan as its integral part is a key component of its geopolitical strategy in East Asia and an important constituent of regional security dynamics. This paper aims to delve into China's patterns of such geopolitical design for East Asia, paying particular attention on Taiwan's place within the newly introduced Indo-Pacific and attempts at multilateral alignments in the region. Author offers arguments for China's East Asian "regionally tailored" policy and discusses potential strategic options ahead of Chinese leadership regarding US-led attempts to contain China geopolitically and militarily. In addition, the paper explores some Beijing's concrete military and foreign policy responses, including its military policy over the East China Sea Air Defence Identification Zone and consequences derived from recently adopted strategy titled Taiwan Issue and China's Unification in the New Era. Given Taiwan's pivotal geopolitical position in China's security policy, the paper assumes it will be one of the principal sites where the contest for the emerging world order will be waged between China and the United States. China's rise in the international system and the current politico-security tensions in the East Asian region as examples to argue that certain theoretical approaches, like the liberal Hegemonic Stability Theory, may no longer hold true. It is because international system is moving towards institutional separation into parallel entities, which could be a significant shift from the system that emerged after the Second World War.

A Study on the Classification of Military Airplanes in Neighboring Countries Using Deep Learning and Various Data Augmentation Techniques

The analysis of foreign aircraft appearing suddenly in air defense identification zones requires a lot of cost and time. This study aims to develop a pre-trained model that can identify neighboring military aircraft based on aircraft photographs available on the web and present a model that can determine which aircraft corresponds to based on aerial photographs taken by allies. The advantages of this model are to reduce the cost and time required for model classification by proposing a pre-trained model and to improve the performance of the classifier by data augmentation of edge-detected images, cropping, flipping and so on.

THE AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE (ADIZ) INDONESIA IN ORDER TO ENSURE SECURITY IN THE AIR REGION JURISDICTION OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION

For the purpose of tracking down and identifying aircraft detected by radar, the Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) was established as a support facility for the national air defense system.Airspace above the high seas, which borders other countries' sovereignty, usually extends from the territorial area of the founding country. Analysis of ADIZ Indonesia's role in supporting Indonesia Air Force airspace security was a primary goal of the study. Qualitative methods are employed in this study. Data was gathered through a combination of direct observation, in-depth interviews, and documentationAccording to the findings of the study, the identification zone for ADIZ should be outside of national airspace sovereignty in order to identify foreign aircraft entering national airspace sovereignty. ADIZ Indonesia developed will be adhered to by countries if supported by adequate defense equipment. ADIZ Indonesia, which is supported by adequate defense equipment, will be obeyed by other countries. If inforcement is carried out firmly and continuously accompanied by diplomatic efforts by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and software synchronization that regulates the airspace above the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lane. The suggestion of this research is that efforts are needed to optimize the implementation of ADIZ Indonesia, which can be implemented and adhered to by other countries if the government of Indonesia can support the needs of the Indonesian Air Force weapon system. For this reason, commitment from government and relevant stakeholders is needed in overcoming the existing problems.Keywords: implementation, identification zone, air defense, national jurisdiction, regional security

Redefining the Air Defence Identification Zone in the Framework of Customary International Law

<p><em>The use of force against other countries is strictly prohibited and has the character of jus cogens. However, this provision is not rigidly applied in the self-defence context codified in the United Nations Charter 1945 Article 51, also in the air defence context through the existence of the Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ). This research discusses whether ADIZ embodies the anticipatory efforts in the framework of customary international law. The research r</em><em>esults indicate<em> that the determination of ADIZ is not a form of self-defence principle in Article 51, which is the realm of jus ad bellum. Moreover, the conservative self-defence prerequisites in Article 51 are no longer relevant in line with the revolutionary development of aviation and its armament technology. Therefore, ADIZ, as a state security practice, constitutes a form of anticipatory efforts within the framework of long-standing state practice as customary international law. Furthermore, the use of force for violators is limited by Article 3 bis of the Chicago Convention 1944 and the Standard and Recommended Practices.</em></em></p>

A Legal Analysis of Overlapping Conflict of the Air Defense Identification Zone

A Legal Analysis of Overlapping Conflict of the Air Defense Identification Zone

Back to Air in Disarray?: Disparity in Practices and Interpretations on ADIZs Disrupting the Safety of Civil Aviation

The interconnectivity of civil aviation has been long praised with the success of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in harmonizing navigation standards and procedures, along with the utilization of Flight Information Regions (FIRs). However, continuing geopolitical tensions with different implementations of Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZs) have belittled the technical achievement. Among different State practices, some ADIZs have expanded beyond territorial airspace and even overlapped with other FIRs, requiring overflying air- craft to submit flight plans and abide by procedures separate or in addition to air traffic control obligations. The purpose of this Article is to review the ongoing political tensions that are common in issues with ADIZs beyond territorial airspace and to explore different legal schemes put forth by States. While there is no prevailing rule of law that defines the scope and procedure of ADIZs, this Article further revisits the due regard principle under international law and State practices beyond territorial airspace. Due to its reciprocal characteristic, this principle does not solely advocate for the coastal State to arbitrarily put limitations on the freedom of flight beyond its territorial airspace. Rather, the established FIRs have already given considerable certainty and accountability to the overflown State, where the principle also directs both the overflying and overflown States to actively engage in communication and practices involving liaisons. This principle envisions regional confidence-building measures on aerial communication and the technical leadership of ICAO to support these States in reducing the relational gap and facilitating civil–military cooperation.

Is the Establishment of Air Defence Identification Zones Outside National Airspace in Accordance with International Law?

Abstract Whereas the right of a state to establish an air defence identification zone (ADIZ) in national airspace falls squarely within its sovereignty, the question whether coastal states may claim such zones outside national airspace remains a matter of controversy. The latter category, referred to as ‘offshore ADIZs’, usually do not amount to sovereignty claims over the open airspace outside national airspace or involve threat or use of force. The right of coastal states to identify aircraft in the open airspace near coastal areas has arguably become part of customary international law. This customary right, however, only extends to ‘passive identification’ by radar detection, radio communication or close visual checks, which thus is only capable of justifying the establishment of offshore ADIZs for this purpose. The identification of aircraft in offshore ADIZs, through either voluntary or passive measures, is nevertheless within the parameters of the obligation of paying due regard to the freedom of overflight. This explains why ‘passive identification’ is ‘permissible’ under customary international law, while ‘voluntary identification’ is at least ‘tolerated’ albeit in the absence of a permissive customary rule.

Association of Neurotensin Receptor 1 Gene Polymorphisms With Defense Mechanisms in Healthy Chinese.

Aims: In the central nerve system, neurotensin (NT), and neurotensin receptor 1 (NTR1) modulate the dopamine system. Gene variations in the dopamine system have been demonstrated to influence certain defense mechanisms, but no studies have investigated possible effect of NTR1 gene polymorphisms in the biological determination of these defenses. The present study therefore examined this link.Methods: In 412 healthy Han Chinese, single nucleotide polymorphisms rs6090453C/G, rs6011914C/G, and rs2427422A/G of the NTR1 gene were genotyped, and the defense mechanisms were measured by the self-reporting Defense Style Questionnaire 88.Results: Significant male-specific differences in the projective identification among the rs6090453 genotypes (p = 0.003); in the intermediate defense, reaction formation, and projective identification among the rs6011914 genotypes (p = 0.011, 0.010, and 0.011, respectively); and in the projective identification among the rs2427422 genotypes (p = 0.005) were found when the level of significance was adjusted by the Bonferroni correction. There was no significant difference in any of the defense scores among genotypes of any single nucleotide polymorphism in the total cohort or female subjects (all p > 0.017). The distributions of genotypes between the low and high score subgroups showed significant differences in the rs2427422 genotype distributions for help-rejecting complaining, regression, and projective identification (p = 0.010, 0.022, and 0.044, respectively). Significant differences were found between males and females in 10 defense mechanisms (all P < 0.05).Conclusions: The gene variations in the NTR1 polymorphisms were involved in the biological mechanisms of intermediate defense mechanisms, and this effect was influenced by sex.

Safeguarding the National Airspace of Indonesia under the Framework of International Air Law

Introduction to the Problem: The vast territory of Indonesia requires careful thought in realizing an effective defense system to maintain its territorial integrity and the safety of the nation. To ensure the effectiveness of the country's broad defense system requires great strength, high mobility, and early detection capability. The development of Indonesia's defense force should not merely be oriented towards the land territory, but it must also be optimized towards the country’s sea and air forces. Purpose/Objective Study: This study examines the airspace protection system implemented by Indonesia to protect the security of the country from threats. Methodology: The research design is exploratory as this paper aspires to explore the basis of air defense identification zone. Findings: The Indonesian Government has taken legal measures by regulating restricted airspace, air defense identification zones, as well as identifying types of violations committed by foreign aircraft.  Both national and international laws allow Indonesia to establish air defense identification zones. Paper Type: General Review

South Korean and Japanese Air Defense Identification Zone Claims over the Liancourt Rocks

South Korean and Japanese Air Defense Identification Zone Claims over the Liancourt Rocks

Constructing the China threat: the Indian strategic community's discursive interpretation of the East China Sea ADIZ

ABSTRACT China's declaration of an Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) over parts of the East China Sea has been discursively constructed as a threat to regional security by Indian commentators. The Indian government meanwhile has not released an official assessment of the Chinese ADIZ. Unofficial commentators extrapolate the threat into a possible Chinese ADIZ over the disputed border with India. This article examines how the Indian security community interprets and discursively constructs the ADIZ threat. Threat, identity and recommendations for response are constructed, drawing from national identity's contested concepts and ideational elements present within the Sino-Indian security equation.